Concussions Questions Flashcards
What is Necrosis?
The death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply (Cytolysis)
What type of cell death occurs when cells rupture and spill their contents into the extracellular space?
Cytolysis
What type of cell death occurs due to cells being dismantled into membrane-bound vesicles (programmed cell death)
Apoptosis
__________ results in an Inflammatory Response while ____________ does not
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Any brain injury that occurs after birth
Acquired Brain Injury (ABI)
True or False: ABI can be hereditary, congenital, or degenerative?
False
What are three possible causes for ABI?
Lack of oxygen
Drug toxicity
Poisoning
What are three possible causes for TBI?
Concussion
Blast injury
Penetrating trauma
Traumatic Brain Injury is a sub-category of ____
ABI
TBI includes only ________ to the brain caused by an _______ mechanical _________
Damage
External
Force
What is the number one cause of death in children and youth?
TBI
____________ TBI occurs when the brain strikes the skull on the opposite side of impact
Contrecoup
____________ TBI occurs when the brain strikes the skull on the same side of impact
Coup
Direction of force can be ______, _______, or ______ Severity depends mostly on degree of ______ force
Angular, Rotational, or Linear
Rotational
Rotational force occurs when the skull ______ and the brain is ______ to catch up
Rotates
Slow
What are possible physical outcomes of severe rotational force?
Bridging veins may be torn
Corpus callosum may be sheared
In a TBI what happens at the site of contact with the skull?
This area will swell, bleed, and bruise (just like any other injury)
How does TBI diffuse injury throughout the brain?
Since grey matter ad white matter have different density, when external force is applied to the brain they move at different speeds (slide over one another) leading to generalized damage
What leads to Increased Intracranial Pressure?
Swelling (edema) and Bleeding (hematoma) of the brain
What is the Primary Phase of TBI?
Damage caused by initial impact including swelling (edema) and bleeding (hematoma)
What is the Secondary Phase of TBI?
Damage arising from primary injury including energy crisis and possible infection
What is an Energy Crisis in the brain?
Lack of oxygen (hypoxia) and gluose (hypoglycemia) due to disrupted blood flow
_________ cell death occurs at the site of impact which leads to _________ of cells due to direct impact and impacts all cell types
Necrotic
Rupture
Generalized Injury leads to _________ _________ Injury (DAI) which is when the _________ and shearing forces cause axons to be _________ from their cell body (axotomy)
Diffuse Axonal Injury
Twisting
Torn
What is Excitotoxicity?
The pathological process by which neurons are damaged and killed by the overactivations of receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate
(Excess release of Glu)
How does Excitotoxicity lead to further cell death?
Glutamate binds to and activates post-synatic receptors leading to massive K+ and CA2+ influx in the cell which ends up sequestered in the mitochondria and disrupts the production of ATP
How does Necrosis lead to Excitotoxicity?
The rupturing of cells causes an excess release of Glutamate
Hypoglycemia (or lack of _________) is a result of decreased blood flow and ATP production in the brain
Glucose
Hypoglycemia leads to _________ deficits as neuronal activity _________ after massive excitation, which can last up to 30 days
Cognitive
Decreases
ATP is both required to make _________ and to use it
Glucose
Lack of oxygen in the brain (as a result of _________ blood flow) causes a switch to _________ glucose metabolism
Decreased
Anaerobic
Anaerobic Glucose Metabolism leads to overproduction of lactic acid, _________ - which damages the________ __________ _________, leaving it vulnerable
Acidosis
Blood Brain Barrier
Anaerobic Glucose Metabolism is only good _________ term - it requires _________ and produces very little compared to aerobic metabolism
Short
Energy
What does it mean when a body site is immune privileged?
It is able to tolerate the introduction of foreign substances without eliciting inflammatory immune response
True or False, the Brain’s interaction with peripheral immune system means it is immune privileged?
False
The immune system is _________ - immune cells circulate in the blood and act where they are needed
Decentralized
All immune cells develop from precursors found in the _________ _________
Bone Marrow
What do the innate and adaptive immune systems use to communicate with each other?
Cytokines
Small proteins secreted by many cell types that have an effect on other cells (signalling molecules)
Cytokines
Cytokines act via specific _________ to coordinate the _________ response and tell the body that it is under _________
Receptors
Immune
Attack
Which Cranial Nerve provides parasympathetic innervation of heart and digestive track and accounts for close to 90% of afferent connection between bodily organs and the CNS?
10th Cranial Nerve - Vagus
_________ are located along the Vagus nerve and release neurotransmitters upon _________ binding which activates the Vagus nerve and sends signals back to the brain
Paraganglia
Cytokine
What are three functions of Microglia?
Surveillance
Phagocytosis
Secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and other cytotoxic molecules (promote cell edath) as well as neurotrophic factors (promote cell survival)
Microglia release _________ and they activate _________ pathways
Cytokines
Inflammatory
