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Psychology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Eyes

A

Occipital

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2
Q

Perception

A

Peripheral

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3
Q

Speech

A

Memory

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4
Q

He is credited for the traditional classification of the five sense organs

A

Aristotle (384 BC-322 BC)

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5
Q

Five sense organs

A 
Sight
Smell
Taste
Touch
Heating
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6
Q

As far back of the 1760s the famous philosopher proposed that our knowledge of the outside world depends on our modes of perception

A

Immanuel Kant

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7
Q

In order to define what is “extrasensory” we need to define what is

A

“Sensory”

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8
Q

They consist of organs with specialized cellular structures that have receptors for specific stimuli

A

Each of the five senses

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9
Q

These cells have links to the nervous system and thus to the brain

A

Five senses

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10
Q

It is done at primitive levels in the cells and integrated into sensations in the nervous system

A

Sensing

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11
Q

Probably the most developed sense in humans, followed closely by hearing

A

Sight

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12
Q

Organ of vision

A

Eye

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13
Q

It has a complex structure

A

Eye

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14
Q

Focused light on the retina

A

Transparent lens

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15
Q

The retina hovered with two basic types of light-sensitive cells

A

Rods

Cones

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16
Q

Sensitive to color and are located in the part of the retina called __

A

Cone cells

Fovea

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17
Q

Where the light is focused by the lens

A

Fovea

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18
Q

Are not sensitive to color but have greater sensitivity to light

A

Rod cells

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19
Q

It is connected to the brain through the optic nerve

A

Eye

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20
Q

These cells are located around the fovea and are responsible for peripheral vision and night vision

A

Rod cells

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21
Q

The point of this connection because it is insensitive to light

A

Blind spot

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22
Q

Experiments have shown that it maps the visual input from the eyes

A

Back of the brain

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23
Q

It combine the input of our two eyes into a single three-dimensional image

A

Brain

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24
Q

In addition even though the image on the retina is upside down because of the focusing action of the lens, it compensate and provided the right-side up perception

A

Brain

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25
Q

Experiments have been done with the subjects fitted with __ that invert the images

A

Prisms

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26
Q

The subjects go through an initial period of great confusion, but subsequently they perceive the images as right side up

A

Prisms

Brain

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27
Q

The range of perception is phenomenal

A

Eye

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28
Q

A substance produced by the __ increases the sensitivity of the eye so that it is possible to detect very dim light

A

In the dark

Rod cells

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29
Q

The iris contacts reducing the size of the aperture that admits light into the eye and a protective obscure substance reduces the exposure of light sensitive cells

A

In strong light

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30
Q

The eye is sensitive varies from the red to violet

A

Spectrum of light

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31
Q

They are sensed as heat but cannot be seen

A

Lower electromagnetic frequencies in the infrared

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32
Q

Begin cannot be seen either but can be sensed as tingling of the skin or eyes depending on the frequency

A

Higher frequencies in the ultraviolet

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33
Q

Not sensitive to the polarization of light, light that oscillates on a specific plane

A

Human eye

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34
Q

The are sensitive to polarized light and have a visual range that extends into the ultraviolet

A

Bees

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35
Q

The sense of vision

A

Eyes

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36
Q

The have special infrared sensors that enable them to hunt in absolute darkness using only the best emitted by their prey

A

Some snakes

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37
Q

They have higher density of light sending cells than humans to in their retinas and therefore higher visual activity

A

Birds

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38
Q

Common abnormality in human vision that makes it impossible to differentiate colors accurately

A

Color blindness or Daltonism

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39
Q

One type of color blindness results in

A

Inability to disguise red from green

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40
Q

This can be a real handicap for certain types of occupations

A

Color blindness or Daltonism

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41
Q

A person with normal color vision would appear to have extrasensrory perception

A

Colorblind person

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42
Q

Perception that is beyond the range of the normal

A

Extrasensory perception

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43
Q

The sense of audition

A

Ear

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44
Q

Organ of hearing

A

Ear

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45
Q

Protruded away from the head

A

Outer ear

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46
Q

Shaped like a cup to direct sounds toward the tympanic membrane

A

Outer ear

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47
Q

Transmits vibrations to the inner ear through a series of small bones in the middle ear

