Midterm Flashcards
The science of the structure of the body
Anatomy
The study of the function of the body organs
Physiology
The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body
Osteology
Imaginary planes that subdivide the body in reference to anatomic position”Slice” the body in all directions at designated levelsUsed in radiographic positioning to center a body part to the IR or CR
Body planes
4 fundamental planes
SagittalCoronalHorizontal Oblique
Plane that divides the body into right and left segments, passing vertically from front to back
Sagittal
A specific sagittal plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves
Midsagittal plane (MSP)
Plane that passes through the body vertically from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
Coronal
The specific plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
Midcoronal plane (MCP)/midaxillary
Plane that passes crosswise through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axisPositioned at right angle to sagittal and coronal planesDivides the body into superior and inferior portions
HorizontalTransverseAxialCross-sectional
Plane that passes through a body part at any angle between the previous three planes
Oblique
2 special planes
InteriliacOcclusal
Plane that transects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests (level of L4)
Interiliac
Plane formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
Occlusal
2 great body cavities
ThoracicAbdominal
6 things the thoracic cavity contains
Pleural membranesLungsTracheaEsophagusPericardiumHeart and great vessels
10 things abdominal cavity contains
PeritoneumStomachLiverIntestinesGallbladderKidneysPancreas UretersSpleenMajor blood vessels
2 methods abdomen is divided into
QuadrantsRegions
2 divisions of the abdomen
Bordered superiorly by diaphragmBordered inferiorly by superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet)
4 quadrants of the abdomen (useful for describing the location of various abdominal organs)
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)Right lower quadrant (RLQ)Left upper quadrant (LUQ)Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
3 superior regions of abdomen
Right hypochondriumEpigastriumLeft hypochondrium
3 middle regions of abdomen
Right lateralUmbilicalLeft lateral
3 inferior regions of abdomen
Right inguinalHypogastriumLeft inguinal
The common variations in the shape of the human bodyImportant in radiography because it determines size, shape, and position of organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavitiesOrgans change position based on how body is made
Body habitus
6 organs affected by body habitus
HeartLungsDiaphragmStomachColonGallbladder
4 major types of body habitus
SthenicHyposthenicAsthenicHypersthenic
6 bone functions
Attachment for musclesMechanical basis for movementProtection of internal organsSupport frame for bodyStorage for calcium, phosphorus, and other saltsProduction of red and white blood cells
2 main groups in skeletal division
Axial skeleton (80 bones)Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
Skeleton that supports the head and trunk
Axial
Skeleton that provides means for movement
Appendicular
Strong, dense outer layer of bone
Compact
Inner, less dense layer of boneContains a spiculated network called trabeculae (filled with red and yellow marrow)
Spongy
Marrow that produces red and white blood cells
Red
Marrow that stores fat cells
Yellow
Central cavity of long bonesContains trabeculae filled with yellow marrowRed marrow found in ends of long bones
Medullary cavity
Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articular ends
Periosteum
Lines marrow cavity
Endosteum
The development and formation of bonesBegins in the second month of embryonic life
Ossification
2 processes of ossification
IntermembranousEndochondral
Process of ossification that forms flat bones
Intermembranous
Process of ossification that creates short, irregular, and long bones
Endochondral
2 distinct centers of development from which endochondral ossification occurs
PrimarySecondary
Ossification that begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones
Primary
Ossification that occurs after birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones
Secondary
Ends of long bones
Epiphysis
5 classifications of bones by shape
LongShortFlatIrregularSesamoid
Bones found only in limbsConsist of body and two enlarged articular endsExamples: femur and humerus
Long
Bones that consist mainly of cancellous bone with a thin outer layer of compact boneExample: carpal bones
Short
Bones that consist of two plates of compact bonesMiddle layer of cancellous bone called diploëExamples: sternum and cranium
Flat
Bones that are peculiarly shapedExamples: vertebrae and facial bones
Irregular
Bones that are very small and ovalDevelop inside and beside tendonsProtect the tendon from excessive wearLargest is patella
Sesamoid
The study of joints/articulations between bones
Arthrology
2 classifications of arthrology
Functional Structural
Three subdivisions of functional joints based on mobility of joint
SynarthrosesAmphiarthrosesDiarthroses
Synarthroses
Immoveable
Amphiarthroses
Slightly moveable
Diarthroses
Freely moveable
3 distinct groups of structural joints based on connective tissues
