Midterm Flashcards
What are the four mechansms of fluid accumulation in cavitary spaces?
increased hydrostatic pressure
decreased oncotic pressure
inflammation
lymphatic blockage
What type of myocardial hypertrophy is in response to increased pressure on myofibers?
concentric hypertrophy (increased afterload)
What type myocardial hypertrophy is in response to increased volume load?
eccentric hypertrophy (dilitation)
What does increased preload lead to in heart myofibers?
volume overload –> eccentric hypertrophy
What sided heart failure causes systemic congestion?
Right sided
What sided heart failure causes pulmonary congestion?
left sided
What is seen in chronic right sided heart failure?
nutmeg liver, cavitary edema
Where will the edema be in right sided heart failure in cattle, horses, dogs, and cats?
Horses, cattle - subq edema
dogs - ascites
cats - hydrothorax
What are the lesions associated with chronic left sided heart failure?
Pulmonary edema, congested alveolar walls, heart failure cells, fibrosis
What is the lesion seen with acute heart failure? (either right or left)
just congestion of systemic circulation
What are normal post-mortem changes in the heart?
hemoglobin imbibition (looks like hemorrhage) intracardiac injection barbituate solutions - crystal precipitation
What is the sequelae of cardiac tamponade?
impedes venous return to the heart by compression of veins and the RS of heart
What are the causes of fibrinous pericarditis in cow, horse, cat, and pig?
cow - blackleg, mannheimia haemolytica
horse - strep equi
cat - FIP
pig - polyserositis things, edema disease, mulberry heart dz
What are the possible clinical outcomes of traumatic reticulopericarditis in cows?
chronic - fibrous tissue and adhesions –> contrictive pericarditis
acute - septicemia
What is the difference between cardiomyopathy and myocardial hypertrophy?
cardiomyopathy - primary and idiopathic
hypertrophy - secondary
What are the 3 possible outcomes of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
stress –> sudden death
thromoembolism
congestive heart failure
How is feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy diagnosed in cats post mortem?
gross - measure cross section of ventricles
microscopy - myofiber disarray
What species get dilated cardiomyopathy? Which one gets it most common?
dogs - most common
cats
cattle
What is the cause of dilated cardiomyopathy?
cats - taurine deficiency
dogs - heritable, large breeds
How can dilated cardiomyopathy be diagnosed?
grossly - globoid shape, double apex of heart
no microscopic lesions
What are the 9 categories of causes of myocardial necrosis? What specific ones do we need to know?
nutritional deficiences - vit E/selenium toxic drugs - ionophores, doxorubicin nutritional toxicities - vit D Plant toxicity other toxins - gossypol, bilster beetles Uremia CNS lesions (brain-heart syndrome) shock/hypoxia atherosclerosis viruses - canine parvo
What are the infectious causes of myocarditis?
3 viruses) (2 bacteria) (2 parasites
Canine parvo porcine encephalomyocarditis virus west nile virus clostridium chauveoi histophilus somni toxoplasma gondii neospora caninum
What is the term for myxomatous degeneration of the heart valve?
endocardiosis (only dogs)
What species are affected by endocarditis?
cows and pigs (less dogs)
What are the 4 sequelae of endocarditis?
valvular insufficiency –> congestive HF
right side emboli –> pulmonary abscess
left sided emboli - infarction
stenosis of the valve
What predisposes an animal to endocarditis?
heart diseases, turbulent blood flow
uremia in dogs - mineral deposits
strongylus vulgaris migration in horses
What is the most common congenital cardiac defect in dog? cattle?
dog - pulmonic stenosis
cattle - ventricular septal defects
What are the possible secondary changes observed when the heart has congenital valvular stenosis?
- poststenotic dilation
2. concentric ventricular hypertrophy
What are the 2ndary changes to ventricular septaldefects in cattle?
blood flows from left to right –>dilated right venticle and eccentric hypertrophy
concentric hypertrophy on left side
also dilated left ventricle and eccentric hypertrophy
How are VSDs in dogs different from cattle?
small, high defect, right sided changes arent seen –> left sided ventricular dilation and eccentric hypertrophy
What is the blood flow like in ASD in dogs? sequelae?
left atrium shunts to right ventricle, volume overload –> dilation and eccentric hypertrophy for both sides, but more in the RA for dogs
What is the syndrome caused by chronic heart defects switching back blood from right to left?
eisenmengers syndrome, not common in animals
What are the 3 general mechanisms of thrombosis?
endothelial injury
alterations in blood flow
hypercoagulability
What are the 2 possible presesntations of HW dz in dogs and what is the MOA?
right heart failure - hypertrophy of pulmonary vessels
vena caval syndrome - obstructs venous return to heart and valves
What are 2 possible lesions associated with HW dz in dogs in the pulmonary arteries and kidney?
pulmonary artery endarteritis membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (ag-ab complexes)
Where does Strongylus vulgaris larvae migrate in the horse?
into the intima of cranial mesenteric artery
How does Strongylus vulgaris lead to ischemia/infarcts in the GI tract?
endothelial damage, weakening of vessel wall –> aneurysms
What are the 2 infectious causes of vasculitis in a horse?
