Midterm 3 Flashcards
what type of process is categorization and activation of a stereotype
automatic
but we can control how, if and when we apply stereotypes
valence of stereotypes
assumed to be bad but not necessarily
eg librarians steretoyped as smart
so it would be inaccurate to say that all stereotypes are bad
here is where we must consider the content versus the consequence of a stereotype
eagles and rattlers
sherif boys camp study
2 groups based on random assignment of where they lived
named themself
competitive games for two days
plus competition over food (one gorup always got there first and go tht egood pizza) ie lack of resources
prejudice developed
only removed after 5 days by introducing superordinate goals - bus broke down and boys had to work together to push up the hill
implication - what about group haterd lasting 10s or more years…
ABCs of stereotyping etc
affect = prejudice (negative feelings)
behaviour = discrimination (negative or harmful behaviour)
cognitive = stereotypes (thoughts/ beliefs)
all this is based soley on their membership of that group
causes of prejudice
realistic conflict theory
social identity theory
realistic conflict theory explained
cause of prejudice competition: economic / political / power, whether real or imagined eg the eagles and rattlers the holocaust soldieers and asians after ww2 can resilve by reducing conflict
social identity theory
cause of prejudice
group membership is important for self esteem
basking in refelcted glory - we love our team when they win and wear their kit etc
we derogate others to increase our own self worth
fein and spencer 1997
need to fill in from textbook
participants in lab, self-esteem thretened
rate how qualified they thought someone was
wearing star of david or crossw
more likey to engage in prejudice behaviour when self-esteem threatened
causes of stereotypes
we are cognitive misers - frugal with our mental energy and stereotypes save mental energy
how do we use stereotypes
automatically categorize based off age, gender and race (always, potentially obesity too but not sure about this one yet)
in group bias (and minimal group paradigm)
us vs them (minimal group paradigm = takes barely anything at all to set us this us vs them
out group homogeneity = members of the outgroup are more similar to each other than members of the in group
opportunities to learn about the out-group are low
recall specific examples (easier for your own stereotype)
illusisory correlations - when rare events occur must be becuase of the stereotype
causes of discrimination
same as stereotyping and prejudice
What is discrimination
negative or harmful action based on someon’s group membership
automatic processing happens when
we are not motivated or are able to think carefully
will lead to categorization and activation of stereotype
when does controlled processing occur
when we are motivated and able to think carefully
application of a stereotype
how stereotypes influence how we interpret behaviour
stereotypes influence how we interpret others behaviour
ambiguous behaviours will be interpreted in stereotypical ways (ie stereotypically consistent)
also influence how we perceive others
study showing discrimination in how we perceive others
doctor who tells you that you are sick and dying
black doctor rated as less intelligent than white
stereotypes and perception
Can directly lead to perceptual errors
eg weapon misidentification study
IV: black or white, tool or gun
DV: errors and reaction time
error rate - blacks holding tools = more error
reaction time - react way quicker to blacks holding a gun, react way slower to blacks holding a tool
memory and stereotyped information
memory is better for stereotype consistent information – allport and postman 1947
look at picture in lab, remember as much as you can
razor blade remembered in black hand (was actually in white) as fits the stereotype
just name the processes that maintain stereotypes
fundamental attribution error
self fulfilling prophecy
subtyping
attributional biases
explanation for someone else’s behaviour - 2 types
internal (dispositional) - personality based explanation
external (situational) - because of the situation the person was in
what is the fundamental attribution error
dispositional > situational
the tendency to place more emphasis on dipositional charateristics when explaining ones behaviour compared to situational
what two things do attributions depend on
ingroup vs outgroup and positive or negative behaviours