Midterm #3 CHP 10 & 11 Flashcards
1
Q
What group of disorders normally arises in childhood
A
neurodevelopmental disorders
2
Q
What group of disorders normally arises in older age
A
Neurocognitive disorders
3
Q
What group does ADHD belong to
A
neurodevelopmental disorders
4
Q
What disorder does the following DSM-5 criteria belong to:
- persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity that interferes with functioning or dvp
- several inattentive or hyperactive-impulse symptoms prior to age 12
- several inattentive or hyperactive-impulse symptoms in two or more settings
- syms don’t occur exclusively during course of schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, not better explained by another mental disorder
A
ADHD (pg. 277)
5
Q
ADHD: both criterion A1 and A2 are met the past 6 months
A
combination presentation
6
Q
ADHD: A1 is met but A2 is not for past 6 months
A
predominantly inattentive presentation
7
Q
ADHD: A2 is met but A1 is not for past 6 months
A
predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation
8
Q
boys are how many times more likely to dvp ADHD than girls in childhood, but diff decreases in adulthood
A
two times
9
Q
Girls tend to present with ___ features and less ___ behaviour, may lead to underidentification
A
inattentive, disruptive
10
Q
ADHD is found across ___ and ___ groups, rates similar around countries but children in the __ are diagnosed at higher rates
A
culture, ethnic, US
11
Q
20-25% of children with ADHD also have __
A
specific learning disorder
12
Q
true or false: kids with ADHD may be intrusive, irritable, and demanding when interacting with peers
A
true
13
Q
true or false: between 45-60% of kids with adhd develop a conduct disorder, abuse drugs, or violate the law
A
true
14
Q
syms of ahdh persist into adulthood in about what percent of cases
A
50%
15
Q
Hypothesis: children with adhd are neurologically immature, dvp slower explains what finding?
A
syms decrease with age
16
Q
dopamine and norepinephrine (catecholamine neurotransmitters) appear to function __ in ppl with ahdh
A
abnormally
17
Q
siblings of children with adhd are # to # times more likely to dvp it than siblings without it
A
3 to 4 times
18
Q
twin studies and adoption studies suggest genetic factors play a role in vulnerability to adhd
A
true
19
Q
many children with adhd have a history of __ and __ complications (low birth weight, premature delivery, oxygen depreivation)
A
prenatal and birth complications
20
Q
kids with adhd are more likely to belong to fams with parents prone to aggressive, hostile behaviour and substance abuse
A
true
21
Q
what interaction pattern influences the course and severity of adhd, including the dvp of conduct problems
A
family
22
Q
most children with adhd are treated with ___, they work by increasing levels of dopamine in the synapses, enhancing release and inhibiting reuptake of dopamine
A
stimulant drugs
23
Q
adhd stimulant drugs show a __ in growth rate
A
decrease
24
Q
drugs that are not stimulants but also treat adhd by affecting norepinephrine levels
A
atomoxetine, clonidine, guanfacine
25
___ therapies for ADHD focus on reinforcing attentive, goal-oriented, and prosocial behaviours and extinguish impulsive and hyperactive behaviours
behavioural
26
What disorder does the following DSM-5 criteria belong to:
- persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts
- restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities
- syms must be present in early dvp period
- syms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning
- disturbances not better explained by intellectual disability or global dvp delay
autism spectrum disorder
27
deficits in social interactions and communications of autism may first show up in infants and toddlers interactions with __ by reciprocal adoration
their parents
28
True or false: approx. 50% of children with ASD do not dvp useful speech
true
29
echolalia
rather than generating own words, echo words of others
30
rather than being interested in symbolic play, kids with ASD __
are preoccupied with one feature of a toy or object
31
self-stimulatory behaviour
behaviours by ASD for self stimulation
32
children with autism often do ___ on measures of intellectual ability
poorly
33
family and twin studies strongly suggest that genetics plays a role in the dvp of ASD, the siblings of children with ASD are __ times more likely to have the disorder
50 times
34
twin studies show concordance rates for ASD to be _% for monozygotic twins and 0-_% for dizygotic, about 90% of MZ twins have significant cognitive impairment, about 10% for DZ
60%, 30%
35
