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PSYC 104 - social > "midterm 4" > Flashcards

"midterm 4" Flashcards

1
Q

what general themes of social psych does attraction focus on

A

subjective contrual
need to feel good about ourselves
need to be connected

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2
Q

what is the motivatoin behind attraction

A

need affiliate
=affects emotions
=need for social ties and close relationships
=motivated to be with others
evolution - we rely on each other in order to survivie

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3
Q

what leads to attraction - big statements

A

similarity
the propinquity effect
mere exposure
physical attractiveness

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4
Q

how similarity leads to attraction

A

shared interests and experiences

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5
Q

the propinquity effect

A

we tend to become attracted to people with whom we see and interact with regularly
single best predictor of who we will become attracted to

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6
Q

propinquity effect study

A

MIT first year students randomly assigned dorms (1 of 17 buildings, each with 10 apartments)
semester 1 asked who friends with
more likely to be friends with same building, next door neighbour, 2 doors down
functional distance what was important = ie near stairs then friends with other floors, mailboxed etc

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7
Q

mere exposure effect experiment

A

repeated exposure to same stimulus leads to increase liking
Zajonc (1968)
chinese ideographs to participants (non chinese speakers) 0, 1, 2, 10, 15, 25 times
assessed liking
high frequency = high liking
effects strongest when awareness of this repeated exposure is low

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8
Q

moderators of mere exposure

A

initially neutral or liking

less awareness

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9
Q

moreland and beach 1992 experiment about mere exposure effect

A 
female confederate sit in class 0,5,10 or 15 times throughout the semester
did not interact
classmates rated attractiveness at the end of the semester
rated the confederate as more attractive the more she had been there
functional distance because mere exposure
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10
Q

what features do people prefer

A

symmetrical faces (for offspring)
average faces
universally attractive features (some for men and some for women) - apply to all sorts of different cultures
evolutionary perspective - to mate and have offspring
changes over time (think about art, used to like fat)

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11
Q

what is the halo effect

A

beautiful people benefit
we attribute positive charactersitics to people who are more attractive
they are seen as more: social, content, busy, intellignet, creative, friendly, successful, exciting, accessible, honest

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12
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy of the halo effect

A

snyder, tanke and berscheid (1977)
men talked to female confederate on the phone (same woman throughout)
men shown an attractive vs unattractive picture
males particiants would be more friendly when they thought she was attractive = would rate her as more socialble (and so would blind raters)
so the pictures changed the male expectation so asked her better questions and she gave better responses

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13
Q

name the model of why we stay in close relationships

A

social exchange theory

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14
Q

explain (ie draw) the social exchange theory

A 
rewards(+)
costs(-)
comparison level (-)
=overall satisfaction (+)
investment(+)
alternatives(-)
all three = commitment(+) = stability
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15
Q

name the two types of relationships

A

exchange and communal

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16
Q

exchange relationships`

A 
equity
reciprocal
track contributions
feel exploited if unequal
acquaintances and causal friends
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17
Q

communal relationships

A 
others needs
not focused on reciprocity
don't track contributions
feel happy when meeting the others needs
family and close friends
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18
Q

marriage cultural differences

A

western / independent = romantic and love

eastern / interdependent = family and harmony

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19
Q

marriage and time

A

people become less satisfied with their marriages over time especially after having kids

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20
Q

biggest predictor of marriage break up

A

communication

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21
Q

married couples study

A

married couples brought into lab and made to talk about the biggest stressor in their marriage
with 90% accuracy could predict divorce / outcome of the marriage
= 4 horsemen of the apocalypse
ultimately positive experineces must outweigh negative ones (the relative value0

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22
Q

name the 4 horsemen of the apocalypse

A

contempt (most impactful)
crticism
defensiveness
stonewalling

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23
Q

Kitty genovese

A

young women
raped and murdere
screams heard by 38 people but no one did anythign to help

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24
Q

what does prosocial mean

A

any act that helps another person

25
Q

what does alturistic mean

A

helping another person for the sake of helping (and no other benefit), even at the risk of cost

26
Q

three topics of the factors that influence whether we help others

A

motivational factors
5 step model
situational factors

27
Q

motivational factos in why we help others

A

evolution
social exchange theory
empathy alturism hypothesis

28
Q

evolution explaining why we help people

A

pass along our genes
more likely to help family than others
based on kinship selection = save family or potentail partners / those who might help us pass along our genes
based on reciprocity

29
Q

advantages and disadvantages of evolution explaining why we help people

A

explains why we help fmaily
but struggles to explain why we help a stranger
note hard to do experimental designs in this literature so lack of causal evidence

