Midterm Flashcards
With UMN muscle mass is ______
Preserved
What is the Vagus Nerve?
The 10th cranial nerve which contain most of the afferent connection between the CNS and bodily organs
What are the benefits of Ischemic Preconditioning in someone who suffers a global ischemic stroke following a TIA?
Improved neuronal survival
Damage to LMNs results in an inability to tell muscle to ______ contracting
Start
Without inhibition LMN keeps telling muscle to ______, result is ______ contraction that leads to ______ and ______ of muscles (spasticity)
Contract
Sustained
Stiffness and Rigidity
Which type of cell death results in an inflammatory response, which can lead to further distress?
Necrosis
For HD, some genetic components have been identified in _______% of patients
10-15%
Necroptosis
Programmed Necrosis
How does a TBI occur?
When a blow to the head is sufficiently forceful the CSF is unable to protect the brain resulting in a collision of the brain with the skull
What is Tramautic Brain Injury (TBI)?
A sub-category of ABI which includes only damage to brain caused by an external mechanical force
What treatment is there for ALS?
No cure for ALS
One drug which extends life expectancy 2-3 months - Riluzole (blocks sodium channels and decreases Glu)
In ALS when motor neurons degenerate they have no way of telling your muscles to ______
Contract
Cortisol
Gluccocorticoid hormone which has metabolic and immune effects
The environment can cause certain genes to be turned on and off by changing accessibility via ______ markers, which ______ or ______ chromatin
Epigenetic
Tighten or Loosen
What is Oxidative Stress?
The result of an imbalance of ROS and antiOX
What are some Cognitive symptoms of HD?
Restlessness
Agitation/Irritability
Lack of concentration
Short-term memory problems
What is the penumbra of a stroke and how is it affected?
Outskirts of lesion, receive blood flow from other vessels
Receives between 20-40% of normal blood flow
Results in Apoptosis due to Ripple Effect (toxic signalling cascades spilling over from core)
How are Astrocytes invovled in ALS?
Astrocytes (which usually protect and nourish motor neurons) release toxins which lead to motor neuronal death (Necroptosis - prgrammed necrosis)
How does Excitotoxicty effect neurons?
Glu continously binds to and activates post-synaptic receptors which causes neurons to depolarize and fire leading to influx of Ca2+ and K+
Ca2+ (Calcium) ends up sequestered in mitochondira which disrupts production of ATP and increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
What is ROS and what causes it?
Reactive Oxygen Species which can lead to DNA damage, protein admage and lipid abnormalities
ROS levels increase during times of environmental stress
How do the innate and adaptive immune systems communicate?
Chemical communication via Cytokines
What are some physical changes in the brain of someone with Alzheimer’s?
Brain Atrophies
Gyri get narrower
Sulci get wider
Ventricles enlarge
What is a Gene?
A segment of DNA that codes for the production of specific proteins