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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48
Q

Spiral shaped chamber cover d internally by nerve fibers that react to the vibrations and transmit impulses to the brain via auditory nerve

A

Inner ear or Cochlea

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49
Q

Combines the input of our two ears to determine the direction and distance of sound

A

Brain

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50
Q

Has a vestibular system formed by three semicircular canals that are approximately at right angles to each other

A

Inner ear

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51
Q

Inner ear has chambers full with

A 
Viscous fluid
Small particles (otoliths) containing calcium carbonate
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52
Q

The movement of these particles over small hair cells in the inner ear sends signals to the brain that are interpreted as

A

Motion

Acceleration

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53
Q

The human ear can perceive frequencies from __ which is a very deep bass to _ which is a very high pitch

A

16 cycles per second

28,000 cycles per second

54
Q

They can detect frequencies higher than 100,000 cycles per second

A

Bats and Dolphins

55
Q

It can detect pitch changes as small as 3 hundredths of one percent of the original frequency in some frequency ranges

A

Human ear

56
Q

Ability to map a tone precisely on the musical scale without reference to an external standard

A

“Perfect pitch”

57
Q

Perfect pitch population

A

Estimated less than one in ten thousand people

58
Q

The show remarkably precise absolute ouch in reading out lists of words

A

Vietnamese and Mandarin

59
Q

Essential feature in conveying the meaning of words in tone languages

A

Pitch

60
Q

Teaches perfect pitch to children starting before they are 4 years old

A

Eguchi method

61
Q

The ability to recognize notes does not improve much

A

Age 7

62
Q

The sense of gustation

A

Tongue

63
Q

Receptors of taste

A

Taste buds

64
Q

Situated chiefly in the tongue but they are located in the roof of the mouth near the pharynx

A

Tate buds

65
Q

Taste buds are able to detect four basic tastes

A

Salty
Sweet
Butter
Sour

66
Q

The tongue can also detect s sensation from taste receptors sensitive to amino acids

A

Umami

67
Q

Taste buds close to the tip of the tongue

A

Sweet tastes

68
Q

Back of the tongue

A

Bitter tastes

69
Q

Taste buds on top and on the sides of the tongue

A

Salty and sour taste

70
Q

Nerve that sends the sensations to the brain

A

Base of the each taste bud

71
Q

Functions in coordination with the sense of smell

A

Sense of taste

72
Q

It varies substantially from individual to individual but greater number increase sensitivity

A

Number of taste buds

73
Q

They have a greater number of taste buds than

A

Women

74
Q

Some people are insensitive to some taste

A

Case of color blindness

75
Q

The sense of olfaction

A

Nose/smell

76
Q

Organ responsible for the sense of smell

A

Nose

77
Q

Lined with mucous membranes that have smell receptors connected to the olfactory nerve

A

Cavity of nose

78
Q

Consists of values of various substances

A

Smell

79
Q

Interact with the molecules of these vapors and transmit the sensations to the brain

A

Smell receptors

80
Q

It has a structure whose function has not been determined but which is suspected of being sensitive to pheromones

A

Vomeronasal organ

81
Q

Influence the reproductive cycle

A

Pheromones

82
Q

The smell receptors are sensitive in seven types of sensations

A 
Camphor
Must
Flower
Mint
Ether
Acrid
Putrid
83
Q

The sense of smell is sometimes temporarily lost

A

Person has a cold

84
Q

They have a sense of smell that many times more sensitive than man’s

A

Dogs

85
Q

The sense of touch

A

Akin

86
Q

It is distributed throughout the body

A

Sense of touch

87
Q

Transmit sensations to the brain

A

Nerve endings in the skin and other parts of the body

88
Q

Four kinds of touch sensations

A

Cold
Hear
Contact
Pain

89
Q

Magnify the sensitivity and act as an early warning system for the body

A

Hairs on the skin

90
Q

They gave the greatest concentration of nerve endings

A

Fingertips

Sexual organs

91
Q

The sexual organs that when stimulates starts a series of endocrine reactions and motor responses resulting in __