EAV, strongylus vulgaris
What are the 2 infectious causes of vasculitis in a cow?
malignant catarrhal fever, histophilus somni
What are the 4 infectious causes of vasculitus in a pig?
circovirus, erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, CSF, Strep suis
What are the 3 infectious causes of vasculitis in a dog?
herpes, ICH, heartworm
What is the infectious cause of vasculitis in a cat?
FIP
Term for age related change in which the arterial wall has fibrosed and thickened by smooth muscle.
arteriosclerosis
What causes aortic ruptures in horses?
dissecting aneurysms
Describe the blood flow in a PDA in dogs. What does it cause in the heart?
Blood goes from aorta to pulmonary artery –> extra volume in lungs –> left side eccentric and dilation hypertrophy
What are the 4 components of tetralogy of fallot? Which one is the most pathologic?
ventricular septal defect
pulmonic stenosis
dextroposition of the aorta - worst???
right ventricular hypertrophy
What is the sequelae of PRAA?
megaesophagus
What are the two most common regions to find hemangiosarcoma in the dog?
arise from right auricle of heart or the spleen, can also be cutaneous
What are the 2 main mechanisms for development of pulmonary edema?
cardiogenic or decreased oncotic pressure
What conditions may cause increased vascular permability that leads to pulmonary edema?
pneumonia, speticemia, diffuse alveolar damage, anaphylaxis
What other systems besides the respiratory tract can be affected by H. somni?
nervous (TME), heart (necrosis), joints, eyes, mucous membranes, abortion
Term for presence of many neutrophils in bronchi and bronchioles over a long time.
bronchiectasis
Term for healing gone bad in the lung, severe damage to bronchiolar wall and fibrin is deposited. Causes polypoid projection -> obstruction.
Brochiolitis obliterans
What are the two routes of infection of the lung and how do they relate to lung patterns?
blood –> embolic
inhaled –> bronchopneumonia
What are the two mechanisms of atelactasis? Give example of acquired ones.
Congenital (failue of inflation)
Acquired
-Compressive: fluid
-Obstructive:mucous plug
What 3 species have “pores of kohn” that allow for collateral ventilation between alveoli?
dogs, cats, horses
Which 2 species is obstructive atelactasis more common?
cattle and pigs (poor collateral ventilation)
What is emphysema in animals?
enlargement of airspaces but no alveolar wall destruction
What most commonly causes 2ndary emphysema in animals?
airflow obstruction
Where can emphysema be seen in hte lung?
can be interstitial (not just alveolar), and can progress to subq tissues
What leads to pneumothorax secondary to pulmonary emphysema?
progresses to bullae and they coalesce, then rupture
What 2 things can distinguish pulmonary edema microscopically?
- brightly eosinophilic exudate
2. direct damage to alveolar pneumocytes
What are the top two causes for large pulmonary arterial thrombi in dogs?
hw dz
endocrinopathies?
Why are infarctions not common in the lung?
dual blood supply
What type of agents cause bronchopneumonia?
bacteria that enter aerogenously
What are the 6 possible sequelae of chronic purulent bronchopneumonias?
bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis obliterans, pulmonary abscesses, pleural adhesions, atelactasis, emphysema
Why can dogs and cats die rapidly of aspiration pneumonia?
laryngospasam or rapid developmen of pulmonary edema
What are 2 other lesions to look for when you see aspiration pneumonia?
cleft palate, megaesophagus
Why do animals die even when only a small part of lung has pleuropneumonia?
toxemia and sepsis
What 4 things can cause interstitial pneumonia?
viral, toxin, allergy or sepsis
What is the pathophysiology of interstitial pneumonia?
Type 1 and capillary damage –> protein exudate –>hyaline membrane formation –> type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia
What etiologies can cause granulomatous pneumonia?
systemic mycoses, mycobacteria, rhodococcus equi, parasites, FIP
What are 4 sources for septic emboli?