30
Q

social exchange theory

A

economic attraction model
if rewards > costs = help
if rewards < costs = no help
but does not explain alturism / suggests it doesnt exist

31
Q

benefits of helping by the social exchange theory

A

others help you back
relieves guilt
social approval
self-worth / esteem

32
Q

costs of helping by social exchange theory

A

personal danger
possible pain
time

33
Q

what is the empathy-alturism hypothesis

A

if you feel empathy = you help

if you do not feel empathy = help if reward if big enough (ie follow the social exchange theory)

34
Q

define empathy

A

tha bilisty to put oneself in the shoes of another person and the experience events and emotions the way the other person experiences them
have to have personally experienced the situation
not the same as sympathy (ie sympthay can feel without experiencing the problem yourself)

35
Q

is the empathy altrusim hypothesis a theory

A

YES

THIS IS ON THE EXAM

36
Q

name the five step model in order

A 
1 noticing the event
2 interpreting the event as an emergency
3 assuming responsibility
4 knowing how to help
5 deciding to implement the help
37
Q

barriers to noticing the event

A

urban overload hypothesis - people who live in cities are constantly overwhelmed by the amount of stimuli around them that they simply cannot process it all - so they are less likely to help those in need
time = won’t help if in a rush = the good samaritan study

38
Q

good samaritan study

A

IV: parable (good samaritan vs unrelated), rush
DV: did they stop to help man in the doorway looking distressed
results: timing matteres, parable did not. When asked why didn’t you stop to help = if the seminary students were in a rush then they reported never even noticing the man

39
Q

barriers to interpreting an event as an emergency

A

pluralistic ignorance- people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a cvertain way, even if they are not

40
Q

pluralistic ignorance is what type of social influence`

A

informational - don’t know what to think
so do nothing like others thinking its because they know it is right to do nothing
we infer no one thinks it is an emergency = pretty dangerous

41
Q

barriers to assuming responsibility

A

diffusion of responsibility = the more people present, the less responsible for helping each person feels
evidence = bystander effect (mechanism by which d of r happens by)

42
Q

seizure study

A

showed bystander effect
2,4,6 people in a group (containing one confederate)
talk through radios
confederate has a seizure
who went to get help
participants more likely to offer help if only one there

43
Q

barriers to knowing how to help

A

lack of knowledge

evidence = bystanders with special skills eg doctors are more likely to help than others

44
Q

barriers to deciding to implement the help

A

costs vs benefits

will you make the situation worse

45
Q

name some situational factors which will influence whether you help

A

diffusion of responsibility / bystander effect
time pressure
priming (social cognition) - won’t always work ie good samaritan study

46
Q

when does priming make people help more

A

when the cost is low, priming work best

47
Q

what to do if you need help

A

make others aware of the situation and that it is an emergency
draw attention to specific people
tell others how they can help
try to limit the costs to the other person

48
Q

how has the social psychology of health changed over time

A

previously concerned with infectious diseases

now preventable disease

49
Q

78% of chronic disease are due to…

A

preventable!

smoking, obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise

50
Q

textbook definition of stress

A

the sense that your challenges and your demands surpass your current capabilities, resources and energies
feeling like you have a lot going on put simply
inherently subjective

51
Q

consequences of stress

A

decrease immune system function - gace participants the common cold, those who were stressed got sick, those who weren’t didn’t
increased likelihood of heart disease
obesity
sleep-wake cycles (can sleep way more or way less)
healing minor wounds (gace participants paper cuts, same ifndings as cold study)

52
Q

consequences of stress linked to social psych because it is all about….

A

subjective construal

53
Q

is stress always bad for you

A

false

video - how we deal with it

54
Q

how to adapt to stress

A 
do not ignore it
remove stressors
feeling crontrol
exercise
mindfulness
optimism
pets
religious beliefs
social belongingness
55
Q

general concepts of sleep and health

A

circadian rhythms = internal body clocks

early birds vs night owls

56
Q

consequences of lack of sleep

A

24hr without sleep = same as driving under the influence of alcohol in terms of reaction times
sleep is the one truly changeable thing you can control that affects every domain of your life

57
Q

good sleep hygiene

A 
use of the bed = only for sleep
stress = adress it
light
noise
temperature (white noise ok)
substance use
-no caffeine six hours before
-alcohol
-don't rely on sleep drugs
consistent wake up time including on the weekends
58
Q

SES and health

A 
positive correlation
low birth weight
asthma 
diabetes
obesity
increased bp
cardiovascular disease
but it is your perception of your SES which matters the most

PSYC 104 - social (9 decks)

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