A

Erogenous zones

Orgasm

92
Q

Human also have a awareness of balance

A

Equilibrioception

93
Q

Pressure, Temperature

A

Thermoception

94
Q

Pain

A

Noiception

95
Q

Motion all of which may involve the coordinate use of multiple

A

Sensory organ

96
Q

The sense of balance is maintained by a complex interaction

A

Visual inputs
Proprioceptive sensors
Inner ear vestibular system
Central Nervous system

97
Q

Disturbances occurring in any part of the balance system or even within the brain’s integration of inputs

A

Dizziness or unsteadiness

98
Q

Precise awareness of muscle and joint movement

A

Kinesthesia

99
Q

Allows to coordinate our muscles when we walk, talk and use our hands

A

Kinesthesia

100
Q

Enables us to touch the tip of our nose with our eyes closed or to know which part of the body we should scratch when we itch

A

Kinesthesia

101
Q

Latin word of joined perception

A

Synesthesia

102
Q

A phenomenon in which one type of stimulation evoked the sensation of another

A

Synesthesia

103
Q

Hearing of a sound may result in the sensation of the visualization of a color, shape may be sensed as smell

A

Synesthesia

104
Q

It is hereditary

A

Synesthesia

105
Q

Synesthesia population

A

Occurs in 1 out of 1000 individuals with variations of type and intensity

106
Q

The most common form of synesthesia

A

Link numbers or letters with colors

107
Q

They are often used interchangeably

A

Sensation and perception

108
Q

Passive process of bringing information from the outside world into the body and into the brain

A

Sensation

109
Q

Process of sensation

A

Passive in a sense we do not have to be consciously engaging in a “sensing” process

110
Q

Active process of selecting, org anong and interpreting the information brought to the brain by sense organs

A

Perception

111
Q

It absorb energy from a physical stimulus in the environment

A

Sensory organs

112
Q

It convert this energy into neural impulses and send them to the brain

A

Sensory receptor said

113
Q

The brain organized the information and translates into something meaningful

A

Perception

114
Q

Important Interpretation

A

Selective Attention

Perceptual Expetancy

115
Q

Process of discriminating between what is important and irrelevant

A

Selective attention

116
Q

Seems redundant and is influenced by motivation

A

Selective-attention

117
Q

Students in class should touchdown on what the teachers are saying and the overhead being presented

A

Selective attention

118
Q

Students walking by the classroom mag focus on people in the room who is the teacher, etc. and not the same thing the students in the class

A

Selective attention

119
Q

How we perceive the world is a function of our past experiences, culture and biological makeup

A

Perceptual expectancy

120
Q

For example as an American when I look at a highway, I expect so dr car trucks etc. not airplanes

A

Perceptual expectancy

121
Q

But someone from a different country with different experiences and history many not have any idea what to expect and thus be surprised when they see cars go driving by

A

Perceptual expectancy

122
Q

Another example you may look at a painting and not really understand the message the artist is trying to convey. But if someone tells you about it, you might begin to see things in the painting that you were unable to see before

A

Perceptual expectancy

123
Q

Study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience

A

Psych physics

124
Q

Measure these events

A

Threshold

125
Q

A dividing line between what has detectable energy and what does not

A

Threshold

126
Q

The minimum amount of stimulus intensity change needs to produce a noticeable change

A

Difference Threshold

127
Q

Detection of stimulus involves some decision making process as well as sensory process

A

Signal detection theory

128
Q

For example, many classrooms have automic light sensors, when people have not been in a room for a while, the lights go out. However, once someone walks into the room, lights go back on

A

Threshold

129
Q

So dust floating in the room should not make the lights go on but a person walking in should

A

Threshold

130
Q

The greater the intensity (weight) of a stimulus, the greater the change needed to produce a noticeable change

A

Difference Threshold

131
Q

For example, when you pick up 100 lbs and then 105 lbs it is as much more difficult to feel the difference

A

Difference threshold

132
Q

Additionally, both sensory and decision making process are influenced by many more factors than just intensity

A

Signal detection theory

Psychology (6 decks)

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