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Abnormal psych > Midterm #3 CHP 10 & 11 > Flashcards

Midterm #3 CHP 10 & 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What group of disorders normally arises in childhood

A

neurodevelopmental disorders

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2
Q

What group of disorders normally arises in older age

A

Neurocognitive disorders

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3
Q

What group does ADHD belong to

A

neurodevelopmental disorders

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4
Q

What disorder does the following DSM-5 criteria belong to:

  • persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity that interferes with functioning or dvp
  • several inattentive or hyperactive-impulse symptoms prior to age 12
  • several inattentive or hyperactive-impulse symptoms in two or more settings
  • syms don’t occur exclusively during course of schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, not better explained by another mental disorder
A

ADHD (pg. 277)

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5
Q

ADHD: both criterion A1 and A2 are met the past 6 months

A

combination presentation

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6
Q

ADHD: A1 is met but A2 is not for past 6 months

A

predominantly inattentive presentation

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7
Q

ADHD: A2 is met but A1 is not for past 6 months

A

predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation

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8
Q

boys are how many times more likely to dvp ADHD than girls in childhood, but diff decreases in adulthood

A

two times

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9
Q

Girls tend to present with ___ features and less ___ behaviour, may lead to underidentification

A

inattentive, disruptive

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10
Q

ADHD is found across ___ and ___ groups, rates similar around countries but children in the __ are diagnosed at higher rates

A

culture, ethnic, US

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11
Q

20-25% of children with ADHD also have __

A

specific learning disorder

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12
Q

true or false: kids with ADHD may be intrusive, irritable, and demanding when interacting with peers

A

true

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13
Q

true or false: between 45-60% of kids with adhd develop a conduct disorder, abuse drugs, or violate the law

A

true

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14
Q

syms of ahdh persist into adulthood in about what percent of cases

A

50%

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15
Q

Hypothesis: children with adhd are neurologically immature, dvp slower explains what finding?

A

syms decrease with age

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16
Q

dopamine and norepinephrine (catecholamine neurotransmitters) appear to function __ in ppl with ahdh

A

abnormally

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17
Q

siblings of children with adhd are # to # times more likely to dvp it than siblings without it

A

3 to 4 times

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18
Q

twin studies and adoption studies suggest genetic factors play a role in vulnerability to adhd

A

true

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19
Q

many children with adhd have a history of __ and __ complications (low birth weight, premature delivery, oxygen depreivation)

A

prenatal and birth complications

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20
Q

kids with adhd are more likely to belong to fams with parents prone to aggressive, hostile behaviour and substance abuse

A

true

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21
Q

what interaction pattern influences the course and severity of adhd, including the dvp of conduct problems

A

family

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22
Q

most children with adhd are treated with ___, they work by increasing levels of dopamine in the synapses, enhancing release and inhibiting reuptake of dopamine

A

stimulant drugs

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23
Q

adhd stimulant drugs show a __ in growth rate

A

decrease

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24
Q

drugs that are not stimulants but also treat adhd by affecting norepinephrine levels

A

atomoxetine, clonidine, guanfacine

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25
Q

___ therapies for ADHD focus on reinforcing attentive, goal-oriented, and prosocial behaviours and extinguish impulsive and hyperactive behaviours

A

behavioural

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26
Q

What disorder does the following DSM-5 criteria belong to:

  • persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts
  • restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities
  • syms must be present in early dvp period
  • syms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning
  • disturbances not better explained by intellectual disability or global dvp delay
A

autism spectrum disorder

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27
Q

deficits in social interactions and communications of autism may first show up in infants and toddlers interactions with __ by reciprocal adoration

A

their parents

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28
Q

True or false: approx. 50% of children with ASD do not dvp useful speech

A

true

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29
Q

echolalia

A

rather than generating own words, echo words of others

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30
Q

rather than being interested in symbolic play, kids with ASD __

A

are preoccupied with one feature of a toy or object

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31
Q

self-stimulatory behaviour

A

behaviours by ASD for self stimulation

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32
Q

children with autism often do ___ on measures of intellectual ability

A

poorly

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33
Q

family and twin studies strongly suggest that genetics plays a role in the dvp of ASD, the siblings of children with ASD are __ times more likely to have the disorder