Approx. __% of ASD children dvp seizure disorders by adolescence and have greater head and brain size in general
30%
36
ASD has structural abnormalities in the following structures
cerebellum, cerebrum, amygdala, hippocampus
37
children with autism have __ than average rates of prenatal and birth complications
higher
38
ASD: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors appear to reduce __ behaviour and __, improving social interactions in some
repetitive, aggression
39
atypical antipsychotic medications have shown __ reliable effectiveness
more
40
stimulants are used in ASD to improve __
attention
41
operant conditioning strategies are used to reduce excessive behaviours and to alleviate deficits
true
42
Intellectual disability (ID)
significant deficits ion intellectual abilities and life functioning
43
ID onsets during
the dvp period
44
What disorder does the following DSM-5 criteria belong to:
- deficits in intellectual functions confirmed by clinical and standardized testing
- deficits in adaptive functioning that results in failure to meet dvp and sociocultural standards for personal indp and social responsibility
- onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits during dvp period
ID
45
What disorder is classified into four levels of severity: mild, moderate, severe, and profound
ID
46
what level of severity of ID does this describe:
some limitations in ability to acquire typical academic or job-related skills, may seem immature in social interactions, overly concrete in their communications with others, show limited social judgment and understanding of risk, may be able to care for themselves reasonably well outside of complex situations
mild level
47
what level of severity of ID does this describe:
significant delays in language development, physically clumsy, typically do not achieve beyond 2nd grade level in academic skills but in special education can acquire simple vocational skills, may hold jobs requiring only elementary school level skills, will need assistance, can care for their needs with extensive training, may show poor social judgment
moderate level
48
what level of severity of ID does this describe:
very limited vocabulary, may speak in two/three word sentences, as children have sig deficits in motor dvp, play with toys inappropriately, can feed themselves with spoon as adults and dress themselves with easy clothing, cannot travel, cook, shop alone, many unable to learn unskilled labour, lack awareness of risk
severe level
49
what level of severity of ID does this describe:
often do not dvp conceptual skills beyond simple matching of concrete physical features of objects, co-occurring sensory and motor impairments prevent functional use of objects and limit participation in everyday activities to watching, may only be able to understand simple concrete instructions and gestures in social domains, fully dep on others
profound level
50
Individuals with ID usually have __ SD below the mean in IQ
2
51
nearly __ genes affecting brain dvp and functioning have been implicated in ID syms
300
52
what are the two metabolic disorders that are genetically transmitted and cause ID
PKU (phenylketonuria) and Tay-Sachs disease
53
how does PKU cause ID (recessive gene)
indvs with PKU are unable to metabolize phenylalanine (amino acid) which builds up and causes brain damage, can be avoided with a diet free of phenylalanine
54
how does Tay-Sachs cause ID (recessive gene) and what population is it prominent in
prominent in Jewish peeps
around 3-6 months old a progressive degeneration of nervous system begins, leading to mental and physical deterioration, usually die before age 6, no treatment
55
Down syndrome is one of the best-known causes of __ and occurs when chromosome 21 is present in triplicate
ID
56
Many indvs with down syndrome have congenital heart defects and gastrointestinal difficulties, as adults they age more __ than normal, shortening their life span
rapidly
57
Fragile X syndrome is another common cause of __
ID
58
what causes fragile x syndrome
when the tip of the x chromosome breaks off, affects primarily males
59
What other two chromosomal abnormalities cause severe ID?
trisomy 13 and trisomy 18
60
when a pregnant woman contracts rubella, virus, herpes virus, or syphilis there is risk of damage resulting in __
ID
61
chronic maternal disorders like high blood pressure and diabetes can interfere with fetal nutrition and brain dvp potentially causing __
ID
62
fetal alcohol syndrome
have below 68 IQ, poor judgment, distractibility, difficulty understanding social cues
63
shaken baby syndrome can result in ID, how?
