FINAL Flashcards
___, _____ are hormones responsible for our metabolic rate, synthesis of protein, breakdown of fats, and use of glucose for ATP production.
T3, T4 are hormones responsible for our metabolic rate, synthesis of protein, breakdown of fats, and use of glucose for ATP production.
______________ increases reabsorption of Na+ with water following it, and causes excretion of K+ and H+
Aldosterone increases reabsorption of Na+ with water following it, and causes excretion of K+ and H+.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) __________ _________ ________ ____________.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises blood calcium levels.
Insulin is produced by _______ _______ ____ ____ ________________.
Insulin is produced by Beta cells of the pancreas.
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) is produced by _____________ and targets ____
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) is produced by hypothalamus and targets the anterior pituitary
_________ _____________ hormones can circulate in free form in the blood; are made up of amino acids, but they cannot cross the cell membrane and must bind to receptors on the membrane.
Water-soluble hormones can circulate in free form in the blood; are made up of amino acids, but they cannot cross the cell membrane and must bind to receptors on the membrane
Sweat glands are ____ an endocrine gland.
Sweat glands are NOT an endocrine gland.
___________________ inhibits the secretion of growth hormone.
Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of growth hormone.
Adrenal gland are located _____ ____ ____ ____ _____________.
Adrenal gland are located on top of the kidneys
The posterior pituitary gland stores hormones, but does not _________________ them.
The posterior pituitary gland stores hormones, but does not synthesize them.
Excessive amounts of ___________ _________ _____________ (____) raises blood glucose concentration, which causes the pancreas to continually release insulin, leading to beta- cell burnout and diabetes
Excessive amounts of Human Growth Hormone (HGH) raises blood glucose concentration, which causes the pancreas to continually release insulin, leading to beta-cell burnout and diabetes.
The formed elements of the blood are ____________, ______________, and __________________.
The formed elements of the blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Blood cells are produced through a process called ____________________and/or ______________.
Blood cells are produced through a process called hemopoiesis and/or hematopoiesis.
An adult produces red blood cells in the _______ ______________.
An adult produces red blood cells in the bone marrow.
To stimulate red blood cell production, ____________________ is secreted by the kidneys.
To stimulate red blood cell production, erythropoietin is secreted by the kidneys.
A person with Type O- blood type can be considered a true “_____________________.”
A person with Type O- blood type can be considered a true “universal donor.”
A ______________ pregnancy would place a fetus with Rh+ blood at risk in the mother who is Rh-.
A second pregnancy would place a fetus with Rh+ blood at risk in the mother who is Rh-
The largest component of blood is __________.
The largest component of blood is plasma.
Blood type B has _______ anti-bodies present.
Blood type B has anti-A anti-bodies present.
Hemoglobin is found in ____________________.
Hemoglobin is found in erythrocytes
Deoxygenated blood enters the heart from the __________ ________ ___________, _________ _______ __________ ________ ________ and ___________ _________ ________.
Deoxygenated blood enters the heart from the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus.
Deoxygenated blood enters the ________ _________ of the heart first.
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium of the heart first.
The tricuspid valve prevents blood from _________________into the right atrium.
The tricuspid valve prevents blood from regurgitating into the right atrium
When the right ventricle is in systole, ______ _________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ______________.
When the right ventricle is in systole, blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery.
Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the heart through the ________________ ___________.
Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the heart through the pulmonary vein.
Oxygenated blood first enters the ____________ __________ of the heart.
Oxygenated blood first enters the left atrium of the heart.
The mitral valve prevents blood from _______________ into the left atrium.
The mitral valve prevents blood from regurgitating into the left atrium.
When the left ventricle is in systole, _________ _______ _________ _________ ________ _________ .
When the left ventricle is in systole, blood is pumped into the aorta.
The heart chamber with the thickest myocardium is the ______________ __________________.
The heart chamber with the thickest myocardium is the left ventricle.
The membrane surrounding and protecting the heart is the __________________________.
The membrane surrounding and protecting the heart is the pericardium.
Valves are more commonly found in ___________.
Valves are more commonly found in veins.
A thicker muscle layer is found in ________________.
A thicker muscle layer is found in arteries.
The smallest blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood are called_______________.
The smallest blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood are called capillaries.
An abnormal increase in interstitial fluid is called _____________.
- An abnormal increase in interstitial fluid is called edema.
The largest artery in the body is the _____________.
The largest artery in the body is the aorta.
__________________ _______________ _____________ involves capillaries of the GI tract to capillaries in the liver.
Hepatic portal circulation involves capillaries of the GI tract to capillaries in the liver.
The femoral artery is located in the ____________.
The femoral artery is located in the thigh.
Deoxygenated blood in the fetal circulation leaves the fetus through the _______________ __________.
