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RAD 112: Radiographic Anatomy & Positioning > Ch 3 - Positioning Terminology > Flashcards

Ch 3 - Positioning Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

The science of the structure of the body

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The study of the function of the body organs

A

Physiology

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3
Q

The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body

A

Osteology

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4
Q

Imaginary planes that subdivide the body in reference to anatomic position
“Slice” the body in all directions at designated levels
Used in radiographic positioning to center a body part to the IR or CR

A

Body planes

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5
Q

4 fundamental planes

A

Sagittal
Coronal
Horizontal
Oblique

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6
Q

Plane that divides the body into right and left segments, passing vertically from front to back

A

Sagittal

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7
Q

A specific sagittal plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves

A

Midsagittal plane (MSP)

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8
Q

Plane that passes through the body vertically from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts

A

Coronal

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9
Q

The specific plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves

A

Midcoronal plane (MCP)/midaxillary

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10
Q

Plane that passes crosswise through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis
Positioned at right angle to sagittal and coronal planes
Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

A

Horizontal
Transverse
Axial
Cross-sectional

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11
Q

Plane that passes through a body part at any angle between the previous three planes

A

Oblique

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12
Q

2 special planes

A

Interiliac

Occlusal

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13
Q

Plane that transects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests (level of L4)

A

Interiliac

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14
Q

Plane formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed

A

Occlusal

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15
Q

2 great body cavities

A

Thoracic

Abdominal

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16
Q

6 things the thoracic cavity contains

A 
Pleural membranes
Lungs
Trachea
Esophagus
Pericardium
Heart and great vessels
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17
Q

10 things abdominal cavity contains

A 
Peritoneum
Stomach
Liver
Intestines
Gallbladder
Kidneys
Pancreas	
Ureters
Spleen
Major blood vessels
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18
Q

2 methods abdomen is divided into

A

Quadrants

Regions

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19
Q

2 divisions of the abdomen

A

Bordered superiorly by diaphragm

Bordered inferiorly by superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet)

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20
Q

4 quadrants of the abdomen (useful for describing the location of various abdominal organs)

A

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

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21
Q

3 superior regions of abdomen

A

Right hypochondrium
Epigastrium
Left hypochondrium

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22
Q

3 middle regions of abdomen

A

Right lateral
Umbilical
Left lateral

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23
Q

3 inferior regions of abdomen

A

Right inguinal
Hypogastrium
Left inguinal

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24
Q

The common variations in the shape of the human body
Important in radiography because it determines size, shape, and position of organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Organs change position based on how body is made

A

Body habitus

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25
Q

6 organs affected by body habitus

A 
Heart
Lungs
Diaphragm
Stomach
Colon
Gallbladder
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26
Q

4 major types of body habitus

A

Sthenic
Hyposthenic
Asthenic
Hypersthenic

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27
Q

6 bone functions

A 
Attachment for muscles
Mechanical basis for movement
Protection of internal organs
Support frame for body
Storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts
Production of red and white blood cells
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28
Q

2 main groups in skeletal division

A 
Axial skeleton (80 bones)
Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
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29
Q

Skeleton that supports the head and trunk

A

Axial

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30
Q

Skeleton that provides means for movement

A

Appendicular

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31
Q

Strong, dense outer layer of bone

A

Compact

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32
Q

Inner, less dense layer of bone

Contains a spiculated network called trabeculae (filled with red and yellow marrow)

A

Spongy

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33
Q

Marrow that produces red and white blood cells

A

Red

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34
Q

Marrow that stores fat cells

A

Yellow

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35
Q

Central cavity of long bones
Contains trabeculae filled with yellow marrow
Red marrow found in ends of long bones

A

Medullary cavity

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36
Q

Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articular ends

A

Periosteum

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37
Q

Lines marrow cavity

A

Endosteum

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38
Q

The development and formation of bones

Begins in the second month of embryonic life

A

Ossification

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39
Q

2 processes of ossification

A

Intermembranous

Endochondral

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40
Q

Process of ossification that forms flat bones

A

Intermembranous

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41
Q

Process of ossification that creates short, irregular, and long bones

A

Endochondral

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42
Q

2 distinct centers of development from which endochondral ossification occurs

A

Primary

Secondary

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43
Q

Ossification that begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones

A

Primary

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44
Q

Ossification that occurs after birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones

A

Secondary

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45
Q

Ends of long bones

A

Epiphysis

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46
Q

5 classifications of bones by shape

A 
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
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47
Q

Bones found only in limbs
Consist of body and two enlarged articular ends
Examples: femur and humerus

