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GEOG 1020 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is geography?

A

The study of earth’s landscapes, people, places and environments. It’s simply about the world in which we live in.

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2
Q

Geography is a ____ and _____ science.

A

Geography is unique in the binding of social (human geography) and natural sciences (physical geography)

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3
Q

What are the two major branches of geography?

A

Human and Physical

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4
Q

Human Geography

A

Is largely concerned with the processes that shape the human landscape. “The understanding of the dynamics of cultures, societies and economies”.

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5
Q

Branches of human geography:

A
  • Cultural
  • Social
  • Population
  • Development
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6
Q

Physical Geography:

A

Is largely concerned with processes that shape the physical landscape. “Understanding the dynamics of physical landscapes and the environment”

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7
Q

What do geographers ask?

A
  • They ask questions about why these phenomena and relationships are like the way they are and how they could be.
  • How societies and environments are connected to one another, how and why they change
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8
Q

Geography answers questions spanning….

A

The local to the global, in the past, present and future

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9
Q

Why do geographers matter?

A

Geographers are equipped to understand and address critical issues facing the world

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10
Q

5 Themes of Geography:

A
  • Location
  • Place
  • Interaction
  • Movement
  • Region
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11
Q

Location:

A
  • Where things happen

- Can be thought of in 2 ways : Relative or Absolute

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12
Q

Interaction:

A

People adapt to the environment, people change the environment

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13
Q

Relative:

A

Seen as a point of reference, using landmarks to mark where we are or where we are trying to go

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14
Q

Absolute:

A

Being able to locate ourselves with maps, grids…etc.

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15
Q

Place:

A

Has physical and human features
Has 2 levels of meaning:
- An objective location that has both uniqueness and interdependence with other places
- Somewhere that has personal meaning for groups or individuals

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16
Q

Movement:

A

Explains how places are connected or linked
- Movement of goods, people or ideas
1800’s: No planes, automobiles, they followed rivers or which ever way they could get from point A to B
1850’s: Established roads, the beginning of rail transportation allowed goods/people to move around easier
1930’s: Air transport allowed quicker travel

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17
Q

Why does it take longer to travel today?

A
  • Planes are having to circle around airports
  • More people on the move
  • Security issues
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18
Q

Regions:

A

Address how places can be grouped. United by physical conditions and common cultural traits
Eg.) Ontario can be grouped by Niagara as it is associated with wine making. It has the physical climate in which we associate with a special agriculture.

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19
Q

Why is the interaction between people and the environment important?

A
  • How we change or alter the environment will create a response from the environment in ways we do not really know until it happens.
    Eg.) Pumping greenhouse gases has changed the effects of climate change
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20
Q

Scale:

A

The general concept that there are various scales of analysis and they are linked therefore the effects of one scale can have consequences so big they can effect us on a national or global scale

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21
Q

Why bother with geography?

A

It provides people with a better understanding of the places, regions, and other countries in which they live as well as other countries and regions

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22
Q

Geography informs us of:

A
  • Our natural environments and the pressures they face
  • The interconnectedness of the world and our communities within it
  • The choices that exist in managing our world for the future
  • The places and environments in which we live and work
23
Q

Geography of economic development:

A

Explores some of the stark inequalities and contrasts that exist in our world, at a variety of scales both within and among nations.
Eg.) How wealth is generated and distributed and whether it is fairly distributed

24
Q

Environmental studies:

A
  • Always considers the environment

- Has a greater tendency to consider philosophical, ethical and legal issues related to peoples interaction with nature

25
Q

Human - Nature Relationships

A
  • We think we are above nature

- Think about people as part of the environment

26
Q

What is nature?

A
  • The phenomena of the physical world

- Refers to all life forms of the physical world that include plants, people, animals

27
Q

Religious philosophical perspectives on nature:

A
  • Affects how we understand nature and how we interact with it
    Eg.) Buddhism: Believe we are an integral part of nature, it is our responsibility to care for nature.
    Judaism/Christianity: Nature was created by God, separately from humans
  • Religious beliefs also affect how resources are used
28
Q

Environmental values : Anthropocentrism (human centred)

A
  • Views humans as managers rather than controllers of nature
  • Belief that government has an important role to play in regulating human action in relation to the environment
  • Utilitarian - conservation not preservation - resources are there for our use without restrictions
29
Q

Environmental Values: Ecocentrism (Nature Centred)

A
  • Goal is limiting/managing human/environment interaction usually enacted by government bodies
  • Ecocentrism: The belief in the primacy of nature - having control over human society rather than the other way around.
  • Belief that ecology is too complex for humans to fully understand and therefore be able to manage it
30
Q

Environmental Values: Biocentrism (Life Centred)

A
  • Rights of nature and dependence of humans on that nature - all life has intrinsic value
  • Should not cause the premature extinction of other species, whether it does us harm, good or neither
  • Extreme: Should cause no harm to any individual
31
Q

Approaches to resource use and environmental management:

A
  • Exploitation Approach
  • Preservation Approach
  • Ecological Approach
  • Stewardship Approach
32
Q

Exploitation Approach:

A

Earth’s resources serve as instruments for those who see to satisfy their needs and preferences. Little attention is given to environmental damage.