Deoxygenated blood in the fetal circulation leaves the fetus through the umbilical arteries.
- The five (5) stages of the cardiac conduction system in the correct order are the _______________,________________,_________________,__________________and ______________
The five (5) stages of the cardiac conduction system in the correct order are the SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Bundle Branches, and Purkinje Fibers.
Red bone marrow, the spleen, and the thymus are all organs of the _______________ ____________.
Red bone marrow, the spleen, and the thymus are all organs of the lymphatic system
Respiratory and muscular pumps promote the _________ of lymphatic fluid.
Respiratory and muscular pumps promote the flow of lymphatic fluid
Lymph is dumped directly into the ____________ ___________.
Lymph is dumped directly into the subclavian veins
Redness, heat and swelling are all signs of _____________.
Redness, heat and swelling are all signs of inflammation.
Accumulation of pus in a confined space not open to the outside is called an __________.
Accumulation of pus in a confined space not open to the outside is called an abscess.
The thymus begins _______ in an infant and ____________in size as an adult.
The thymus begins large in an infant and decreases in size as an adult.
Lymph nodes normally contain ___________, ________________ and ___________________.
Lymph nodes normally contain T-Lymphocytes, B-Lymphocytes and Macrophages
________________ _____________are most effective in killing viruses, virus-infected cells, cancer cells, transplanted tissues, fungi, and protozoan parasites.
Killer T-Lymphocytes are most effective in killing viruses, virus-infected cells, cancer cells, transplanted tissues, fungi, and protozoan parasites.
The first leukocytes to appear in great numbers to fight a bacterial infection are _______________.
The first leukocytes to appear in great numbers to fight a bacterial infection are Neutrophils
The structure leading lymph away from lymph nodes is the ____________ ____________.
The structure leading lymph away from lymph nodes is the efferent vessels.
If the lymph node is very tender, if it is moveable with palpation and if the lymph node may change dramatically size within days, it is generally considered ____________________.
If the lymph node is very tender, if it is moveable with palpation and if the lymph node may change dramatically size within days, it is generally considered non-cancerous.
Peyers Patches are found in the _______________.
Peyers Patches are found in the intestines.
T-Cells are activated in _____________ _________________.
T-Cells are activated in cell-mediated immunity.
T-Helper (CD4) is considered _________ ____________ ___________ ______________
T-Helper (CD4) is considered the most important T-cell.
_______________ are considered granulocytes.
Eosinophils are considered granulocytes.
__________________ is a chemical that is produced by virally infected cells and released to provide non-specific anti-viral protection to neighboring cells.
Interferon is a chemical that is produced by virally infected cells and released to provide non-specific anti-viral protection to neighboring cells
T-Lymphocytes mature in the _______________.
T-Lymphocytes mature in the thymus.
T4 Helper cells stimulate B-Lymphocytes to produce _________________.
T4 Helper cells stimulate B-Lymphocytes to produce Antibodies.
The nasopharynx is a passageway for ___________ ___________.
The nasopharynx is a passageway for air only.
The main function of the Type II alveolar cells is to produce ___________________
The main function of the Type II alveolar cells is to produce surfactant.
Normal Expiration is _______________, i.e. no muscle contraction is involved or required.
Normal Expiration is passive, i.e. no muscle contraction is involved or required.
When the diaphragm contracts, the size of the chest cavity ______________, the lungs ____________ to fill the extra space in the chest cavity, air from outside rushes into the __________, and___________ pressure decreases.
When the diaphragm contracts, the size of the chest cavity increases, the lungs expand to fill the extraspace in the chest cavity, air from outside rushes into the lungs, and intrathoracic pressure decreases.
In the body, the structure that follows the trachea is the _____________ ____________.
In the body, the structure that follows the trachea is the primary bronchi.
The Tongue is _________ part of the alimentary canal; the Pharynx, the Esophagus, the Stomach andthe Small intestine ARE.
The Tongue is NOT part of the alimentary canal; the Pharynx, the Esophagus, the Stomach and the Small intestine ARE.
The stomach does ______ serve as the primary absorption site for most nutrients.
The stomach does NOT serve as the primary absorption site for most nutrients.
Gastric juice DOES NOT digest the stomach because the stomach is protected by an ___________________________ _____________.
Gastric juice DOES NOT digest the stomach because the stomach is protected by an alkaline mucousmembrane.
The layers of the GI tract, in order from superficial to deep, are as follows: ________________ _____________ ___________ and _________________.
The layers of the GI tract, in order from superficial to deep, are as follows: the serosa, the muscularis, the submucosa and the mucosa.
The _____________ ______________lines the walls of the peritoneal cavity.
The parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the peritoneal cavity.
________________will increase gastric juice secretions, increase gastric motility and relax the pyloricsphincter.
Gastrin will increase gastric juice secretions, increase gastric motility and relax the pyloric sphincter.