A

50 times

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34
Q

twin studies show concordance rates for ASD to be % for monozygotic twins and 0-% for dizygotic, about 90% of MZ twins have significant cognitive impairment, about 10% for DZ

A

60%, 30%

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35
Q

Approx. __% of ASD children dvp seizure disorders by adolescence and have greater head and brain size in general

A

30%

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36
Q

ASD has structural abnormalities in the following structures

A

cerebellum, cerebrum, amygdala, hippocampus

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37
Q

children with autism have __ than average rates of prenatal and birth complications

A

higher

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38
Q

ASD: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors appear to reduce __ behaviour and __, improving social interactions in some

A

repetitive, aggression

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39
Q

atypical antipsychotic medications have shown __ reliable effectiveness

A

more

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40
Q

stimulants are used in ASD to improve __

A

attention

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41
Q

operant conditioning strategies are used to reduce excessive behaviours and to alleviate deficits

A

true

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42
Q

Intellectual disability (ID)

A

significant deficits ion intellectual abilities and life functioning

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43
Q

ID onsets during

A

the dvp period

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44
Q

What disorder does the following DSM-5 criteria belong to:

  • deficits in intellectual functions confirmed by clinical and standardized testing
  • deficits in adaptive functioning that results in failure to meet dvp and sociocultural standards for personal indp and social responsibility
  • onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits during dvp period
A

ID

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45
Q

What disorder is classified into four levels of severity: mild, moderate, severe, and profound

A

ID

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46
Q

what level of severity of ID does this describe:

some limitations in ability to acquire typical academic or job-related skills, may seem immature in social interactions, overly concrete in their communications with others, show limited social judgment and understanding of risk, may be able to care for themselves reasonably well outside of complex situations

A

mild level

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47
Q

what level of severity of ID does this describe:

significant delays in language development, physically clumsy, typically do not achieve beyond 2nd grade level in academic skills but in special education can acquire simple vocational skills, may hold jobs requiring only elementary school level skills, will need assistance, can care for their needs with extensive training, may show poor social judgment

A

moderate level

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48
Q

what level of severity of ID does this describe:

very limited vocabulary, may speak in two/three word sentences, as children have sig deficits in motor dvp, play with toys inappropriately, can feed themselves with spoon as adults and dress themselves with easy clothing, cannot travel, cook, shop alone, many unable to learn unskilled labour, lack awareness of risk

A

severe level

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49
Q

what level of severity of ID does this describe:

often do not dvp conceptual skills beyond simple matching of concrete physical features of objects, co-occurring sensory and motor impairments prevent functional use of objects and limit participation in everyday activities to watching, may only be able to understand simple concrete instructions and gestures in social domains, fully dep on others

A

profound level

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50
Q

Individuals with ID usually have __ SD below the mean in IQ

A

2

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51
Q

nearly __ genes affecting brain dvp and functioning have been implicated in ID syms

A

300

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52
Q

what are the two metabolic disorders that are genetically transmitted and cause ID

A

PKU (phenylketonuria) and Tay-Sachs disease

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53
Q

how does PKU cause ID (recessive gene)

A

indvs with PKU are unable to metabolize phenylalanine (amino acid) which builds up and causes brain damage, can be avoided with a diet free of phenylalanine

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54
Q

how does Tay-Sachs cause ID (recessive gene) and what population is it prominent in

A

prominent in Jewish peeps
around 3-6 months old a progressive degeneration of nervous system begins, leading to mental and physical deterioration, usually die before age 6, no treatment

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55
Q

Down syndrome is one of the best-known causes of __ and occurs when chromosome 21 is present in triplicate

A

ID

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56
Q

Many indvs with down syndrome have congenital heart defects and gastrointestinal difficulties, as adults they age more __ than normal, shortening their life span

A

rapidly

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57
Q

Fragile X syndrome is another common cause of __

A

ID

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58
Q

what causes fragile x syndrome

A

when the tip of the x chromosome breaks off, affects primarily males

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59
Q

What other two chromosomal abnormalities cause severe ID?

