Final - 7, going urban

Question 1

Why do people move?

Answer 1

• Economic factors
• Marriage
• Climate
• Political
• War or famine
• Environmental degradation

Question 2

Refugees:

Answer 2

are people forced to leave their country, usually due to armed conflict or persecution

Question 3

Urban Areas

Answer 3

• has economic function where majority of the population is not primarily engaged in agriculture, or the presence of urban characteristics

Question 4

What are challenges of studying urban issues?

Answer 4

• Lack of uniform definition
• Availability of census data
• Changing definitions of urban areas over time make comparative studies difficult

Question 5

What are the causes/drivers of urbanization?

Answer 5

• industrial revolution
• industrialization following the industrial revolution
• emergence of large manufacturing centres
• job opportunities
• availability of easy transportation and other infrastructure facilities
• migration, immigration

Question 6

Push Factors

Answer 6

Forces that drive people away from a place

Question 7

Pull Factors

Answer 7

Forces drawing people to a new location

Question 8

Megacities

Answer 8

Are metropolitan areas with a population of 10 million or more

Question 9

Metacities

Answer 9

A major conurbation, a megacity of more than 20 million people

Question 10

Urban Agglomerations

Answer 10

A population of a built up or densely populated area containing the city, suburbs and settled commuter areas inhabited at urban levels of residential density.

Question 11

Mega-Regions

Answer 11

A rapid growing urban cluster surrounded by low density hinterland, formed as a result of expansion, growth and geographical convergence of more than one metropolitan area and other agglomerations
- Common in North American and Europe

Question 12

City-Regions

Answer 12

An urban development on a massive scale: a major city that expands beyond administrative boundaries to engulf small cities, towns, and semi urban hinterlands

Question 13

Urban systems

Answer 13

An interdependent set of urban settlements within a specified region

Question 14

World or Global Cities

Answer 14

Are places where information and culture is gathered and disseminated, and entertainment is provided to the wider public through mass media and universities.
- Services are increasingly concentrated in large cities, especially in core regions linked to globalization

Question 15

Major/Global cities - Alpha ++

Answer 15

• Major centres of political power, where governmental decision making and international political institutions are located
• Centres of congregation for professional talent (medical, legal, industrial)

Question 16

Primacy

Answer 16

A condition in which the population of the largest city in an urban system is disproportionately large in relation to the second and third largest cities in that system
Eg.) London, Paris, Mexico City

Question 17

Centrality

Answer 17

The functional dominance of cities within an urban system

- High share of economic, political and cultural activities relative to population, not just size

Question 18

Challenges for an urbanizing world

Answer 18

• Population growth
• urbanization in semi-peripheral and peripheral regions
• Environmental and social challenges

Question 19

Population growth

Answer 19

Is concentrated in the global south but is especially evident in cities and informal settlement areas

Question 20

Urbanization in semi-peripheral and peripheral regions

Answer 20

Are the largest and fastest growing cities with informal economies

Question 21

Environmental and social challenges

Answer 21

Affect accès to facilities, healthcare, education, clean water… etc.

Question 22

Urban Form

Answer 22

• The physical structure and organization of cities
• Have historical legacies and contemporary politics and policy
• Have geography and topography of the location

Question 23

CBD

Answer 23

• Central business district
• The central nucleus of commercial land uses in a city
  Eg.) major institutions, transportation hub, office space

Question 24

Gentrification

Answer 24

The movement into older, centrally located working class neighbourhoods by higher income households

Question 25

Intensification

Answer 25

Densification through new residential or commercial construction

Question 26

The centre

Answer 26

• Has high densities, public transit use, socio-economic diversity
• Gentrification and income polarization

Question 27

The inner suburbs

Answer 27

• Lower densities, rental and ownership housing, more car dependent but there is still public transit

Question 28

Outer suburbs

Answer 28

• Lowest densities, high car dependency, fastest growing areas
• Loss of prime agricultural land

Question 29

What shapes urban space?

Answer 29

• Economic: competition for territory and location
• History/public policy: influence of transportation systems and other investments
• Socio-cultural perspective: focuses on the social organization of space by choice

Question 30

Socio-spatial patterns

Answer 30

• Segregation

- Congregation

Question 31

Segregation

Answer 31

The spatial separation of specific population subgroups within a wider population
- by social class, ethnicity/race

Question 32

Congregation

Answer 32

The territorial and residential clustering of specific groups or subgroups of people

Question 33

Informal economic activities

Answer 33

• Are informal but highly organized

- Diverse and often dynamic sector of the economy