The Salivary enzyme amylase functions to _____________ ______________________.
The Salivary enzyme amylase functions to digest carbohydrates.
Protein digestion begins in the __________________.
Protein digestion begins in the stomach.
The folds of the gastric mucosa are called _______________.
The folds of the gastric mucosa are called rugae.
Intrinsic factor secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach is required for the absorption of _____________ ___________.
Intrinsic factor secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach is required for the absorption of vitamin B12.
The _____________ (_______________) ____________ is a thicken ring of muscle through which the stomach communicates with the duodenum which opens to permit passage of chyme into the duodenum, and to prevent backflow of food into the stomach.
The pyloric (sphincter) valve is a thicken ring of muscle through which the stomach communicates with the duodenum which opens to permit passage of chyme into the duodenum, and to prevent backflow of food into the stomach
HCl in the stomach changes _________________ into pepsin for the breakdown of proteins.
HCl in the stomach changes pepsinogen into pepsin for the breakdown of proteins.
The stomach absorbs __________ _____________ and__________.
The stomach absorbs alcohol, aspirin and water.
The gallbladder ________ and ___________ _______
The gallbladder concentrates and stores bile.
The ___________ ___________ is the major site of digestion and absorption, consists of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, has villi and microvilli that increase its surface area for absorption, and contains circular folds that increase surface area and absorption.
The small intestine is the major site of digestion and absorption, consists of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, has villi and microvilli that increase its surface area for absorption, and contains circular folds that increase surface area and absorption.
The exit of the stomach is the _______________.
The exit of the stomach is the pylorus.
________________________ will relax the muscles of the stomach and intestines and decrease the flow of blood to these organs.
Adrenaline will relax the muscles of the stomach and intestines and decrease the flow of blood to these organs.
The large intestine absorbs _______________ _______________
The large intestine absorbs mostly water.
Digested fatty acids enter the blood stream from the ______________ _______________.
Digested fatty acids enter the blood stream from the lymphatic system.
During digestion, proteins are broken down into ___________ _______________.
During digestion, proteins are broken down into amino acids.
The order in which chyme and, ultimately, feces pass through the digestive tract is as follows: ____________________________,_______________,__________________,____________________,________________________________________,___________________________ ,______________________and __________________________
The order in which chyme and, ultimately, feces pass through the digestive tract is as follows: ileocecal valve, the cecum, the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, the rectum and the anus.
Fats and protein causing increased digestive enzyme release is controlled by _________________________( ).
Fats and protein causing increased digestive enzyme release is controlled by cholecystokinin (CCK).
________________ is the intestinal enzyme needed to digest fat.
Lipase is the intestinal enzyme needed to digest fat.
The liver receives its blood supply from the _______________ _____________ and the _________________________ __________________.
The liver receives its blood supply from the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein.
The pancreas functions as both an ___________ & ________________ gland.
The pancreas functions as both an exocrine & endocrine gland.
The common bile duct opens into the _________________.
The common bile duct opens into the duodenum.
The common bile duct is formed by the union of the common ___________ and _________ _____________.
The common bile duct is formed by the union of the common hepatic and cystic ducts.
The appendix is attached to the ____________.
The appendix is attached to the cecum.
When a loop of intestine pushes through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal, this is referred to as an ____________ ____________.
When a loop of intestine pushes through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal, this is referred to as anindirect hernia
The order that a molecule of water would ordinarily pass through the nephron is as follows; ________________,_____________________,_______________ ,____________________,__________________ and _________________________.
The order that a molecule of water would ordinarily pass through the nephron is as follows; glomerulus, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct.
The ___________ drains urine from the kidney into the bladder.
The ureter drains urine from the kidney into the bladder.
The function of the kidneys includes the production and release of ___________ and ________________, the regulation of blood composition and pH, the regulation of blood volume and pressure and the maintenance of blood __________________.
The function of the kidneys includes the production and release of calcitriol and erythropoietin, the regulation of blood composition and pH, the regulation of blood volume and pressure and the maintenance of blood osmolarity.
_____________ of kidney function is lost before clinical signs of renal failure become apparent.
75% of kidney function is lost before clinical signs of renal failure become apparent.
The function of the epididymis is __________ _______________.
The function of the epididymis is sperm maturation.
The innermost layer of the uterus is the _________________.
The innermost layer of the uterus is the endometrium.
The ligament that is a sheet of peritoneum is the _______________ _______________.
The ligament that is a sheet of peritoneum is the broad ligament.
Gametes are ______________ ________________.
Gametes are haploid cells.
The uterine tubes are the site of fertilization; ____________ _____________ ___________ _______________________ and _________________.
The uterine tubes are the site of fertilization; transport sperm, secondary oocytes and zygotes.
