Midterm Flashcards
What are “chylomicrons”? How are they formed and absorbed? What is their target?
- Molecules that transfer fats in the blood.
- Mix of proteins 80% TG, 2% protein
- They take fats from the small intestine to other organs
Why are the sources of lipids in the blood plasma and how are they transported
- Chylomicrons Coming from the small intestine. Released from other
- Covered with proteins in small intestine and form chylomicrons to move in the blood.
What are the five classes of lipoproteins and how are they compared?
- Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, IDL, HDL
- Different in the protein, highest is HDL and lowest is Chylomicrons.
(Chylomicrons contain max TG)
How is the depot of fat composition of ruminants and non-ruminants influenced by dietary fat composition?
- In non ruminants their body fats represent what they eat. In ruminants change the fats when they eat it with microbes. Odd lengths
How many common AA and essential AA are found in most proteins?
- 20 amino acids
9-10 essential depending on species.
What factors do influence the amino acid (AA) compositions of proteins?
- Where the proteins are coming from.
Genetic mutation
How does the collagen level change with age and what is it’s chief amino acid?
- The collagen in the muscle goes up when age increases
2. Prolin, dehydroxyprolin
What are contractile proteins and which one has ATPase activity?
- Actin, mysin, tropomysin
2. Mysin (muscle contraction)
What mechanism is used by amino acids for absorption in the small intestine ?
- Active transport
What are deamination and transamination processes and why they are important?
- D is the removal of the amino group from the structure of amino acids. T is the transfer of the amino group from structure of amino acid to another
- Making new amino acids in the cell and making glucose, ketone bodies
What is the urea cycle and where does it occur?
- Making urea from amino group which is removed from structure of amino acid
- In the liver, also can happen in small amounts in small intestine and kidneys.
What are the common forms of nitrogen excreted by mammals, birds and fish?
- Mammals secrete urea
Birds secret uric acud
Fish secret ammonia
How are gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE) and metabolize energy (ME) measured?
- Gross energy is the total of the feed sample
- Digestible energy is gross energy - feces energy
- Me is measured by gross energy - fe energy - urine energy - combustible gasses
What is the main disadvantage of the GE system?
- It gives the same value for low quality and high quality food samples. Innacurate for animal nutrition
How is true DE measured?
- How much of nutrients is coming from the diet. Take fecal sample and subtract from digestible energy
What factors do influence the methane production and hence ME in ruminants?
- If the food production is low the methane production is high.
Quality of the feed samples. High quality decreases methane production
How is the net energy (NE) system measured?
- Subtract the hi from metabolizable energy
What is heat increment (HI) and what factors influence the HI?
- Heat of nutrient digestion
- Feed intake, frequency of feeding, nutrients in diet, type of nutrients, imbalances or balances of the nutrients, and digestion level of the nutrients
What is basal metabolism? How is it measured? What factors influence it?
- BMR amount of energy that is required for sustains life
- Fasting the animal, animals less active or not active (not sleep), must be in thermal neutral zone
- Age (Younger animals have faster metabolism), breed species differences, hormones, stress/active
What is maintenance energy and how is it determined?
- Amount of energy that animals use to not gain weight but not lose weight (to sustain at stable weight)
- BMR, how much heat is generated from animal after eating (TEF), physical activity (how much energy they need to be active)
What are macro minerals in animal nutrition?
- (Seven) sodium, chlorine, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur
How does the calcium concentration of blood is regulated?
- If it is low hormone is released form glands. One target is small intestine (increases absorption) second is bone (release calcium into blood), third is kidneys (increase reabsorption)
- If high calcitonin
What bone diseases may occur due to calcium and phosphorus deficiency?
- Rickets in young animals
Osteomalsia in dogs
Big head disease in horses
Simien in monkeys
What factors are associated with calcium and phosphorus absorption?
- Vitamin D, amount of oxcelate and pitate, lactose in the milk, lysin
What are the major signs of magnesium deficiency in animals?
- Loss of appetite (aneroxia)
Decreased growth
Paralysis
Excess amount of blood in extremities
What is Na/K ATPase pump?
- To put the max amount of sodium outside the cell and keep the max amount of potassium inside the cell 90% outside, 90% inside
What is the chief common function of sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), and potassium (K) in an animals body?
- Maintains the acids base, maintains the pH, maintains pressure in blood
What are the main functions of sulfur (S) in animals body?
- Methionine, important for joint structure and ligaments
What are the structural and functional differences between enzymes and hormones?
Enzymes are all proteins
Enzymes do not travel in the body. Hormones are made in one spot and travel by blood to other organs.
What are active and passive immunity? What proteins are involved in both immunities?
1.Production of antibodies
Getting antibodies from outside sources (active is the response of the body itself and passive comes from outside)
2.Antibodies, hemoglobins
What are the sites of amino acids synthesis and degradation?
Amino acids can come from the diet or be made from bacteria
2. Can happen in the guy, small intestine, liver, muscle or by bacteria
What are the major proteolytic enzymes which are present in atom h and small intestine?
- Pepsin, renin
2. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
