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A&P 2 > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

What is true of the endocrine system but not the nervous system?

A

The endocrine system directs long term processes such as pregnancy and puberty.

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2
Q

What is true about the endocrine system?

A

The endocrine system uses hormones, which are transported by the blood, to communicate with distant tissues; its hormones must bind to specific receptor sites in order to have effects on a tissue; It may take seconds, hours, or days to respond to a stimulus and its actions may last seconds, hours, or days.

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3
Q

Which mediator is considered to be both a neurotransmitter and a hormone?

A

Norepinephrine is considered to be both a neurotransmitter and a hormone.

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4
Q

Name several endocrine glands?

A

The thyroid gland, the adrenal gland and the pituitary gland are all endocrine glands.

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5
Q

Which organ does NOT contain endocrine tissue?

A

The gall bladder does NOT contain endocrine tissue.

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6
Q

What hormone is NOT lipid-soluble?

A

Insulin is NOT a lipid-soluble hormone.

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7
Q

Which classes of hormones are water-soluble?

A

Eicosanoids, amines and peptides are classes of hormones that are water-soluble.

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8
Q

Which hormones are effective when taken orally?

A

Estrogen and cortisone are effective when taken orally.

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9
Q

What is caused by hormone?

A

Stimulating the contraction of skeletal muscles is not typically caused by a hormone.

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10
Q

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones have opposite effects on blood Ca2+ level. What are they considered?

A

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones have opposite effects on blood Ca2+ level, therefore they are considered to be antagonist.

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11
Q

How is hormone secretion regulated?

A

Hormone secretion is regulated by the nervous system; by other hormones; and by changes in blood composition.

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12
Q

What can you say about the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamus is a link between the endocrine and nervous systems.

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13
Q

What can you say about the pituitary gland?

A

The pituitary gland consists of two lobes, the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis.

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14
Q

What can you say about the oxytocin?

A

Oxytocin stimulates ejection of milk from the breast.

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15
Q

What can you say about the ADH?

A

ADH inhibits loss of water via urination; decreases loss of water via perspiration and helps regulate blood pressure.

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16
Q

What would increased levels of thyroid hormones do?

A

Increased levels of thyroid hormones would up regulate beta receptors.

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17
Q

What can you say about the adrenal glands?

A

The adrenal glands lie superior and medial to the kidneys; have an inner medulla derived from embryonic ectoderm; and have an outer cortex that secretes hormones critical to maintenance of homeostasis.

18
Q

What can you say about the adrenal medulla?

A

The adrenal medulla secretes hormones that intensify the fight-or-flight response.

19
Q

A six-year old spent the day eating sweets. He ate cookies for breakfast, ice cream for lunch and candy for supper. How did his body maintain his blood glucose level within normal range?

A

His body maintain his blood glucose level within normal range by increasing insulin secretion.

20
Q

What can you say about the fight-or-flight response?

A

The fight-or-flight response is the body’s immediate response to a real or perceived threat to survival; elevates heart and respiration rates and blood glucose level; and decreases urinary and digestive functions.

21
Q

Which is the function(s) of blood?

A

The function of blood includes transportation of nutrients, wastes and gases, regulation of pH; and defending against infection.

22
Q

What are the constituents of plasma?

A

The constituents of plasma are water, proteins and nutrients.

23
Q

What plasma proteins are made by the liver?

A

Albumins, fibrinogens, and globulins are plasma proteins made by the liver.

24
Q

What cells are found in the blood?

A

Erythrocytes and leukocytes are cells found in the blood.

25
Q

What can you say about the pluripotent cells?

A

Pluripotent cells become myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells.

26
Q

Which WBC do not arise from a myeloid stem cell?

A

Lymphocytes do not arise from a myeloid stem cell.

27
Q

What can you say about RBCs?

A

Mature red blood cells are called erythrocytes. The average life span of an erythrocyte is 120 days. The body produces about 2 million erythrocytes per second.

28
Q

What can you say about hemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin transports most of the O2 and about 23% of the CO2 between the tissues and the lungs.

29
Q

When hemoglobin is recycled, what happens to the heme group?

A

When hemoglobin is recycled, it is converted to biliverdin and then to bilirubin.

30
Q

What can you say about erythropoiesis?

A

Erythropoiesis normally keeps pace with RBC destruction.

31
Q

What can you say about white blood cells, which are also known as leukocytes?

A

White blood cells, which are also known as leukocytes, include the granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, and the agranulocytes: monocytes and lymphocytes.

32
Q

How do white blood cells (WBCs) differ from red blood cells (RBCs)?

A

WBCs have nuclei: RBCs do not. WBCs have MHC antigens: RBCs do not. WBCs can leave the blood vessels; RBCs cannot.

33
Q

What can you say about platelets?

A

Platelets stop bleeding by plugging holes in blood vessels; release chemicals that make blood clot; and are cell fragments rather than intact cells.

34
Q

Where can stem cells for blood formation be harvested?

A

Stem cells for blood formation may be harvested from the patient’s own marrow if his or her cancer is in remission; the marrow from the iliac crest of a closely matched donor; and umbilical cord blood from a newborn whose parents have agreed to the donation.

35
Q

What can you say about hemostasis?

A

Hemostasis is a sequence of events that prevents the loss of blood from blood vessels; must be rapid, localized and carefully controlled; and can prevent hemorrhage if the damaged blood vessels are small.

36
Q

What can you say about the intrinsic pathway?

A

The intrinsic pathway takes longer to complete than the extrinsic pathway.

37
Q

What can you say about intravascular blood clotting?

A

Intravascular blood clotting results in formation of a thrombus.

38
Q

Which blood type does a person with circulating anti-B antibodies?

A

A person who has circulating anti-B, but not anti-A, antibodies has type A blood.

39
Q

What can you say about Anemia?

A

Anemia is a condition in which the ability of the blood to carry oxygen decreases; and may be caused by deficient amounts of iron in the diet.

40
Q

Which of type of anemia is inherited?

A

Sickle cell anemia is inherited.

41
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

The heart lies within the mediastinum

A&P 2 (11 decks)

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