A

trisomy 13 and trisomy 18

60
Q

when a pregnant woman contracts rubella, virus, herpes virus, or syphilis there is risk of damage resulting in __

A

ID

61
Q

chronic maternal disorders like high blood pressure and diabetes can interfere with fetal nutrition and brain dvp potentially causing __

A

ID

62
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

have below 68 IQ, poor judgment, distractibility, difficulty understanding social cues

63
Q

shaken baby syndrome can result in ID, how?

A

baby heads are larger and heavy, weak neck muscles, when shaken the brain can bruise and be damaged causing cranial injury and retinal hemorrhage

64
Q

exposure to toxic subs like lead, arsenic, and mercury during early childhood can lead to __ by damaging areas of the brain

A

ID

65
Q

children with ID are more likely to come from __ socioeconomic backgrounds due to various factors

A

low

66
Q

interventions for children and adults with __ must be comprehensive, intensive, and long-term to show benefits

A

ID

67
Q

ID: medications are used to reduce seizures, control aggressive behaviours, and improve mood. __ medications can achieve this but with neurological side effects, __ dont have as many side effects, __ can also be used to reduce depressive syms

A

neuroleptic, antipsychotic, antidepressants

68
Q

ID: __ therapies help enhancing + behaviour and reducing - behaviour, modeled in incremental steps and rewards

A

behavioral

69
Q

ID: __ focus on integration of the child into the mainstream where possible

A

social programs

70
Q

the four types of social programs for ID are

A

early intervention, mainstreaming, group homes, institutionalization

71
Q

What type of social program does the description describe

intervention from the early days of life, intensive one-on-one interventions to enhance dvp of basic skills, reduce social conditions that might interfere with dvp, adequate medical care

A

early intervention

72
Q

What type of social program does the description describe

placing ID children in regular settings such as classrooms, mixed results reported, most now spend a mixed amount in special and normal settings

A

mainstreaming

73
Q

What type of social program does the description describe

receive assistance in performing daily tasks, training in vocational and social skills, sheltered workshops

A

grouphomes

74
Q

What type of social program does the description describe

mostly in the past and much less common now, for life, African American and Latino families are less likely to do this to their ID children

A

institutionalization

75
Q

what two reasons may explain why African American and Latino families are less likely to institutionalize their ID children

A

less likely to have financial resources

place stronger emphasis on caring for ill or disabled family members within the family

76
Q

individuals with specific learning disorder have deficits in one or more academic skills such as (3)

A

reading, written expression, mathematics

77
Q

What disorder does the following DSM-5 criteria belong to:

  • difficulties learning and using academic skills, as indicating by the presence of syms present for at least 6 months despite interventions
  • affected skills are below expected for age, cause significant interference with academic and occupational performance or with daily living
  • learning difficulties begin during school-age years
  • learning difficulties are not better accounted by ID, uncorrected visual or auditory acuity, other mental or neurological disorders, etc
A

specific learning disorder

78
Q

the most common specific learning disorder

A

dyslexia, most common in boys

79
Q

how many SD below the mean for standardized testing for specific learning disorder

A

less than or equal to 1 or 1.5

80
Q

what disorders involves persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language and other means of communication

A

communication disorders

81
Q

What group of disorders are the following grouped in

language disorder, speech sound disorder, childhood-onset fluency disorder, social communication disorder,

A

communication disorders

82
Q

what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe

persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language in speech, written/sign language, due to deficits in the comprehension or production of vocabulary, sentence structure, or discourse

A

language disorder

83
Q

what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe

persistent difficulty with speech sound production, interferes with speech intelligibility or prevents verbal communication of messages, deficits in the phonological knowledge of speech sounds and/or difficulty coordinating movements of the jaw, tongue, or lips for clear speech with breathing and vocalizing speech

A

speech sound disorder

84
Q

what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe

disturbance in the fluency and time patterning of speech

A

childhood-onset fluency disorder

85
Q

what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe

persistent difficulties with pragmatics or the social use of language and nonverbal communication in naturalistic contexts, affects dvp of of social relationships and social participation, not better explained by ASD, ID, or low abilities in the domains of word structure and grammar or general cognitive ability

