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Abnormal psych > CHP 4 The research endeavor > Flashcards

CHP 4 The research endeavor Flashcards

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1
Q

5 steps to scientific method

A
  1. select and define problem
  2. hypothesis
  3. method chosen and implemented
  4. data collected and analyzed
  5. conclusions and documentation in report
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2
Q

hypothesis

A

testable statement if what will happen

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3
Q

null hypothesis

A

no diff exists between exp groups

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4
Q

variable

A

factor/characteristic that can vary among samples

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5
Q

dependent variable

A

predicted variable to be affected by indp

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6
Q

independent variable

A

looking to see effects on dep variable

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7
Q

operlationalization

A

definition of variable affecting how it’s studied and measure

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8
Q

ethical issues in reasearch

A

basic rights of all participants in a study

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9
Q

basic right of study participants (6)

A 
understanding study
confidentiality
refuse/wdraw participation
informed consent
participation not caused thru deception
debriefed at end of study
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10
Q

case studies

A 
detailed history of individual with mental illness
study rare problems
look at uniqueness of individual
findings cannot be generalized
lack objectivity
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11
Q

generalizability

A

applying what has been learnt to others

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12
Q

correlational studies

A

examine relationship between two variables without changing them, do not reveal casual relationship

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13
Q

types of correlational studies

A

continuous variable
group comparison study
cross-sectional
longitudinal

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14
Q

continuous variable

A

two or more variables measured

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15
Q

group comparison study

A

two or more groups compared on variables of interest

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16
Q

cross sectional

A

assessed at one point in time

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17
Q

longitudinal

A

assessed two or more occasions over different time periods

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18
Q

correlation coefficient symbol and definition

A

symbol: r
relationship bt variables
bt -1 to +1

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19
Q

+ r

A

both variables increase

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20
Q
  • r
A

one increases while other decreases

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21
Q

statistical significance symbol and definition

A

symbol: p

index how likely result is by chance

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22
Q

p<0.5

A

probability is less than 5 in 100 that results due to chance, statistical significance to support hypotheses

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23
Q

correlation vs causation

A

third variable problem- possibility variable not measure is real cause of relationship between measured variables

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24
Q

sample

A

group of people taken from population for study

25
Q

representative sample

A

highly similar to population, random sampling good to achieve this

26
Q

pros of correlational studies

A

good external validity

longitudinal better than cross-sectional

27
Q

external validity

A

results can be generalized to real life pehnomena

28
Q

epidemiological studies

A

study of frequency and distribution

share the limitations with correlational studies

29
Q

prevalance

A

proportion of population with dis

30
Q

incidence

A

occurrence of dis win specified period of time

31
Q

risk factors

A

conditions associated with increased likelihood of dis occuring

32
Q

experimental studies

A

control indp variables and potentially problematic third variable

33
Q

human laboratory studies

A

expsosing participants to an event/exp in lab to determine impact

34
Q

internal validity

A

ensuring changes in dep variable can be attributed to manipulation of indep, requires random assignment so all participants have equal chance of being in exp or control group

35
Q

control group

A

alike exp group except for variable change

36
Q

exp group

A

receives treatment/experience of interest

37
Q

threats to internal validity

A

demand characteristics - participants guess purpose of study and change behavior
if experimenter knows group participant is in, may behave differently, fixed with a double-blind exp - both participants and experimenter unaware

38
Q

therapy outcome studies

A

test whether specific therapy reduces a problem in indvs who receive it

39
Q

simple control group

A

dont get therapy and tracked

40
Q

wait list control group

A

dont get therapy and made to wait

41
Q

placebo control group

A

used in medication studies, inactive subs

42
Q

cons to therapy outcomes studies

A 
hard to know what led to decrease in psychopathology
qs about appropriate control groups 
ethical considerations
patient/research balance
geneeralizability
43
Q

efficacy

A

how well therapy works in highly controlled setting with narrowed defined group

44
Q

effectiveness

A

how well therapy works in real world settings

45
Q

single case experimental design

A

indv/small number of indv stuidied intensively
ABA/reversal design
multiple baseline design

46
Q

ABAB/reversal design

A

intervention introduced, wdrawn, reinstated, measures behaviour on/off treatment

47
Q

multiple baseline design

A

intervention might be given to same indvs in diff settings or diff indvs at fiff times

48
Q

animal studies

A

expose animals to situations in lab not ethical in humans

49
Q

genetic studies

A

identify genetic factors associated with psychopathology

50
Q

family history studies

A

identify ppl with dis, identify control group, trace fam pedigrees in both and find number of relatives with disorder

51
Q

twin studies

A

compare rates of dis among monozygotic and dizygotic twins

concordance rate - probability both twins will dvp disorder if one has it

52
Q

adoption studies

A

identify ppl with dis who were adopted shortly after birth

determine rates of disorder among bio and adoptive relatives

53
Q

molecular genetic studies

A

comparing DNA of group of people who have dis w people who have no form of psychopathology
helps determine location of genes for a dis
linkage analysis - looking for characteristics that co-occur with dis and have known genetic markers

54
Q

cross cultural studies

A

acknowledge and examine similarities and differences between cultures in nature, causes, treatment of psychopathology

55
Q

callenges of cross cultural studies

A

variation in meaning of concept and theories
difficult to translate assessment tools across cultures
cultural/gender differences in how ppl respond to social demands of interacting with researchers
labeling one culture as healthy and other as uhealthy

56
Q

meta analysis

A

stat technique for summarizing results across several studies

57
Q

steps of meta analysis

A

literature research
transform results into statistic common across all studies
examine avg effect size across studies
relate characteristics to study

58
Q

pros and cons of meta analysis

A

pros: overcomes small sample
more stat power to find sig effects
cons: problematic methods used in some included studies, file drawer effect where studies not for hyp less likely to be published

Abnormal psych (6 decks)

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