Midterm 2 - use this other is weird Flashcards

1
Q

what is the self

A

no consistent def in the literature
anything beginning with self
inherently subjective

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2
Q

ABCs of the self

A

affect - self esteem, evaluation
behaviour - self regulation, control
cognitive - self concept, presentation

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3
Q

how do we know the self

A

some concepts are intrinsic while others are socially defined
-ie peer group, religion, stuff inherently important to you

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4
Q

information about the self comes from

A

ourselves
social environment
social comparisons

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5
Q

what is reflected self perceptions

A

what others think of us

linked to ToM

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6
Q

what is self awareness

A

cognitive - the act of thinking about ourselves

may be a continuum, non-western kids don’t all fully pass red dot test

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7
Q

self awareness study

A
rouge dot
IV - socialized vs not socialized
mirror vs no mirror
DV - touches of face
only the socialized group increased in touching when given a mirror
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8
Q

what does development of the self depend on

A

species (genes)

environment (culture)

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9
Q

theories as to how we know ourself

A

self perception theory
social comparison theory
motivation

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10
Q

explain social perception theory

A

when our attitudes / feelings are ambiguous, we infer them from our behaviour
we don’t always know how we feel, but we can observe how we act
ie what attitude would cause me to act this way

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11
Q

social comparison theory

A

we learn about our own abilities by comparing ourselves to other peoples (festinger 1954
choice of comparison (upwards or downwards, one is not necessarily better than another)

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12
Q

overjustification effect

A

occurs when an exteral incentive decreases a persons intrinsic motivation to perform a behaviour or participate in an activity

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13
Q

why does the overjustification effect occur

A

people fixate too much on external insentives and not on the fun or enjoyment
motivations are not always clear cut

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14
Q

name and explain the four sources of self-motivation

A

self-improvement - desire to make oneself better
self-enhancement - desire to feel good about oneself
self-assessment - desire to seek info about oneself
self-verification - desire to have consistent info about oneself

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15
Q

define self-esteem

A

affective component of the self

consisting of a persons positive and negative self evaluations

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16
Q

how self esteem is measured

A

rosenberg self-esteem scale
explicit measure
not always diagnostic (most scores are pretty high)
instead look at the pattern of scores (4 lines on graph, always high, always low, then high an low, both with big variablity)
unstable self esteem = different approach needed, counselling etc

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17
Q

name the three self esteem theories we talked about in class

A

contingencies of self worth
sociometer theory
terror management (this one is a bit silly)

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18
Q

explain contingencies of self worth

A

self-esteem can be based on different factors
domain = sources of self-worth (support of family, academic competence etc)
multiple contingencies protect self-esteem

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19
Q

explain sociometer theory

A

self-esteem is an internal monitor of whether we are socially valued
-helps us achieve a need to belong

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20
Q

terror management theory of self esteem

A

acknowledging our own mortality causes anxiety

-self-esteem reduces this anxiety

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21
Q

is high self-esteem a good thing?

A

not always
probably high better than bad
californian school intervention to increase it -we need reliable ways to measure it

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22
Q

self control and challenging the self

A

behavioural component of the self

fixed vs growth mindset

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23
Q

what are attitudes

A

evaluations of people, objects and ideas

summary evaluations

24
Q

explain the tripartie model of attitudes

A

3 components
affect - how i feel about something
behaviour - how i behave towards something
cognitive - based on thoughts, strong reasoning for your attitudes
the model is about the basis of attitudes
ie affect basis, behavioural basis and cognitive basis
is a summary evaluation ie can have negative cognitive basis but positive affect

25
Q

what are the properties is attitudes (THESE AREN’T BASIS)

A

valence - liked or disliked
extremity - how far from the middle
strength

26
Q

strong attitudes have what 3 consequences

A

more likely to be stable over time
they are resistant to change
they are predictive of behaviour

27
Q

construct validity and attitudes

A

big problem
question wording leads answers
ie how you ask about abortion (do you like killing babies vs saving babies vs womens rights etc)
also truthfulness can be an issue in measurement (ie people are racist but know they can’t admit it in polite society)