A

social pragmatic communication disorder

86
Q

roughly __ as many boys than girls are diagnosed with child-onset fluency disorder

A

twice

87
Q

certain __ abnormalities may account for a number of different learning disorders

A

genetic

88
Q

the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca’s area), parietotemporal region, occipitotemporal region have been implicated in __ disorders

A

learning and communication

89
Q

environmental factors linked to learning disorders include __ poisoning, __ defects, sensory __, and __ socioeconomic status

A

lead, birth, depravation, low

90
Q

the individualized education plan is a form of __ to build the missing skill in learning disorders

A

therapy

91
Q

What group of disorders are the following grouped in

Tourette’s disorder, persistent motor or vocal tic disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, developmental coordination disorder

A

motor disorders

92
Q

what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe

both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics that have been present at some time during the illness, although not necessarily concurrently

A

Tourette’s disorder

93
Q

what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe

single motor or vocal tics, persistent for at least 1 year, onset before age 18

A

persistent motor or vocal tic disorder

94
Q

what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe

repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor behavior causing clinically significant distress or functional impairment

A

stereotypic movement disorder

95
Q

motor performance that is substantially below expected levels at age and previous opportunities for skill acquisition

A

developmental coordination disorder

96
Q

motor disorders are associated with dysfunctions of __ systems in areas of the brain involved in control of motor behaviour, such as cerebrum, basal ganglia, and frontal cortex, alike OCD

A

dopamine

97
Q

tourette’s and PMVTD both respond to drugs that alter dopamine systems such as __ medications

A

atypical antipsychotic

98
Q

habit reversal therapy can help treat __ disorders

A

motor

99
Q

developmental coordination disorder is most often treated with __ therapy

A

physical

100
Q

what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe

  • evidence of significant cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains
  • cognitive deficits interfere with independence in everyday life
  • cognitive deficits do not occur exclusively in the context of delirium
  • not better explained by another mental disorder
A

major neurocognitive disorder

101
Q

major neurocognitive disorder is more commonly knows as __

A

dementia

102
Q

what disorder is described

cannot remember the most fundamental facts of their lives, express through language or carry basic everyday tasks

A

major neurocognitive disorder

103
Q

what disorder is described

modest cognitive decline from a previous level of performance, does not yet result in significant impairment in functioning

A

mild neurocognitive disorder

104
Q

5-10% of people over age __ have major NCD, 30% of people over age __ have major NCD

A

65, 85

105
Q

in beginning stages of major NCD memories do not return spontaneously and may not answer to __ or other cues

A

reminders

106
Q

another cognitive deficit of major NCD is __, a deterioration of language

A

aphasia

107
Q

in advanced stages of major NCD, people may exhibit echolalia or __, repeating sounds or words over and over

A

palilalia

108
Q

apraxia

A

impairment of the ability to execute common actions like waving

109
Q

agnosia

A

failure to recognize objects or people

110
Q

most people with major NCD eventually lose __ functions

A

executive

111
Q

Alzheimer’s disease typically begins with mild memory loss and quickly progresses, usually begins after age 65, early-onset progresses __ than late-onset

A

faster

112
Q

people with Alzheimer’s disease die within _ to _ years of its diagnosis

A

8 to 10

113
Q

neurofibrillary __ are common in brains of Alzheimer’s patients, they are made of protein tau which impedes nutrients and other essential supplies from moving through the cells to the extent cells die

A

tangles

114
Q

another abnormality seen in Alzheimer’s disease are __, deposits of protein class beta-amyloid, are neurotoxic and accumulate in the spaces between the cells of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and other structures

A

plaques

115
Q

the __ of the brain enlarge with Alzheimer’s disease

A

ventricles

116
Q

true or false: 24-49% first-degree relatives of patients with Alzheimer’s disease eventually dvp the disease

A

true, lifetime risk of dvp it is 1.8 to 4.0 times higher for people with a family history of it