33
Q

Preservation Approach:

A

Suggests that resources should not be used but set aside, preserved and protected for future use.

34
Q

Ecological Approach:

A

Explains that all living organisms including human kind are closely inter-related with their environment and must be managed.

35
Q

Stewardship Approach:

A

Argues that people have a moral duty to protect species and the natural environment rather than destroy them

36
Q

Two broad philosophies concerning the protection of nature:

A
  • Conservation

- Preservation

37
Q

Conservation:

A

Natural resources should be used, but should be used in sustainable ways so they are conserved for future generations

38
Q

Preservation:

A

Strict protection of natural environments for their intrinsic and aesthetic value > people should be removed from some areas so they dint damage or change the environment

39
Q

Columbian Exchange:

A
  • Environmentally, one of the most significant movements in the history of the planet.
  • The exchange of plants and animals between the so called new world and old world
40
Q

Columbian Exchange - Disease

A
  • Introduced during the conquest of most countries in America’s
  • Resulted in the greatest loss of life in history
  • Indigenous people didn’t have the resistance to small pox, measles, and other diseases
41
Q

Industrial Revolution:

A
  • The discovery and use of fossil fuels - coal, oil and natural gas to power manufacturing and transportation
  • Leads to pollution and environmental damage - used extraction and transportation
42
Q

Theoretical Approaches - “Social Nature”

A
  • A concept of idea that is shaped by different philosophies and how people interact with different places
  • How we manage and protect nature
  • Who has the power to decide on how we will approach the natural world?
43
Q

The Rise and Spread of Agriculture

A
  • There are not a ton of agricultural regions
  • We started off as hunters and gatherers (we used what was available at the time - what was in season)
  • We moved depending on the seasons and the animals
  • Lots of time spent conserving energy, hunting, gathering
  • Stone Age: Created things we needed to help get the things we needed (tools)
44
Q

Beginnings of agriculture:

A
  • People started to change where they got their food from
  • Animals being used for different purposes
  • People noticed plants grew better in different conditions
  • Since we can produce more food with less effort, we can then feed people throughout the year which has led to the beginning of everything (commerce, trade)
45
Q

DDT

A
  • A pesticide to control mosquitoes that’s been around since the 40’s and 50’s. Mostly used in tropical areas heavily infested with mosquitoes with the concern that they are carrying malaria
  • This caused a rapid decline in the human population
46
Q

So we lose a few species, so what? What is the outcome of this?

A

The whole system relies on each other. If you mess around with it, it will effect not only other species but humans as well. Us humans live for the short term, we don’t know or think of the long term outcomes.

47
Q

Ozone layer depletion: Montreal Protocol 1987:

A
  • Objective is to control and eventually eliminate the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances
  • Ozone protects us from UV rays
  • Without this protocol life on earth would not be able to continue
48
Q

Serious environmental challenges today:

A
  • Acid rain
  • Deforestation
  • Climate change
  • Water pollution/scarcity
49
Q

Neolithic Farming

A
  • Early neolithic - undisturbed mixed woodland
  • 3rd millenium BC
  • By medieval times, 80% of Europes forests were cleared for agriculture purposes
50
Q

Haitian Deforestation

A
  • French colonial coffee and sugar plantations
  • By 2006, 98% of country’s forests had been chopped down
  • This results in erosion of soil, shrunken crops and floods and mudslides are more severe
  • The Eden Project is developing forests in some of Haiti’s toughest places
51
Q

10 indicators of a warming planet

A
  • humidity
  • temperature over oceans
  • sea level
  • ocean heat content
  • air temperature near surface
  • temperature over land
  • glaciers
  • snow coverage
52
Q

Major causes of GHG:

A
  • CO2
  • Nitrous oxide
  • Animal agriculture, feeding cows different food now so they produce less methane
53
Q

What happens in the Earth warms 2 degrees?

A

Sea levels will greatly increase.
Eg.) Marshall Island is already making plans to move elsewhere.
What happens when countries fully disappear? Where do the people go?

54
Q

Climate VS. Weather

A

Climate is longterm, wide spread
Weather is always here, always changing
* If we continue living the way we are, certain places in the world will become inhabitable

GEOG 1020 (7 decks)

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