28
Q

implicit measure

A
find an indirect way to measure
-involuntary
-uncontrollable (ie reaction time)
-sometimes unconscious
-measured indirectly
eg physiological measures (facial EMG), nonverbal behaviour, IAT
29
Q

explicit measure

A

ask attitude directly
(we often combine measures so use both implicit and explicit)
-consciously endorsed
-easily reported
-measured directly
eg likert scale, rosenberg, semantic differentials

30
Q

to what extent does attitudes predict behaviour

A

attitude helps, doesn’t tell us everything about behaviour though, but its a good go

31
Q

historical ideas on how attitude predicts behaviour

A

wicker = pointless (killed research for a decade)

32
Q

contemporary understanding of the relationship between behaviour and attitudes

A

it is a two way street (cyclic)

but we have to measure right (ask how we measure the behaviour - ie as specific, time frame etc)

33
Q

specificty principle

A

we should measure the attitude the same way we measure the behaviour (think of birth control pills example)

34
Q

how should we measure spontaneous behaviours

A

use an implicit measure

as they aren’t necessarily thinking about it

35
Q

theory of planned behaviours

A
CAN I Behave
Control (subjective)
Attitude
Norms
Intentions
36
Q

delibertaive behaviours use..

A

an explicit measure

where CAN I Behave pneumoic works

37
Q

what is persuation

A

attitude change
a method of changing a persons cognitions, feelings, behaviours or general evaluations (attitudes) towards some object issue or person

38
Q

history of persuasive research

A

WWII - propoganda (money thrown at social psych by gov)
developed over time
yale = centre, all moved to ohio state
who says what to whom and in what context
(source, content, audience, how message received ie radio etc)

39
Q

cognitive response approach

A

how does the recipient think about the message

40
Q

elaboration likelihood model - name and explain the two routes

A

peripheral
-not thinking carefully
-low thought
-no crticial thinking
-focus on superficial characteristics = CUES
end result = weaker attitudes
central
-careful / high thought
-influenced by strength and quality of messages arguments
-stronger attitudes, more resistant to subsequent change

41
Q

so what is the ELM theory

A

a theory of when and how attitude change is liekly to occur

critical claim = continuum of elaboratuce (how hard you are thinking) motivation and ability

42
Q

5 things in ELM

A
cues
amount of thinking
arguments
bias thoughts
confidence
43
Q

what is the multiple roles hypothesis in ELM

A

one thing can have many roles ie a cue can also be an argument

44
Q

what affects how much we elaborate

A
ability
-time pressure
-distraction
-knowledge
-fatigue
motivatio
-personal relevance
-accountability 
-need for cognition (high = central, low = peripheral)
go watch youtube video now please
45
Q

what is cognitive dissonance

A

theory suggesting when we say one thing but do another thing we feel bad and are motivated to change it
festinger
cognitive dissonance itself is the inconsistency between any two cognitions (produces discomfort and people are motivated to reduce this discomfort)

46
Q

festinger classic study

A

boring task - rotate peg
paid 1 or 20 dollars to lie to next participant and tell them how fun it was
=cognitive dissonance formed
then asked how fun they really found it
IV - payment so how much dissonance is placed
DV - how fun did you really find the study

47
Q

20 dollar condition of peg study

A
no dissonance
negative study (still said it was boring)
48
Q

1 dollar condition of peg study

A

dissonance!

positive attitudes about study

49
Q

how we reduce disonance

A

change the attitude
change the behaviour
justify the behaviour
minimise relevance of the behaviour

50
Q

requirements for cognitive dissonance reduction

A
  1. activities must be perceived as inconsistent
  2. individual must take responsibility for action
  3. individual must experience uncomfortable arousal
  4. individual must attribute the arousal to the inconsistency
51
Q

interaction of the message and the perceiver in ELM

A

different aspects of message have different effects depending on the perceiver

52
Q

what is social influence

A
the ways in which people are affected by the real or imagined presence of others 
-continuum
biggest yield
obedience
complicance
conformity
independence
assertiveness
defiance
biggest resistance to influence
53
Q

What is obedience

A

Command from an authority figure

Feel like you cannot say no

54
Q

What is compliance

A

Direct request
Say yes to something because someone asked you
Felt like you could have said no but you didn’t / never will..

55
Q

What is conformity

A

Implicit
Not told what to do but it is inferred
Ie no one stands at the front to take the lecture

56
Q

Milgram study

A

You know this don’t need to write again

Fact to remember 65% in the original study went all the way