Ch 3 - Positioning Terminology Flashcards
The science of the structure of the body
Anatomy
The study of the function of the body organs
Physiology
The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body
Osteology
Imaginary planes that subdivide the body in reference to anatomic position
“Slice” the body in all directions at designated levels
Used in radiographic positioning to center a body part to the IR or CR
Body planes
4 fundamental planes
Sagittal
Coronal
Horizontal
Oblique
Plane that divides the body into right and left segments, passing vertically from front to back
Sagittal
A specific sagittal plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves
Midsagittal plane (MSP)
Plane that passes through the body vertically from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
Coronal
The specific plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
Midcoronal plane (MCP)/midaxillary
Plane that passes crosswise through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis
Positioned at right angle to sagittal and coronal planes
Divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Horizontal
Transverse
Axial
Cross-sectional
Plane that passes through a body part at any angle between the previous three planes
Oblique
2 special planes
Interiliac
Occlusal
Plane that transects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests (level of L4)
Interiliac
Plane formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
Occlusal
2 great body cavities
Thoracic
Abdominal
6 things the thoracic cavity contains
Pleural membranes Lungs Trachea Esophagus Pericardium Heart and great vessels
10 things abdominal cavity contains
Peritoneum Stomach Liver Intestines Gallbladder Kidneys Pancreas Ureters Spleen Major blood vessels
2 methods abdomen is divided into
Quadrants
Regions
2 divisions of the abdomen
Bordered superiorly by diaphragm
Bordered inferiorly by superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet)
4 quadrants of the abdomen (useful for describing the location of various abdominal organs)
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
3 superior regions of abdomen
Right hypochondrium
Epigastrium
Left hypochondrium
3 middle regions of abdomen
Right lateral
Umbilical
Left lateral
3 inferior regions of abdomen
Right inguinal
Hypogastrium
Left inguinal
The common variations in the shape of the human body
Important in radiography because it determines size, shape, and position of organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Organs change position based on how body is made
Body habitus
6 organs affected by body habitus
Heart Lungs Diaphragm Stomach Colon Gallbladder
4 major types of body habitus
Sthenic
Hyposthenic
Asthenic
Hypersthenic
6 bone functions
Attachment for muscles Mechanical basis for movement Protection of internal organs Support frame for body Storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts Production of red and white blood cells
2 main groups in skeletal division
Axial skeleton (80 bones) Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
Skeleton that supports the head and trunk
Axial
Skeleton that provides means for movement
Appendicular
Strong, dense outer layer of bone
Compact
Inner, less dense layer of bone
Contains a spiculated network called trabeculae (filled with red and yellow marrow)
Spongy
Marrow that produces red and white blood cells
Red
Marrow that stores fat cells
Yellow
Central cavity of long bones
Contains trabeculae filled with yellow marrow
Red marrow found in ends of long bones
Medullary cavity
Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articular ends
Periosteum
Lines marrow cavity
Endosteum
The development and formation of bones
Begins in the second month of embryonic life
Ossification
2 processes of ossification
Intermembranous
Endochondral
Process of ossification that forms flat bones
Intermembranous
Process of ossification that creates short, irregular, and long bones
Endochondral
2 distinct centers of development from which endochondral ossification occurs
Primary
Secondary
Ossification that begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones
Primary
Ossification that occurs after birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones
Secondary
Ends of long bones
Epiphysis
5 classifications of bones by shape
Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
Bones found only in limbs
Consist of body and two enlarged articular ends
Examples: femur and humerus
Long
Bones that consist mainly of cancellous bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone
Example: carpal bones
Short
Bones that consist of two plates of compact bones
Middle layer of cancellous bone called diploë
Examples: sternum and cranium
Flat
Bones that are peculiarly shaped
Examples: vertebrae and facial bones
Irregular
Bones that are very small and oval
Develop inside and beside tendons
Protect the tendon from excessive wear
Largest is patella
Sesamoid
The study of joints/articulations between bones
Arthrology
2 classifications of arthrology
Functional
Structural
Three subdivisions of functional joints based on mobility of joint
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
Synarthroses
Immoveable
Amphiarthroses
Slightly moveable
Diarthroses
Freely moveable
3 distinct groups of structural joints based on connective tissues
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Joints that do not have a joint cavity
United by various fibrous and connective tissues and ligaments
Strongest joints in the body
Fibrous
3 types of fibrous joints
Syndesmosis
Suture
Gomphosis
Immoveable or very slightly moveable joints
United by fibrous sheets
Example: inferior tibiofibular joint
Syndesmosis
Immoveable joint only in the skull
Suture
Immoveable joint only in roots of teeth
Gomphosis
Joints that do not have a joint cavity
Virtually immoveable
Cartilaginous
2 types of cartilaginous joints
Symphysis
Synchondrosis
Slightly moveable joint
Separated by a pad of fibrocartilage
Designed for strength and shock absorbency
Example: pubic symphysis
Symphysis
Immovable joint
United by rigid cartilage
Example: epiphyseal plate
Synchondrosis
Joints that permit wide range of motion; freely moveable
Complex joints
Enclosed by articular capsule