baby heads are larger and heavy, weak neck muscles, when shaken the brain can bruise and be damaged causing cranial injury and retinal hemorrhage
64
exposure to toxic subs like lead, arsenic, and mercury during early childhood can lead to __ by damaging areas of the brain
ID
65
children with ID are more likely to come from __ socioeconomic backgrounds due to various factors
low
66
interventions for children and adults with __ must be comprehensive, intensive, and long-term to show benefits
ID
67
ID: medications are used to reduce seizures, control aggressive behaviours, and improve mood. __ medications can achieve this but with neurological side effects, __ dont have as many side effects, __ can also be used to reduce depressive syms
neuroleptic, antipsychotic, antidepressants
68
ID: __ therapies help enhancing + behaviour and reducing - behaviour, modeled in incremental steps and rewards
behavioral
69
ID: __ focus on integration of the child into the mainstream where possible
social programs
70
the four types of social programs for ID are
early intervention, mainstreaming, group homes, institutionalization
71
What type of social program does the description describe
intervention from the early days of life, intensive one-on-one interventions to enhance dvp of basic skills, reduce social conditions that might interfere with dvp, adequate medical care
early intervention
72
What type of social program does the description describe
placing ID children in regular settings such as classrooms, mixed results reported, most now spend a mixed amount in special and normal settings
mainstreaming
73
What type of social program does the description describe
receive assistance in performing daily tasks, training in vocational and social skills, sheltered workshops
grouphomes
74
What type of social program does the description describe
mostly in the past and much less common now, for life, African American and Latino families are less likely to do this to their ID children
institutionalization
75
what two reasons may explain why African American and Latino families are less likely to institutionalize their ID children
less likely to have financial resources
| place stronger emphasis on caring for ill or disabled family members within the family
76
individuals with specific learning disorder have deficits in one or more academic skills such as (3)
reading, written expression, mathematics
77
What disorder does the following DSM-5 criteria belong to:
- difficulties learning and using academic skills, as indicating by the presence of syms present for at least 6 months despite interventions
- affected skills are below expected for age, cause significant interference with academic and occupational performance or with daily living
- learning difficulties begin during school-age years
- learning difficulties are not better accounted by ID, uncorrected visual or auditory acuity, other mental or neurological disorders, etc
specific learning disorder
78
the most common specific learning disorder
dyslexia, most common in boys
79
how many SD below the mean for standardized testing for specific learning disorder
less than or equal to 1 or 1.5
80
what disorders involves persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language and other means of communication
communication disorders
81
What group of disorders are the following grouped in
language disorder, speech sound disorder, childhood-onset fluency disorder, social communication disorder,
communication disorders
82
what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe
persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language in speech, written/sign language, due to deficits in the comprehension or production of vocabulary, sentence structure, or discourse
language disorder
83
what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe
persistent difficulty with speech sound production, interferes with speech intelligibility or prevents verbal communication of messages, deficits in the phonological knowledge of speech sounds and/or difficulty coordinating movements of the jaw, tongue, or lips for clear speech with breathing and vocalizing speech
speech sound disorder
84
what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe
disturbance in the fluency and time patterning of speech
childhood-onset fluency disorder
85
what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe
persistent difficulties with pragmatics or the social use of language and nonverbal communication in naturalistic contexts, affects dvp of of social relationships and social participation, not better explained by ASD, ID, or low abilities in the domains of word structure and grammar or general cognitive ability
social pragmatic communication disorder
86
roughly __ as many boys than girls are diagnosed with child-onset fluency disorder
twice
87
certain __ abnormalities may account for a number of different learning disorders
genetic
88
the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area), parietotemporal region, occipitotemporal region have been implicated in __ disorders
learning and communication
89
environmental factors linked to learning disorders include __ poisoning, __ defects, sensory __, and __ socioeconomic status
lead, birth, depravation, low
90
the individualized education plan is a form of __ to build the missing skill in learning disorders
therapy
91
What group of disorders are the following grouped in
Tourette's disorder, persistent motor or vocal tic disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, developmental coordination disorder
motor disorders
92
what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe
both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics that have been present at some time during the illness, although not necessarily concurrently
Tourette's disorder
93
what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe
single motor or vocal tics, persistent for at least 1 year, onset before age 18
persistent motor or vocal tic disorder
94
what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe
repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor behavior causing clinically significant distress or functional impairment
stereotypic movement disorder
95
motor performance that is substantially below expected levels at age and previous opportunities for skill acquisition
developmental coordination disorder
96
motor disorders are associated with dysfunctions of __ systems in areas of the brain involved in control of motor behaviour, such as cerebrum, basal ganglia, and frontal cortex, alike OCD
dopamine
97
tourette's and PMVTD both respond to drugs that alter dopamine systems such as __ medications
atypical antipsychotic
98
habit reversal therapy can help treat __ disorders
motor
99
developmental coordination disorder is most often treated with __ therapy
physical
100
what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe
