Midterm 3 Flashcards
what type of process is categorization and activation of a stereotype
automatic
but we can control how, if and when we apply stereotypes
valence of stereotypes
assumed to be bad but not necessarily
eg librarians steretoyped as smart
so it would be inaccurate to say that all stereotypes are bad
here is where we must consider the content versus the consequence of a stereotype
eagles and rattlers
sherif boys camp study
2 groups based on random assignment of where they lived
named themself
competitive games for two days
plus competition over food (one gorup always got there first and go tht egood pizza) ie lack of resources
prejudice developed
only removed after 5 days by introducing superordinate goals - bus broke down and boys had to work together to push up the hill
implication - what about group haterd lasting 10s or more years…
ABCs of stereotyping etc
affect = prejudice (negative feelings)
behaviour = discrimination (negative or harmful behaviour)
cognitive = stereotypes (thoughts/ beliefs)
all this is based soley on their membership of that group
causes of prejudice
realistic conflict theory
social identity theory
realistic conflict theory explained
cause of prejudice competition: economic / political / power, whether real or imagined eg the eagles and rattlers the holocaust soldieers and asians after ww2 can resilve by reducing conflict
social identity theory
cause of prejudice
group membership is important for self esteem
basking in refelcted glory - we love our team when they win and wear their kit etc
we derogate others to increase our own self worth
fein and spencer 1997
need to fill in from textbook
participants in lab, self-esteem thretened
rate how qualified they thought someone was
wearing star of david or crossw
more likey to engage in prejudice behaviour when self-esteem threatened
causes of stereotypes
we are cognitive misers - frugal with our mental energy and stereotypes save mental energy
how do we use stereotypes
automatically categorize based off age, gender and race (always, potentially obesity too but not sure about this one yet)
in group bias (and minimal group paradigm)
us vs them (minimal group paradigm = takes barely anything at all to set us this us vs them
out group homogeneity = members of the outgroup are more similar to each other than members of the in group
opportunities to learn about the out-group are low
recall specific examples (easier for your own stereotype)
illusisory correlations - when rare events occur must be becuase of the stereotype
causes of discrimination
same as stereotyping and prejudice
What is discrimination
negative or harmful action based on someon’s group membership
automatic processing happens when
we are not motivated or are able to think carefully
will lead to categorization and activation of stereotype
when does controlled processing occur
when we are motivated and able to think carefully
application of a stereotype
how stereotypes influence how we interpret behaviour
stereotypes influence how we interpret others behaviour
ambiguous behaviours will be interpreted in stereotypical ways (ie stereotypically consistent)
also influence how we perceive others
study showing discrimination in how we perceive others
doctor who tells you that you are sick and dying
black doctor rated as less intelligent than white
stereotypes and perception
Can directly lead to perceptual errors
eg weapon misidentification study
IV: black or white, tool or gun
DV: errors and reaction time
error rate - blacks holding tools = more error
reaction time - react way quicker to blacks holding a gun, react way slower to blacks holding a tool
memory and stereotyped information
memory is better for stereotype consistent information – allport and postman 1947
look at picture in lab, remember as much as you can
razor blade remembered in black hand (was actually in white) as fits the stereotype
just name the processes that maintain stereotypes
fundamental attribution error
self fulfilling prophecy
subtyping
attributional biases
explanation for someone else’s behaviour - 2 types
internal (dispositional) - personality based explanation
external (situational) - because of the situation the person was in
what is the fundamental attribution error
dispositional > situational
the tendency to place more emphasis on dipositional charateristics when explaining ones behaviour compared to situational
what two things do attributions depend on
ingroup vs outgroup and positive or negative behaviours
what us the ultimate attribution error
behaviour is descirbed in stereotypically consistent ways
table explaining the relationship between in group vs outgroup memberships and positive vs negative behaviour
ingroup vs outgroup
positive disp sit
negative sit disp
what is the self fullfilling prophecy in these terms
people may act according to stereotypes because of the way others act towards them
self fulfilling prophecy study
job interviews
Study 1- white interviewers (participant) interviewed black and white candidates
- people asked harsher questions to the black interviewees and so were less likely to be hired by the participant
study 2: all white interviewees (participant) but interviewers behaviour changed like in the first study.