R valvular bacterial endocarditis, jugular thrombophlebitis, hepatic abscesses in cattle, septic arthritis
What can cause death from septic emboli?
pulmonary edema
How can you tell if pulmonary abscesses are embolic or 2ndary to bronchopneumonia?
embolic - diffuse distribution
What are 2 bacteria that cause embolic pneumonia in ruminants?
arcanobacterium pyogenes
fusobacterium necrophorum
What are 2 bacteria that cause embolic pneumonia in swine? horses?
erysipelothrix rhusipathiae
strep suis
horses - strep equi
What bacteria can cause embolic pneumonia in many species?
staph aureus
What is the pattern of a primary pulmonary carcinoma vs tumors metastatic to the lung?
one larger mass with multiple smaller masses is usually pulmonary carcinoma
What are the gross lesions assoicated with collapsing trachea in dogs?
tracheal rings mae a shallow arc, have a wide, flalccid dorsal trachealis muscle
What are possible sequelae of CDV infection in dogs?
2ndary infections, enamel hypoplasia, hyperkeratosis of foot pads
What are 4 common canine nasal tumors?
transitional carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
undifferentiated carcinoma
How is the cause of infectious tracheobronchitis in dogs diagnosed?
gross lesions absent, microscopic lesions consist of neutrophils within tracheobronchial mucosa
What are key tissues to take for a canine distemper diagnosis post mortem?
lung, stomach, renal pelvis, and bladder
What are the three agents that contribute to feline Upper resp dz?
feline rhinotracheitis virus - mucopurulent
feline calicivirus - ulceration
chlamydophila felis - resolves in 2 weeks
What do the lesions in the bronchioles look like in feline asthma and RAO in horses?
alveolar septal thicening by smooth muscle and fribosis and the alveoli are lined by type 2 pneumocytes (honeyccomb lung)
What are the gross lesions of dry and wet form of FIP?
wet - fibrinous pleuritis (humoral response)
dry - pyogranulamatous vasculitis (micro)
What is the most common nasal tumor in the cat?
squamous cell carcinoma
What can cats have in their nose besides cancer?
nasopharyngeal polyps
What are the 4 sequelae of strep equi infection in horses?
empyema, pneumonia, pleuropneumonia, metastatic abscesses, purpura hemorrhagica
What are the 5 sequelae of gutteral pouch mycoses?
aneurysm, hemorrhage, emboli, dysphagia, horners syndrome
What does atypical interstitial pneumona look like grossly?
appear pale and feel rubbery
What are the 2 categories of causes for atypical interstitial pneumonia?
toxic - L-tryptophan, moldy sweet potato, H2S, ammonia
hypersensitivity - D. viviparous, allergic alveolitis
What is the pathogenesis of atypical interstitial pneumonia?
type 1 pneumocyte injury and necrosis –> edema, hyaline membranes, emphysema, –> type 2 hyperplasia –> inflammation and fibrosis
What is the gross lesion of IBR in cattle?
ulceration and mats of fibrinecrotic and purulen material that cover URT. Presence of ulceration is quite specific for IBR, take swab for IHC
What is the cause of enzootic nasal tumors in sheep?
retrovirus
What pattern of pneumonia do small ruminant lentiviruses cause?
interstitial pneumonia, with noncollapsing lungs with rib imprings, enlarged LN
What are the important lungworms in pigs, cows, and small ruminants?
pigs - Metastrongylus apri, Ascaris suum
cow - Ascaris suum
Sm rums - Dictyocaulus filaria, Protostrongylus rufescens
What species commonly get fibrinous exudation in the lung? What infectious agents cause it?
Pigs - A. pleuropneumoniae (polyserositis things)
Cows - mannheimia hemoytica
Term for blood flow reversing from pulmonary hypertension.
cor pulmonale
What causes air exchange to decrease in interstitial pneumonia?
hyaline membrane, type 2 pneumocyte hyerplasia, endothelial damage
What are the 4 main tumors that metastatize to the lung?
lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma, melanoma, osteosarcoma
What are the 4 bacteria that cause polyserositis in pigs?
actinobacillus suis
haemophilus parasuis
strep suis
mycoplasma hyorhinis
What are the 3 general mechanisms of ARDS?
Lesion in distant organ
generalized systemic dz
direct lung injury
What type of lung pattern is ARDS? Why?
interstitial - causes hyaline membrane
How does lung get injured in ARDS?
enzyme and free radical release from neutrophils
What is the immune response in wet FIP?
type 3 hypersensitivity
What 2 viruses in dogs cause bronchointerstitial pneumonia?
canine distemper, influenza
What virus causes bronchointerstitial pneumonia in pigs? horses? cattle?
pigs - swine influenza
horses - strep zooepidemicus
cattle - bovine resp syncytial virus