FibrousCartilaginousSynovial
Joints that do not have a joint cavityUnited by various fibrous and connective tissues and ligamentsStrongest joints in the body
Fibrous
3 types of fibrous joints
SyndesmosisSutureGomphosis
Immoveable or very slightly moveable jointsUnited by fibrous sheetsExample: inferior tibiofibular joint
Syndesmosis
Immoveable joint only in the skull
Suture
Immoveable joint only in roots of teeth
Gomphosis
Joints that do not have a joint cavityVirtually immoveable
Cartilaginous
2 types of cartilaginous joints
SymphysisSynchondrosis
Slightly moveable jointSeparated by a pad of fibrocartilageDesigned for strength and shock absorbencyExample: pubic symphysis
Symphysis
Immovable jointUnited by rigid cartilageExample: epiphyseal plate
Synchondrosis
Joints that permit wide range of motion; freely moveableComplex jointsEnclosed by articular capsuleMany have accessory soft tissues: meniscus and bursae
Synovial
6 types of synovial joints
GlidingHingePivotEllipsoidSaddleBall and socket
Simplest synovial jointExamples: intercarpal and intertarsal joints
Gliding
Synovial joint that permits flexion and extension onlyExamples: elbow and knee
Hinge
Synovial joint that allows rotation around a single axisExample: atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2 joint)
Pivot
Synovial joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumductionExample: radiocarpal (wrist) joint
Ellipsoid
Synovial joint that allows movement similar to ellipsoidDifference is in the shape of the articular surfacesExample: carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and first metacarpal
Saddle
Synovial joint that permits widest range of motionExamples: hip and shoulder
Ball and Socket
Extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone
Processes/projections
Hollow or depressed areas in bone
Depressions
A break in bone
Fracture
Rounded process at an articular end of bone
Condyle
Beaklike or crownlike process on bone
Coracoid or coronoid
Ridgelike process on bone
Crest
Projection above a condyle on bone
Epicondyle
Small, smooth-surfaced articular process on bone
Facet
Hook-shaped process on bone
Hamulus
Expanded end of a long bone
Head
Hornlike process on bone
Horn
Linear elevation on bone; not as prominent as a crest
Line
Club-shaped process on bone
Malleolus
Projecting prominence on bone
Protuberance
Sharp process on bone
Spine
Long, pointed process on bone
Styloid
Either of the two large, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur
Trochanter
Small, rounded, and elevated process on bone
Tubercle
Large, rounded, and elevated process
Tuberosity
8 depressions of bone
FissureForamenFossaGrooveMeatusNotchSinusSulcus
Cleft or deep groove in bone
Fissure
Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves
Foramen
Pit, fovea, or hollow space in bone
Fossa
Shallow linear channel in bone
Groove
Tubelike passageway in bone
Meatus
Indentation in the border of a bone
Notch
Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space in bone
Sinus
Furrow or trench in bone
Sulcus
4 types of fractures
ClosedOpenNondisplacedDisplaced
8 classifications of fractures (many fractures fall into more than one category)
CompressionTransverseCompound (open)Spiral/obliqueSimpleComminutedGreenstickImpacted
Forward or front part of the body or of a part
Anterior (ventral)
Back part of body or part
Posterior (dorsal)
Parts away from the head of the body toward the feet
Caudad
Parts toward the head
Cephalad
Nearer the head or situated above
Superior
Nearer the feet or situated below
Inferior
Mid area or main part of an organ
Central
At or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
Peripheral
Toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of a body part
Medial
Away from the median plane or away from the middle of a part
Lateral
Near the skin or surface
Superficial
Far from the surface
Deep
Farthest from the point of attachment or origin
Distal
Nearer to the point of attachment or origin
Proximal
Outside the body or part
External
Inside the body or part
Internal
The wall or lining of a body cavity
Parietal
The covering of an organ
Visceral
Parts on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
Parts on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
Palm of the hand
Palmar
Sole of the foot
Plantar
Anterior, or top, of the foot or the back of the hand
Dorsum
The path of the CR as it exits the x-ray tube, passing through the patient to the IRIdentified by the entrance and exit points of the bodyEx: PA = entering posterior and exiting anterior
Projection
Overall posture of the patient or general body positionAlso refers to the specific placement of the body or part in relation to the table or IR
Position
Describes the body part as seen by the IRExact opposite of projection, the preferred term in the United States
View
Refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual
Method
CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior
AP
CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior
PA
Longitudinal angle of the CR of 10 degrees or more
Axial
CR directed along the outer margin of a curved body surface
Tangential
CR enters one side of the body, passing transversely along the coronal plane
Lateral