117
Q

twin studies reveal an important role of __ in the risk of Alzheimer’s disease

A

genetics

118
Q

__ rates for all types of NCD in MZ twins is 44% men and 58% women, rates for DZ twins is 25% men and 45% women

A

concordance

119
Q

the apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE) has been consistently associated with __ disease, on chromosome 19, people who inherit a e4 allele have 2-4 times greater risk, inherit two e4 alleles have 8-12 times greater risk

A

Alzheimer’s disease

120
Q

people with the __ gene have reduced cortex and hippocampus volume, greater cognitive deficits and earlier onset of Alzheimer’s disease

A

e4

121
Q

another gene implicated in Alzheimer’s disease is on chromosome __

A

21

122
Q

people with __ disease show deficits in neurotransmitters acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, somatostatin, and peptide Y

A

Alzheimer’s disease

123
Q

significant declines in processing speed, ability to pay attention, and executive functions, must have evidence of a recent vascular event or cerebrovascular disease

A

vascular neurocognitive disorder

124
Q

cerebrovascular disease occurs when the blood supply to areas of the brain is blocked, causing tissue damage in the brain

A

true

125
Q

stroke is sudden damage to an area of the brain due to the blockage of blood flow or to bleeding, about 25% of patients dvp neurocognitive disorder

A

true

126
Q

Lewy body disease, Parkinson’s disease, HIV, and Huntington’s disease can also cause __ disorders

A

neurocognitive

127
Q

Lewy body disease is the second most common type of progressive neurocognitive, caused by abnormal round structures in the brain

A

true

128
Q

__ can cause NCD: mental processes slow and may have difficulty following conversations, take longer to organize thoughts or complete simple familiar tasks

A

AIDS

129
Q

Huntington’s disease is a rare __ disorder that affects early in life, between ages 25 and 55, transmitted by a single dominant gene on chromosome 4

A

genetic

130
Q

what is Creutzfeld-Jacob’s disease also called which can cause mild and major NCD

A

prion disease

131
Q

deficiencies in thiamine, niacin, and vitamin B12 can cause

A

NCD

132
Q

traumatic brain injury causes changes in both _ abilities and usual emotional and personality functioning

A

cognitive

133
Q

more elderly women than elderly men have _ disorders, particularly Alzheimer’s disease, and show more brain changes

A

neurocognitive

134
Q

in general, African Americans are diagnosed with NCD __ frequently than European Americans, and have higher rates of hypertension and cardiovascular disease which contribute to vascular neurocognitive disorder

A

more

135
Q

genetic factors leading to NCD may be __ prevalent in European Americans than in African Americans

A

more

136
Q

studies show that people with __ levels of education are more likely to be diagnosed with NCD

A

lower

137
Q

likelihood a person with NCD will be institutionalized rather than cared for by family is __ among European Americans than among Asians or Latinos, maybe due to financial resources, or that the cultures have more positive view of caring for sick and elderly fam members than European culture and exert more pressure to care for them in Asian and Latino fams

A

greater

138
Q

two classes of drugs are approved for treatment of __ are cholinesterase inhibitors and glutamate regulators

cholinesterase help prevent the breakdown of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, side effects are nausea, diarrhea, anorexia

glutamate regulators plays essential role in learning and memory

A

neurocognitive disorders

139
Q

__ is characterized by disorientation, recent memory loss, and clouding of attention, difficulty focusing, sustaining, or shifting attention

A

delirium

140
Q

sundowning is when __ gets worse at night

A

delirium

141
Q

what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe

  • disturbance in attention
  • disturbance dvps over short period of time, fluctuates in severity over course of the day
  • additional disturbance in cognition
  • disturbance in criteria A and B are not better explained by preexisting, established, or evolving neurocognitive disorder
  • evidence disturbance is a direct physiological consequence of another medical condition, substance intoxication, toxins, or multiple etiologies
A

delirium

142
Q

delirium first affects immediate memory, the intermediate, then remote memory

A

true

143
Q

the longer delirium continues the __ risk of permanent damage to the brain

A

higher

144
Q

delirium is most common psychiatric syndrome found in general hospitals, particularly affecting __ people

A

older

145
Q

African Americans have a __ rate of delirium than Europeans due to lack of health care

A

higher

Abnormal psych (6 decks)

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