A

Long

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48
Q

Bones that consist mainly of cancellous bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone
Example: carpal bones

A

Short

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49
Q

Bones that consist of two plates of compact bones
Middle layer of cancellous bone called diploë
Examples: sternum and cranium

A

Flat

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50
Q

Bones that are peculiarly shaped

Examples: vertebrae and facial bones

A

Irregular

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51
Q

Bones that are very small and oval
Develop inside and beside tendons
Protect the tendon from excessive wear
Largest is patella

A

Sesamoid

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52
Q

The study of joints/articulations between bones

A

Arthrology

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53
Q

2 classifications of arthrology

A

Functional

Structural

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54
Q

Three subdivisions of functional joints based on mobility of joint

A

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

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55
Q

Synarthroses

A

Immoveable

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56
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Slightly moveable

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57
Q

Diarthroses

A

Freely moveable

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58
Q

3 distinct groups of structural joints based on connective tissues

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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59
Q

Joints that do not have a joint cavity
United by various fibrous and connective tissues and ligaments
Strongest joints in the body

A

Fibrous

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60
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

Syndesmosis
Suture
Gomphosis

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61
Q

Immoveable or very slightly moveable joints
United by fibrous sheets
Example: inferior tibiofibular joint

A

Syndesmosis

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62
Q

Immoveable joint only in the skull

A

Suture

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63
Q

Immoveable joint only in roots of teeth

A

Gomphosis

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64
Q

Joints that do not have a joint cavity

Virtually immoveable

A

Cartilaginous

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65
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

Symphysis

Synchondrosis

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66
Q

Slightly moveable joint
Separated by a pad of fibrocartilage
Designed for strength and shock absorbency
Example: pubic symphysis

A

Symphysis

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67
Q

Immovable joint
United by rigid cartilage
Example: epiphyseal plate

A

Synchondrosis

68
Q

Joints that permit wide range of motion; freely moveable
Complex joints
Enclosed by articular capsule
Many have accessory soft tissues: meniscus and bursae

A

Synovial

69
Q

6 types of synovial joints

A 
Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Ellipsoid
Saddle
Ball and socket
70
Q

Simplest synovial joint

Examples: intercarpal and intertarsal joints

A

Gliding

71
Q

Synovial joint that permits flexion and extension only

Examples: elbow and knee

A

Hinge

72
Q

Synovial joint that allows rotation around a single axis

Example: atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2 joint)

A

Pivot

73
Q

Synovial joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
Example: radiocarpal (wrist) joint

A

Ellipsoid

74
Q

Synovial joint that allows movement similar to ellipsoid
Difference is in the shape of the articular surfaces
Example: carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and first metacarpal

A

Saddle

75
Q

Synovial joint that permits widest range of motion

Examples: hip and shoulder

A

Ball and Socket

76
Q

Extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone

A

Processes/projections

77
Q

Hollow or depressed areas in bone

A

Depressions

78
Q

A break in bone

A

Fracture

79
Q

Rounded process at an articular end of bone

A

Condyle

80
Q

Beaklike or crownlike process on bone

A

Coracoid or coronoid

81
Q

Ridgelike process on bone

A

Crest

82
Q

Projection above a condyle on bone

A

Epicondyle

83
Q

Small, smooth-surfaced articular process on bone

A

Facet

84
Q

Hook-shaped process on bone

A

Hamulus

85
Q

Expanded end of a long bone

A

Head

86
Q

Hornlike process on bone

A

Horn

87
Q

Linear elevation on bone; not as prominent as a crest

A

Line

88
Q

Club-shaped process on bone

A

Malleolus

89
Q

Projecting prominence on bone

A

Protuberance

90
Q

Sharp process on bone

A

Spine

91
Q

Long, pointed process on bone

A

Styloid

92
Q

Either of the two large, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur

A

Trochanter

93
Q

Small, rounded, and elevated process on bone

A

Tubercle

94
Q

Large, rounded, and elevated process

A

Tuberosity

95
Q

8 depressions of bone

A 
Fissure
Foramen
Fossa
Groove
Meatus
Notch
Sinus
Sulcus
96
Q

Cleft or deep groove in bone

A

Fissure

97
Q

Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves

A

Foramen

98
Q

Pit, fovea, or hollow space in bone

A

Fossa

99
Q

Shallow linear channel in bone

A

Groove

100
Q

Tubelike passageway in bone

A

Meatus

101
Q

Indentation in the border of a bone

A

Notch

102
Q

Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space in bone

A

Sinus

103
Q

Furrow or trench in bone

A

Sulcus

104
Q

4 types of fractures

A

Closed
Open
Nondisplaced
Displaced

105
Q

8 classifications of fractures (many fractures fall into more than one category)

