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Abnormal psych > CHP 4 The research endeavor > Flashcards

CHP 4 The research endeavor Flashcards

1
Q

5 steps to scientific method

A
  1. select and define problem
  2. hypothesis
  3. method chosen and implemented
  4. data collected and analyzed
  5. conclusions and documentation in report
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2
Q

hypothesis

A

testable statement if what will happen

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3
Q

null hypothesis

A

no diff exists between exp groups

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4
Q

variable

A

factor/characteristic that can vary among samples

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5
Q

dependent variable

A

predicted variable to be affected by indp

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6
Q

independent variable

A

looking to see effects on dep variable

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7
Q

operlationalization

A

definition of variable affecting how it’s studied and measure

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8
Q

ethical issues in reasearch

A

basic rights of all participants in a study

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9
Q

basic right of study participants (6)

A 
understanding study
confidentiality
refuse/wdraw participation
informed consent
participation not caused thru deception
debriefed at end of study
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10
Q

case studies

A 
detailed history of individual with mental illness
study rare problems
look at uniqueness of individual
findings cannot be generalized
lack objectivity
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11
Q

generalizability

A

applying what has been learnt to others

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12
Q

correlational studies

A

examine relationship between two variables without changing them, do not reveal casual relationship

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13
Q

types of correlational studies

A

continuous variable
group comparison study
cross-sectional
longitudinal

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14
Q

continuous variable

A

two or more variables measured

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15
Q

group comparison study

A

two or more groups compared on variables of interest

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16
Q

cross sectional

A

assessed at one point in time

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17
Q

longitudinal

A

assessed two or more occasions over different time periods

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18
Q

correlation coefficient symbol and definition

A

symbol: r
relationship bt variables
bt -1 to +1

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19
Q

+ r

A

both variables increase

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20
Q
  • r
A

one increases while other decreases

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21
Q

statistical significance symbol and definition

A

symbol: p

index how likely result is by chance

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22
Q

p<0.5

A

probability is less than 5 in 100 that results due to chance, statistical significance to support hypotheses

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23
Q

correlation vs causation

A

third variable problem- possibility variable not measure is real cause of relationship between measured variables

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24
Q

sample

A

group of people taken from population for study

25
representative sample
highly similar to population, random sampling good to achieve this
26
pros of correlational studies
good external validity | longitudinal better than cross-sectional
27
external validity
results can be generalized to real life pehnomena
28
epidemiological studies
study of frequency and distribution | share the limitations with correlational studies
29
prevalance
proportion of population with dis
30
incidence
occurrence of dis win specified period of time
31
risk factors
conditions associated with increased likelihood of dis occuring
32
experimental studies
control indp variables and potentially problematic third variable
33
human laboratory studies
expsosing participants to an event/exp in lab to determine impact
34
internal validity
ensuring changes in dep variable can be attributed to manipulation of indep, requires random assignment so all participants have equal chance of being in exp or control group
35
control group
alike exp group except for variable change
36
exp group
receives treatment/experience of interest
37
threats to internal validity
demand characteristics - participants guess purpose of study and change behavior if experimenter knows group participant is in, may behave differently, fixed with a double-blind exp - both participants and experimenter unaware
38
therapy outcome studies
test whether specific therapy reduces a problem in indvs who receive it
39
simple control group
dont get therapy and tracked
40
wait list control group
dont get therapy and made to wait
41
placebo control group
used in medication studies, inactive subs
42
cons to therapy outcomes studies
``` hard to know what led to decrease in psychopathology qs about appropriate control groups ethical considerations patient/research balance geneeralizability ```
43
efficacy
how well therapy works in highly controlled setting with narrowed defined group
44
effectiveness
how well therapy works in real world settings
45
single case experimental design
indv/small number of indv stuidied intensively ABA/reversal design multiple baseline design
46
ABAB/reversal design
intervention introduced, wdrawn, reinstated, measures behaviour on/off treatment
47
multiple baseline design
intervention might be given to same indvs in diff settings or diff indvs at fiff times
48
animal studies
expose animals to situations in lab not ethical in humans
49
genetic studies
identify genetic factors associated with psychopathology
50
family history studies
identify ppl with dis, identify control group, trace fam pedigrees in both and find number of relatives with disorder
51
twin studies
compare rates of dis among monozygotic and dizygotic twins | concordance rate - probability both twins will dvp disorder if one has it
52
adoption studies
identify ppl with dis who were adopted shortly after birth | determine rates of disorder among bio and adoptive relatives
53
molecular genetic studies
comparing DNA of group of people who have dis w people who have no form of psychopathology helps determine location of genes for a dis linkage analysis - looking for characteristics that co-occur with dis and have known genetic markers
54
cross cultural studies
acknowledge and examine similarities and differences between cultures in nature, causes, treatment of psychopathology
55
callenges of cross cultural studies
variation in meaning of concept and theories difficult to translate assessment tools across cultures cultural/gender differences in how ppl respond to social demands of interacting with researchers labeling one culture as healthy and other as uhealthy
56
meta analysis
stat technique for summarizing results across several studies
57
steps of meta analysis
literature research transform results into statistic common across all studies examine avg effect size across studies relate characteristics to study
58
pros and cons of meta analysis
pros: overcomes small sample more stat power to find sig effects cons: problematic methods used in some included studies, file drawer effect where studies not for hyp less likely to be published

Abnormal psych (6 decks)

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