"midterm 4" Flashcards
what general themes of social psych does attraction focus on
subjective contrual
need to feel good about ourselves
need to be connected
what is the motivatoin behind attraction
need affiliate
=affects emotions
=need for social ties and close relationships
=motivated to be with others
evolution - we rely on each other in order to survivie
what leads to attraction - big statements
similarity
the propinquity effect
mere exposure
physical attractiveness
how similarity leads to attraction
shared interests and experiences
the propinquity effect
we tend to become attracted to people with whom we see and interact with regularly
single best predictor of who we will become attracted to
propinquity effect study
MIT first year students randomly assigned dorms (1 of 17 buildings, each with 10 apartments)
semester 1 asked who friends with
more likely to be friends with same building, next door neighbour, 2 doors down
functional distance what was important = ie near stairs then friends with other floors, mailboxed etc
mere exposure effect experiment
repeated exposure to same stimulus leads to increase liking
Zajonc (1968)
chinese ideographs to participants (non chinese speakers) 0, 1, 2, 10, 15, 25 times
assessed liking
high frequency = high liking
effects strongest when awareness of this repeated exposure is low
moderators of mere exposure
initially neutral or liking
less awareness
moreland and beach 1992 experiment about mere exposure effect
female confederate sit in class 0,5,10 or 15 times throughout the semester did not interact classmates rated attractiveness at the end of the semester rated the confederate as more attractive the more she had been there functional distance because mere exposure
what features do people prefer
symmetrical faces (for offspring)
average faces
universally attractive features (some for men and some for women) - apply to all sorts of different cultures
evolutionary perspective - to mate and have offspring
changes over time (think about art, used to like fat)
what is the halo effect
beautiful people benefit
we attribute positive charactersitics to people who are more attractive
they are seen as more: social, content, busy, intellignet, creative, friendly, successful, exciting, accessible, honest
self-fulfilling prophecy of the halo effect
snyder, tanke and berscheid (1977)
men talked to female confederate on the phone (same woman throughout)
men shown an attractive vs unattractive picture
males particiants would be more friendly when they thought she was attractive = would rate her as more socialble (and so would blind raters)
so the pictures changed the male expectation so asked her better questions and she gave better responses
name the model of why we stay in close relationships
social exchange theory
explain (ie draw) the social exchange theory
rewards(+) costs(-) comparison level (-) =overall satisfaction (+) investment(+) alternatives(-) all three = commitment(+) = stability
name the two types of relationships
exchange and communal
exchange relationships`
equity reciprocal track contributions feel exploited if unequal acquaintances and causal friends
communal relationships
others needs not focused on reciprocity don't track contributions feel happy when meeting the others needs family and close friends
marriage cultural differences
western / independent = romantic and love
eastern / interdependent = family and harmony
marriage and time
people become less satisfied with their marriages over time especially after having kids
biggest predictor of marriage break up
communication
married couples study
married couples brought into lab and made to talk about the biggest stressor in their marriage
with 90% accuracy could predict divorce / outcome of the marriage
= 4 horsemen of the apocalypse
ultimately positive experineces must outweigh negative ones (the relative value0
name the 4 horsemen of the apocalypse
contempt (most impactful)
crticism
defensiveness
stonewalling
Kitty genovese
young women
raped and murdere
screams heard by 38 people but no one did anythign to help
what does prosocial mean
any act that helps another person
what does alturistic mean
helping another person for the sake of helping (and no other benefit), even at the risk of cost
three topics of the factors that influence whether we help others
motivational factors
5 step model
situational factors
motivational factos in why we help others
evolution
social exchange theory
empathy alturism hypothesis
evolution explaining why we help people
pass along our genes
more likely to help family than others
based on kinship selection = save family or potentail partners / those who might help us pass along our genes
based on reciprocity
advantages and disadvantages of evolution explaining why we help people
explains why we help fmaily
but struggles to explain why we help a stranger
note hard to do experimental designs in this literature so lack of causal evidence
social exchange theory
economic attraction model