A 
Compression
Transverse
Compound (open)
Spiral/oblique
Simple
Comminuted
Greenstick
Impacted
106
Q

Forward or front part of the body or of a part

A

Anterior (ventral)

107
Q

Back part of body or part

A

Posterior (dorsal)

108
Q

Parts away from the head of the body toward the feet

A

Caudad

109
Q

Parts toward the head

A

Cephalad

110
Q

Nearer the head or situated above

A

Superior

111
Q

Nearer the feet or situated below

A

Inferior

112
Q

Mid area or main part of an organ

A

Central

113
Q

At or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part

A

Peripheral

114
Q

Toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of a body part

A

Medial

115
Q

Away from the median plane or away from the middle of a part

A

Lateral

116
Q

Near the skin or surface

A

Superficial

117
Q

Far from the surface

A

Deep

118
Q

Farthest from the point of attachment or origin

A

Distal

119
Q

Nearer to the point of attachment or origin

A

Proximal

120
Q

Outside the body or part

A

External

121
Q

Inside the body or part

A

Internal

122
Q

The wall or lining of a body cavity

A

Parietal

123
Q

The covering of an organ

A

Visceral

124
Q

Parts on the same side of the body

A

Ipsilateral

125
Q

Parts on the opposite side of the body

A

Contralateral

126
Q

Palm of the hand

A

Palmar

127
Q

Sole of the foot

A

Plantar

128
Q

Anterior, or top, of the foot or the back of the hand

A

Dorsum

129
Q

The path of the CR as it exits the x-ray tube, passing through the patient to the IR
Identified by the entrance and exit points of the body
Ex: PA = entering posterior and exiting anterior

A

Projection

130
Q

Overall posture of the patient or general body position

Also refers to the specific placement of the body or part in relation to the table or IR

A

Position

131
Q

Describes the body part as seen by the IR

Exact opposite of projection, the preferred term in the United States

A

View

132
Q

Refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual

A

Method

133
Q

CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior

A

AP

134
Q

CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior

A

PA

135
Q

Longitudinal angle of the CR of 10 degrees or more

A

Axial

136
Q

CR directed along the outer margin of a curved body surface

A

Tangential

137
Q

CR enters one side of the body, passing transversely along the coronal plane

A

Lateral

138
Q

CR enters from side angle

Entrance and exit surfaces still specified (e.g., AP)

A

Oblique

139
Q

Erect or vertical

A

Upright

140
Q

Upright, but sitting on a stool

A

Seated

141
Q

Lying down in any position

A

Recumbent

142
Q

Lying on the back

A

Supine

143
Q

Lying face down

A

Prone

144
Q

Supine with the head lower than the feet

A

Trendelenburg’s position

145
Q

Supine with the head elevated

A

Fowler’s position

146
Q

Recumbent with patient lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed

A

Sims’ position

147
Q

Supine with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports

A

Lithotomy position

148
Q

Named according to the side of the patient that is placed closer to the IR

A

Lateral position

149
Q

Body is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IR
Angle of rotation is specific for anatomy of interest
Named according to side and surface of body closer to table or IR
Abbreviations: RPO, LPO, RAO, and LAO

A

Oblique

150
Q

Recumbent position with a horizontal CR

Named according to the body surface on which the patient is lying

A

Decubitus position

151
Q

Upright position in which the patient is leaning backward

A

Lordotic position

152
Q

Movement of a part away from the central axis of the

body

A

Abduct/abduction

153
Q

Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body

A

Adduct/adduction

154
Q

Straightening of a joint

A

Extension

155
Q

Bending of a joint

A

Flexion

156
Q

Forced or excessive extension

A

Hyperextension

157
Q

Forced overflexion

A

Hyperflexion

158
Q

Outward turning of the foot at the ankle

A

Evert/eversion

159
Q

Inward turning of the foot at the ankle

A

Invert/inversion

160
Q

Rotation of forearm so that the palm is down

A

Pronate/pronation

161
Q

Rotation of forearm so that the palm is up

A

Supinate/supination

162
Q

Turning of the body or part around its axis either medial (toward midline) or lateral (away from midline)

A

Rotate/rotation

163
Q

Circular movement of a limb

A

Circumduction

164
Q

Tipping or slanting a body part slightly

A

Tilt

165
Q

A turning away from the regular or standard course

A

Deviation

RAD 112: Radiographic Anatomy & Positioning (6 decks)

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