CR enters from side angleEntrance and exit surfaces still specified (e.g., AP)
Oblique
Erect or vertical
Upright
Upright, but sitting on a stool
Seated
Lying down in any position
Recumbent
Lying on the back
Supine
Lying face down
Prone
Supine with the head lower than the feet
Trendelenburg’s position
Supine with the head elevated
Fowler’s position
Recumbent with patient lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed
Sims’ position
Supine with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports
Lithotomy position
Named according to the side of the patient that is placed closer to the IR
Lateral position
Body is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IRAngle of rotation is specific for anatomy of interestNamed according to side and surface of body closer to table or IRAbbreviations: RPO, LPO, RAO, and LAO
Oblique
Recumbent position with a horizontal CRNamed according to the body surface on which the patient is lying
Decubitus position
Upright position in which the patient is leaning backward
Lordotic position
Movement of a part away from the central axis of thebody
Abduct/abduction
Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body
Adduct/adduction
Straightening of a joint
Extension
Bending of a joint
Flexion
Forced or excessive extension
Hyperextension
Forced overflexion
Hyperflexion
Outward turning of the foot at the ankle
Evert/eversion
Inward turning of the foot at the ankle
Invert/inversion
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is down
Pronate/pronation
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is up
Supinate/supination
Turning of the body or part around its axis either medial (toward midline) or lateral (away from midline)
Rotate/rotation
Circular movement of a limb
Circumduction
Tipping or slanting a body part slightly
Tilt
A turning away from the regular or standard course
Deviation
The science of the structure of the body
Anatomy
The study of the function of the body organs
Physiology
The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body
Osteology
Imaginary planes that subdivide the body in reference to anatomic position”Slice” the body in all directions at designated levelsUsed in radiographic positioning to center a body part to the IR or CR
Body planes
4 fundamental planes
SagittalCoronalHorizontal Oblique
Plane that divides the body into right and left segments, passing vertically from front to back
Sagittal
A specific sagittal plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves
Midsagittal plane (MSP)
Plane that passes through the body vertically from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
Coronal
The specific plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
Midcoronal plane (MCP)/midaxillary
Plane that passes crosswise through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axisPositioned at right angle to sagittal and coronal planesDivides the body into superior and inferior portions
HorizontalTransverseAxialCross-sectional
Plane that passes through a body part at any angle between the previous three planes
Oblique
2 special planes
InteriliacOcclusal
Plane that transects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests (level of L4)
Interiliac
Plane formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
Occlusal
2 great body cavities
ThoracicAbdominal
6 things the thoracic cavity contains
Pleural membranesLungsTracheaEsophagusPericardiumHeart and great vessels
10 things abdominal cavity contains
PeritoneumStomachLiverIntestinesGallbladderKidneysPancreas UretersSpleenMajor blood vessels
2 methods abdomen is divided into
QuadrantsRegions
2 divisions of the abdomen
Bordered superiorly by diaphragmBordered inferiorly by superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet)
4 quadrants of the abdomen (useful for describing the location of various abdominal organs)
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)Right lower quadrant (RLQ)Left upper quadrant (LUQ)Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
3 superior regions of abdomen
Right hypochondriumEpigastriumLeft hypochondrium
3 middle regions of abdomen
Right lateralUmbilicalLeft lateral
3 inferior regions of abdomen
Right inguinalHypogastriumLeft inguinal
The common variations in the shape of the human bodyImportant in radiography because it determines size, shape, and position of organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavitiesOrgans change position based on how body is made
Body habitus
6 organs affected by body habitus
HeartLungsDiaphragmStomachColonGallbladder
4 major types of body habitus
SthenicHyposthenicAsthenicHypersthenic
6 bone functions
Attachment for musclesMechanical basis for movementProtection of internal organsSupport frame for bodyStorage for calcium, phosphorus, and other saltsProduction of red and white blood cells
2 main groups in skeletal division
Axial skeleton (80 bones)Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
Skeleton that supports the head and trunk
Axial
Skeleton that provides means for movement
Appendicular
Strong, dense outer layer of bone
Compact
Inner, less dense layer of boneContains a spiculated network called trabeculae (filled with red and yellow marrow)
Spongy
Marrow that produces red and white blood cells
Red