if rewards > costs = help
if rewards < costs = no help
but does not explain alturism / suggests it doesnt exist
benefits of helping by the social exchange theory
others help you back
relieves guilt
social approval
self-worth / esteem
costs of helping by social exchange theory
personal danger
possible pain
time
what is the empathy-alturism hypothesis
if you feel empathy = you help
if you do not feel empathy = help if reward if big enough (ie follow the social exchange theory)
define empathy
tha bilisty to put oneself in the shoes of another person and the experience events and emotions the way the other person experiences them
have to have personally experienced the situation
not the same as sympathy (ie sympthay can feel without experiencing the problem yourself)
is the empathy altrusim hypothesis a theory
YES
THIS IS ON THE EXAM
name the five step model in order
1 noticing the event 2 interpreting the event as an emergency 3 assuming responsibility 4 knowing how to help 5 deciding to implement the help
barriers to noticing the event
urban overload hypothesis - people who live in cities are constantly overwhelmed by the amount of stimuli around them that they simply cannot process it all - so they are less likely to help those in need
time = won’t help if in a rush = the good samaritan study
good samaritan study
IV: parable (good samaritan vs unrelated), rush
DV: did they stop to help man in the doorway looking distressed
results: timing matteres, parable did not. When asked why didn’t you stop to help = if the seminary students were in a rush then they reported never even noticing the man
barriers to interpreting an event as an emergency
pluralistic ignorance- people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a cvertain way, even if they are not
pluralistic ignorance is what type of social influence`
informational - don’t know what to think
so do nothing like others thinking its because they know it is right to do nothing
we infer no one thinks it is an emergency = pretty dangerous
barriers to assuming responsibility
diffusion of responsibility = the more people present, the less responsible for helping each person feels
evidence = bystander effect (mechanism by which d of r happens by)
seizure study
showed bystander effect
2,4,6 people in a group (containing one confederate)
talk through radios
confederate has a seizure
who went to get help
participants more likely to offer help if only one there
barriers to knowing how to help
lack of knowledge
evidence = bystanders with special skills eg doctors are more likely to help than others
barriers to deciding to implement the help
costs vs benefits
will you make the situation worse
name some situational factors which will influence whether you help
diffusion of responsibility / bystander effect
time pressure
priming (social cognition) - won’t always work ie good samaritan study
when does priming make people help more
when the cost is low, priming work best
what to do if you need help
make others aware of the situation and that it is an emergency
draw attention to specific people
tell others how they can help
try to limit the costs to the other person
how has the social psychology of health changed over time
previously concerned with infectious diseases
now preventable disease
78% of chronic disease are due to…
preventable!
smoking, obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise
textbook definition of stress
the sense that your challenges and your demands surpass your current capabilities, resources and energies
feeling like you have a lot going on put simply
inherently subjective
consequences of stress
decrease immune system function - gace participants the common cold, those who were stressed got sick, those who weren’t didn’t
increased likelihood of heart disease
obesity
sleep-wake cycles (can sleep way more or way less)
healing minor wounds (gace participants paper cuts, same ifndings as cold study)
consequences of stress linked to social psych because it is all about….
subjective construal
is stress always bad for you
false
video - how we deal with it
how to adapt to stress
do not ignore it remove stressors feeling crontrol exercise mindfulness optimism pets religious beliefs social belongingness
general concepts of sleep and health
circadian rhythms = internal body clocks
early birds vs night owls
consequences of lack of sleep
24hr without sleep = same as driving under the influence of alcohol in terms of reaction times
sleep is the one truly changeable thing you can control that affects every domain of your life
good sleep hygiene
use of the bed = only for sleep stress = adress it light noise temperature (white noise ok) substance use -no caffeine six hours before -alcohol -don't rely on sleep drugs consistent wake up time including on the weekends
SES and health
positive correlation low birth weight asthma diabetes obesity increased bp cardiovascular disease but it is your perception of your SES which matters the most
