Concussions Questions

Question 1

What is Necrosis?

Answer 1

The death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply (Cytolysis)

Question 2

What type of cell death occurs when cells rupture and spill their contents into the extracellular space?

Answer 2

Cytolysis

Question 3

What type of cell death occurs due to cells being dismantled into membrane-bound vesicles (programmed cell death)

Answer 3

Apoptosis

Question 4

__________ results in an Inflammatory Response while ____________ does not

Answer 4

Necrosis

Apoptosis

Question 5

Any brain injury that occurs after birth

Answer 5

Acquired Brain Injury (ABI)

Question 6

True or False: ABI can be hereditary, congenital, or degenerative?

Answer 6

False

Question 7

What are three possible causes for ABI?

Answer 7

Lack of oxygen

Drug toxicity

Poisoning

Question 8

What are three possible causes for TBI?

Answer 8

Concussion

Blast injury

Penetrating trauma

Question 9

Traumatic Brain Injury is a sub-category of ____

Answer 9

ABI

Question 10

TBI includes only ________ to the brain caused by an _______ mechanical _________

Answer 10

Damage

External

Force

Question 11

What is the number one cause of death in children and youth?

Answer 11

TBI

Question 12

____________ TBI occurs when the brain strikes the skull on the opposite side of impact

Answer 12

Contrecoup

Question 13

____________ TBI occurs when the brain strikes the skull on the same side of impact

Answer 13

Coup

Question 14

Direction of force can be ______, _______, or ______ Severity depends mostly on degree of ______ force

Answer 14

Angular, Rotational, or Linear

Rotational

Question 15

Rotational force occurs when the skull ______ and the brain is ______ to catch up

Answer 15

Rotates

Slow

Question 16

What are possible physical outcomes of severe rotational force?

Answer 16

Bridging veins may be torn

Corpus callosum may be sheared

Question 17

In a TBI what happens at the site of contact with the skull?

Answer 17

This area will swell, bleed, and bruise (just like any other injury)

Question 18

How does TBI diffuse injury throughout the brain?

Answer 18

Since grey matter ad white matter have different density, when external force is applied to the brain they move at different speeds (slide over one another) leading to generalized damage

Question 19

What leads to Increased Intracranial Pressure?

Answer 19

Swelling (edema) and Bleeding (hematoma) of the brain

Question 20

What is the Primary Phase of TBI?

Answer 20

Damage caused by initial impact including swelling (edema) and bleeding (hematoma)

Question 21

What is the Secondary Phase of TBI?

Answer 21

Damage arising from primary injury including energy crisis and possible infection

Question 22

What is an Energy Crisis in the brain?

Answer 22

Lack of oxygen (hypoxia) and gluose (hypoglycemia) due to disrupted blood flow

Question 23

_________ cell death occurs at the site of impact which leads to _________ of cells due to direct impact and impacts all cell types

Answer 23

Necrotic

Rupture

Question 24

Generalized Injury leads to _________ _________ Injury (DAI) which is when the _________ and shearing forces cause axons to be _________ from their cell body (axotomy)

Answer 24

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Twisting

Torn

Question 25

What is Excitotoxicity?

Answer 25

The pathological process by which neurons are damaged and killed by the overactivations of receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate (Excess release of Glu)

Question 26

How does Excitotoxicity lead to further cell death?

Answer 26

Glutamate binds to and activates post-synatic receptors leading to massive K+ and CA²+ influx in the cell which ends up sequestered in the mitochondria and disrupts the production of ATP

Question 27

How does Necrosis lead to Excitotoxicity?

Answer 27

The rupturing of cells causes an excess release of Glutamate

Question 28

Hypoglycemia (or lack of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) is a result of decreased blood flow and ATP production in the brain

Answer 28

Glucose

Question 29

Hypoglycemia leads to _________ deficits as neuronal activity _________ after massive excitation, which can last up to 30 days

Answer 29

Cognitive Decreases

Question 30

ATP is both required to make _________ and to use it

Answer 30

Glucose

Question 31

Lack of oxygen in the brain (as a result of _________ blood flow) causes a switch to _________ glucose metabolism

Answer 31

Decreased Anaerobic

Question 32

Anaerobic Glucose Metabolism leads to overproduction of lactic acid, _________ - which damages the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, leaving it vulnerable

Answer 32

Acidosis Blood Brain Barrier

Question 33

Anaerobic Glucose Metabolism is only good _________ term - it requires _________ and produces very little compared to aerobic metabolism

Answer 33

Short Energy

Question 34

What does it mean when a body site is immune privileged?

Answer 34

It is able to tolerate the introduction of foreign substances without eliciting inflammatory immune response

Question 35

True or False, the Brain's interaction with peripheral immune system means it is immune privileged?

Answer 35

False

Question 36

The immune system is _________ - immune cells circulate in the blood and act where they are needed

Answer 36

Decentralized

Question 37

All immune cells develop from precursors found in the _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 37

Bone Marrow

Question 38

What do the innate and adaptive immune systems use to communicate with each other?

Answer 38

Cytokines

Question 40

Small proteins secreted by many cell types that have an effect on other cells (signalling molecules)

Answer 40

Cytokines

Question 41

Cytokines act via specific _________ to coordinate the _________ response and tell the body that it is under \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 41

Receptors Immune Attack

Question 42

Which Cranial Nerve provides parasympathetic innervation of heart and digestive track and accounts for close to 90% of afferent connection between bodily organs and the CNS?

Answer 42

10th Cranial Nerve - Vagus

Question 43

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are located along the Vagus nerve and release neurotransmitters upon _________ binding which activates the Vagus nerve and sends signals back to the brain

Answer 43

Paraganglia Cytokine

Question 44

What are three functions of Microglia?

Answer 44

Surveillance Phagocytosis Secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and other cytotoxic molecules (promote cell edath) as well as neurotrophic factors (promote cell survival)

Question 45

Microglia release _________ and they activate _________ pathways

Answer 45

Cytokines Inflammatory