they showed this behaviour change made the participants interview poorly
what us subtyping
we make people the exception to the rule
eg hilary from woman to career woman
implications of stereotypes and prejudice
blaming the victim - tendency to believe the victim did something to cause it. this allows us to believe in a just world
self esteem
stereotype threat
explain the self esteem implication of stereotypes
can make people feel worse
- stigmatized groups
particularly challenging for kids
recall social identity theory
explain stereotype threat
when an individual is threatened by being stereotypes will act in accordance of those stereotypes
stereotypes threat experiment
IV race of participant, diagnosticity of the test (ie this test shows men do better than women)
DV performance
on a test that really does test intelligence (so the participants believe) blacks do much wose
shown in many replications
why do we think stereotype threat occurs
ability is personally important
apprehension can be disruptive
distance and axiety
leads to bad performance and short term memory
why is stereotype threat different to self fulfilling prophecy
no person acts differently towards you in stereotype threat
how to reduce prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination
direct persuation is ineffective
exposure helps - have to avoid subtyping though
using subordinate goals
contact hypothesis - interpersonal interaction, must be under the right conditions ie superordinate goals
jigsaw classroom
get from textbook
look at obedience
will be on midterm 3!
what is a group
many different types
some more group like than others
a group is 2 or more people who interact with each other and are interdependent to some extent
why do we need groups
evolutionary advantage helps us meet the challenges of survival -protect babies -defend against dangers -efficient searches for food -access to information evolved into a psych need to be with others
what effect do other people have on us( consequences of groups)
social facilitation - the tendency to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks in the presence of others because their performance can be evaluated
eg fishing reel study
explain the fishing reel study
kids wound up fishing lines on reels
alone or in the presence f others
result - children were faster in the mere presence of others
social loafing
the tendency to do worse on simple tasks and better on complex tasks in the presence of others because their performance can be evaluated
eg rope pulling studies
explain the rope pulling studies
made men pull on ropes
separately and in groups
result - exerted less effort when in a group than individually
social facilitation versus loafing
it all strarts with whether efforts can be evaluated by others or not
when others can evaluate you, that causes a stressy effect aka arousal
arousal increase the likelihood of a dominant response
a dominant response is the reaction that can be elicited most quickly and easily by a given stimulus
dominant responses are not always correct; it depends on the task
table of facilitation vs loafing
both begin with presence of others
facilitation:
individual efforts can be evaluated
arousa
dominant reponse tendency increases
simple task, dominant response is correct and there is facilitated performance
complex task, dominant response is incorrect and there is impaired performance
loafing:
indiviual efforts cannot be evaluated
relaxation
dominant response tendency decreases
simple task, dominant response is correct and so impaired performance
complex task, dominant response is incorrect and so performance is facilitated
what is deindividuation
grouping people can change how they behave
they do things they may not have done as individuals
loss of personal identity
become part of the crowd
more deviant / daring behaviours
less likely to be caught
less self-awareness
stanford prison experiment
24 males (75 volunteers, these were the chosen ones) -emotionally stavke, healthy, no psyc problems, no police trouble, told not to physically harm one another randomly allocated guard or prisoner as realistic as possible promoted de individuation experiment terminated after 6 days situations effect the way people behave big theme person x situation interaction zimbardo ted talk
define conformity
a change in ones behaviour due to the real or imagined influence of other people
social norms
the implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviours, values and beliefs of its members
what is informational social influence
we conform because we see them as a source of information to guide our behaviours, ambiguous situations, understand appropriate response
what is normative social influecne
conform in order to be liked and accepted by them, unambiguous, public compliance, not private acceptance
sherif 1935 informational social influence study
visual effect judge the distance a light travels 5 days days 1-5 (slides) private acceptance - the belief in how far the light has moved
public compliance versus private acceptance
private acceptance conforming to other people’s behaviour out of a genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right
public complicance - conformity to other people’s behaviour publicly without necessarily believing in what other people are doing or saying
when will people conform to informational social influence
ambiguous situations
-my lau
crisi situation; smoke in a room
expert others - police officers and war of the worlds
informational influence occurs
in the presence of ambiguity
you assume the presence that other people are behaving / thinking correclty
doesn’t involve arousal / discomfort (associated with what others are doing)
Asch 1956 conformity study
normative influence
visual perception task: judge the length of lines
multiple confederate; participant is the last one to enter
critical trial - everyone says the wrong answer
did something to be liked - ie conformed