Many have accessory soft tissues: meniscus and bursae
Synovial
6 types of synovial joints
Gliding Hinge Pivot Ellipsoid Saddle Ball and socket
Simplest synovial joint
Examples: intercarpal and intertarsal joints
Gliding
Synovial joint that permits flexion and extension only
Examples: elbow and knee
Hinge
Synovial joint that allows rotation around a single axis
Example: atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2 joint)
Pivot
Synovial joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
Example: radiocarpal (wrist) joint
Ellipsoid
Synovial joint that allows movement similar to ellipsoid
Difference is in the shape of the articular surfaces
Example: carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and first metacarpal
Saddle
Synovial joint that permits widest range of motion
Examples: hip and shoulder
Ball and Socket
Extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone
Processes/projections
Hollow or depressed areas in bone
Depressions
A break in bone
Fracture
Rounded process at an articular end of bone
Condyle
Beaklike or crownlike process on bone
Coracoid or coronoid
Ridgelike process on bone
Crest
Projection above a condyle on bone
Epicondyle
Small, smooth-surfaced articular process on bone
Facet
Hook-shaped process on bone
Hamulus
Expanded end of a long bone
Head
Hornlike process on bone
Horn
Linear elevation on bone; not as prominent as a crest
Line
Club-shaped process on bone
Malleolus
Projecting prominence on bone
Protuberance
Sharp process on bone
Spine
Long, pointed process on bone
Styloid
Either of the two large, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur
Trochanter
Small, rounded, and elevated process on bone
Tubercle
Large, rounded, and elevated process
Tuberosity
8 depressions of bone
Fissure Foramen Fossa Groove Meatus Notch Sinus Sulcus
Cleft or deep groove in bone
Fissure
Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves
Foramen
Pit, fovea, or hollow space in bone
Fossa
Shallow linear channel in bone
Groove
Tubelike passageway in bone
Meatus
Indentation in the border of a bone
Notch
Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space in bone
Sinus
Furrow or trench in bone
Sulcus
4 types of fractures
Closed
Open
Nondisplaced
Displaced
8 classifications of fractures (many fractures fall into more than one category)
Compression Transverse Compound (open) Spiral/oblique Simple Comminuted Greenstick Impacted
Forward or front part of the body or of a part
Anterior (ventral)
Back part of body or part
Posterior (dorsal)
Parts away from the head of the body toward the feet
Caudad
Parts toward the head
Cephalad
Nearer the head or situated above
Superior
Nearer the feet or situated below
Inferior
Mid area or main part of an organ
Central
At or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
Peripheral
Toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of a body part
Medial
Away from the median plane or away from the middle of a part
Lateral
Near the skin or surface
Superficial
Far from the surface
Deep
Farthest from the point of attachment or origin
Distal
Nearer to the point of attachment or origin
Proximal
Outside the body or part
External
Inside the body or part
Internal
The wall or lining of a body cavity
Parietal
The covering of an organ
Visceral
Parts on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
Parts on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
Palm of the hand
Palmar
Sole of the foot
Plantar
Anterior, or top, of the foot or the back of the hand
Dorsum
The path of the CR as it exits the x-ray tube, passing through the patient to the IR
Identified by the entrance and exit points of the body
Ex: PA = entering posterior and exiting anterior
Projection
Overall posture of the patient or general body position
Also refers to the specific placement of the body or part in relation to the table or IR
Position
Describes the body part as seen by the IR
Exact opposite of projection, the preferred term in the United States
View
Refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual
Method
CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior
AP
CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior
PA
Longitudinal angle of the CR of 10 degrees or more
Axial
CR directed along the outer margin of a curved body surface
Tangential
CR enters one side of the body, passing transversely along the coronal plane
Lateral
CR enters from side angle
Entrance and exit surfaces still specified (e.g., AP)
Oblique
Erect or vertical
Upright
Upright, but sitting on a stool
Seated
Lying down in any position
Recumbent
Lying on the back
Supine
Lying face down
Prone
Supine with the head lower than the feet
Trendelenburg’s position
Supine with the head elevated
Fowler’s position
Recumbent with patient lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed
Sims’ position
Supine with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports
Lithotomy position
Named according to the side of the patient that is placed closer to the IR
Lateral position
Body is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IR
Angle of rotation is specific for anatomy of interest
Named according to side and surface of body closer to table or IR
Abbreviations: RPO, LPO, RAO, and LAO
Oblique
Recumbent position with a horizontal CR
Named according to the body surface on which the patient is lying
Decubitus position
Upright position in which the patient is leaning backward
Lordotic position
Movement of a part away from the central axis of the
body
Abduct/abduction
Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body
Adduct/adduction
Straightening of a joint
Extension
Bending of a joint
Flexion
Forced or excessive extension
Hyperextension
Forced overflexion
Hyperflexion
Outward turning of the foot at the ankle
Evert/eversion
Inward turning of the foot at the ankle
Invert/inversion
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is down
Pronate/pronation
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is up
Supinate/supination
Turning of the body or part around its axis either medial (toward midline) or lateral (away from midline)
Rotate/rotation
Circular movement of a limb
Circumduction
Tipping or slanting a body part slightly
Tilt
A turning away from the regular or standard course
Deviation
