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NEUR 1203 > Concussions Questions > Flashcards

Concussions Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is Necrosis?

A

The death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply (Cytolysis)

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2
Q

What type of cell death occurs when cells rupture and spill their contents into the extracellular space?

A

Cytolysis

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3
Q

What type of cell death occurs due to cells being dismantled into membrane-bound vesicles (programmed cell death)

A

Apoptosis

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4
Q

__________ results in an Inflammatory Response while ____________ does not

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

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5
Q

Any brain injury that occurs after birth

A

Acquired Brain Injury (ABI)

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6
Q

True or False: ABI can be hereditary, congenital, or degenerative?

A

False

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7
Q

What are three possible causes for ABI?

A

Lack of oxygen

Drug toxicity

Poisoning

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8
Q

What are three possible causes for TBI?

A

Concussion

Blast injury

Penetrating trauma

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9
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury is a sub-category of ____

A

ABI

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10
Q

TBI includes only ________ to the brain caused by an _______ mechanical _________

A

Damage

External

Force

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11
Q

What is the number one cause of death in children and youth?

A

TBI

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12
Q

____________ TBI occurs when the brain strikes the skull on the opposite side of impact

A

Contrecoup

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13
Q

____________ TBI occurs when the brain strikes the skull on the same side of impact

A

Coup

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14
Q

Direction of force can be ______, _______, or ______ Severity depends mostly on degree of ______ force

A

Angular, Rotational, or Linear

Rotational

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15
Q

Rotational force occurs when the skull ______ and the brain is ______ to catch up

A

Rotates

Slow

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16
Q

What are possible physical outcomes of severe rotational force?

A

Bridging veins may be torn

Corpus callosum may be sheared

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17
Q

In a TBI what happens at the site of contact with the skull?

A

This area will swell, bleed, and bruise (just like any other injury)

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18
Q

How does TBI diffuse injury throughout the brain?

A

Since grey matter ad white matter have different density, when external force is applied to the brain they move at different speeds (slide over one another) leading to generalized damage

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19
Q

What leads to Increased Intracranial Pressure?

A

Swelling (edema) and Bleeding (hematoma) of the brain

20
Q

What is the Primary Phase of TBI?

A

Damage caused by initial impact including swelling (edema) and bleeding (hematoma)

21
Q

What is the Secondary Phase of TBI?

A

Damage arising from primary injury including energy crisis and possible infection

22
Q

What is an Energy Crisis in the brain?

A

Lack of oxygen (hypoxia) and gluose (hypoglycemia) due to disrupted blood flow

23
Q

_________ cell death occurs at the site of impact which leads to _________ of cells due to direct impact and impacts all cell types

A

Necrotic

Rupture

24
Q

Generalized Injury leads to _________ _________ Injury (DAI) which is when the _________ and shearing forces cause axons to be _________ from their cell body (axotomy)

A

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Twisting

Torn

25
Q

What is Excitotoxicity?

A

The pathological process by which neurons are damaged and killed by the overactivations of receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate

(Excess release of Glu)

26
Q

How does Excitotoxicity lead to further cell death?

A

Glutamate binds to and activates post-synatic receptors leading to massive K+ and CA2+ influx in the cell which ends up sequestered in the mitochondria and disrupts the production of ATP

27
Q

How does Necrosis lead to Excitotoxicity?

A

The rupturing of cells causes an excess release of Glutamate

28
Q

Hypoglycemia (or lack of _________) is a result of decreased blood flow and ATP production in the brain

A

Glucose

29
Q

Hypoglycemia leads to _________ deficits as neuronal activity _________ after massive excitation, which can last up to 30 days

A

Cognitive

Decreases

30
Q

ATP is both required to make _________ and to use it

A

Glucose

31
Q

Lack of oxygen in the brain (as a result of _________ blood flow) causes a switch to _________ glucose metabolism

A

Decreased

Anaerobic

32
Q

Anaerobic Glucose Metabolism leads to overproduction of lactic acid, _________ - which damages the________ __________ _________, leaving it vulnerable

A

Acidosis

Blood Brain Barrier

33
Q

Anaerobic Glucose Metabolism is only good _________ term - it requires _________ and produces very little compared to aerobic metabolism

A

Short

Energy

34
Q

What does it mean when a body site is immune privileged?

A

It is able to tolerate the introduction of foreign substances without eliciting inflammatory immune response

35
Q

True or False, the Brain’s interaction with peripheral immune system means it is immune privileged?

A

False

36
Q

The immune system is _________ - immune cells circulate in the blood and act where they are needed

A

Decentralized

37
Q

All immune cells develop from precursors found in the _________ _________

A

Bone Marrow

38
Q

What do the innate and adaptive immune systems use to communicate with each other?

A

Cytokines

39
Q
A
40
Q

Small proteins secreted by many cell types that have an effect on other cells (signalling molecules)

A

Cytokines

41
Q

Cytokines act via specific _________ to coordinate the _________ response and tell the body that it is under _________

A

Receptors

Immune

Attack

42
Q

Which Cranial Nerve provides parasympathetic innervation of heart and digestive track and accounts for close to 90% of afferent connection between bodily organs and the CNS?

A

10th Cranial Nerve - Vagus

43
Q

_________ are located along the Vagus nerve and release neurotransmitters upon _________ binding which activates the Vagus nerve and sends signals back to the brain

A

Paraganglia

Cytokine

44
Q

What are three functions of Microglia?

A

Surveillance

Phagocytosis

Secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and other cytotoxic molecules (promote cell edath) as well as neurotrophic factors (promote cell survival)

45
Q

Microglia release _________ and they activate _________ pathways

A

Cytokines

Inflammatory

46
Q
A

NEUR 1203 (9 decks)

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