- evidence of significant cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains
- cognitive deficits interfere with independence in everyday life
- cognitive deficits do not occur exclusively in the context of delirium
- not better explained by another mental disorder
major neurocognitive disorder
101
major neurocognitive disorder is more commonly knows as __
dementia
102
what disorder is described
cannot remember the most fundamental facts of their lives, express through language or carry basic everyday tasks
major neurocognitive disorder
103
what disorder is described
modest cognitive decline from a previous level of performance, does not yet result in significant impairment in functioning
mild neurocognitive disorder
104
5-10% of people over age __ have major NCD, 30% of people over age __ have major NCD
65, 85
105
in beginning stages of major NCD memories do not return spontaneously and may not answer to __ or other cues
reminders
106
another cognitive deficit of major NCD is __, a deterioration of language
aphasia
107
in advanced stages of major NCD, people may exhibit echolalia or __, repeating sounds or words over and over
palilalia
108
apraxia
impairment of the ability to execute common actions like waving
109
agnosia
failure to recognize objects or people
110
most people with major NCD eventually lose __ functions
executive
111
Alzheimer's disease typically begins with mild memory loss and quickly progresses, usually begins after age 65, early-onset progresses __ than late-onset
faster
112
people with Alzheimer's disease die within _ to _ years of its diagnosis
8 to 10
113
neurofibrillary __ are common in brains of Alzheimer's patients, they are made of protein tau which impedes nutrients and other essential supplies from moving through the cells to the extent cells die
tangles
114
another abnormality seen in Alzheimer's disease are __, deposits of protein class beta-amyloid, are neurotoxic and accumulate in the spaces between the cells of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and other structures
plaques
115
the __ of the brain enlarge with Alzheimer's disease
ventricles
116
true or false: 24-49% first-degree relatives of patients with Alzheimer's disease eventually dvp the disease
true, lifetime risk of dvp it is 1.8 to 4.0 times higher for people with a family history of it
117
twin studies reveal an important role of __ in the risk of Alzheimer's disease
genetics
118
__ rates for all types of NCD in MZ twins is 44% men and 58% women, rates for DZ twins is 25% men and 45% women
concordance
119
the apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE) has been consistently associated with __ disease, on chromosome 19, people who inherit a e4 allele have 2-4 times greater risk, inherit two e4 alleles have 8-12 times greater risk
Alzheimer's disease
120
people with the __ gene have reduced cortex and hippocampus volume, greater cognitive deficits and earlier onset of Alzheimer's disease
e4
121
another gene implicated in Alzheimer's disease is on chromosome __
21
122
people with __ disease show deficits in neurotransmitters acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, somatostatin, and peptide Y
Alzheimer's disease
123
significant declines in processing speed, ability to pay attention, and executive functions, must have evidence of a recent vascular event or cerebrovascular disease
vascular neurocognitive disorder
124
cerebrovascular disease occurs when the blood supply to areas of the brain is blocked, causing tissue damage in the brain
true
125
stroke is sudden damage to an area of the brain due to the blockage of blood flow or to bleeding, about 25% of patients dvp neurocognitive disorder
true
126
Lewy body disease, Parkinson's disease, HIV, and Huntington's disease can also cause __ disorders
neurocognitive
127
Lewy body disease is the second most common type of progressive neurocognitive, caused by abnormal round structures in the brain
true
128
__ can cause NCD: mental processes slow and may have difficulty following conversations, take longer to organize thoughts or complete simple familiar tasks
AIDS
129
Huntington's disease is a rare __ disorder that affects early in life, between ages 25 and 55, transmitted by a single dominant gene on chromosome 4
genetic
130
what is Creutzfeld-Jacob's disease also called which can cause mild and major NCD
prion disease
131
deficiencies in thiamine, niacin, and vitamin B12 can cause
NCD
132
traumatic brain injury causes changes in both _ abilities and usual emotional and personality functioning
cognitive
133
more elderly women than elderly men have _ disorders, particularly Alzheimer's disease, and show more brain changes
neurocognitive
134
in general, African Americans are diagnosed with NCD __ frequently than European Americans, and have higher rates of hypertension and cardiovascular disease which contribute to vascular neurocognitive disorder
more
135
genetic factors leading to NCD may be __ prevalent in European Americans than in African Americans
more
136
studies show that people with __ levels of education are more likely to be diagnosed with NCD
lower
137
likelihood a person with NCD will be institutionalized rather than cared for by family is __ among European Americans than among Asians or Latinos, maybe due to financial resources, or that the cultures have more positive view of caring for sick and elderly fam members than European culture and exert more pressure to care for them in Asian and Latino fams
greater
138
two classes of drugs are approved for treatment of __ are cholinesterase inhibitors and glutamate regulators
cholinesterase help prevent the breakdown of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, side effects are nausea, diarrhea, anorexia
glutamate regulators plays essential role in learning and memory
neurocognitive disorders
139
__ is characterized by disorientation, recent memory loss, and clouding of attention, difficulty focusing, sustaining, or shifting attention
delirium
140
sundowning is when __ gets worse at night
delirium
141
what disorder does the following DSM-5 describe
- disturbance in attention
- disturbance dvps over short period of time, fluctuates in severity over course of the day
- additional disturbance in cognition
- disturbance in criteria A and B are not better explained by preexisting, established, or evolving neurocognitive disorder
- evidence disturbance is a direct physiological consequence of another medical condition, substance intoxication, toxins, or multiple etiologies
delirium
142
delirium first affects immediate memory, the intermediate, then remote memory
true
143
the longer delirium continues the __ risk of permanent damage to the brain
higher
144
delirium is most common psychiatric syndrome found in general hospitals, particularly affecting __ people
older
145
African Americans have a __ rate of delirium than Europeans due to lack of health care
higher
