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Abnormal psych > CHP 2 Theories and treatments of abnormality > Flashcards

CHP 2 Theories and treatments of abnormality Flashcards

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1
Q

Define theory

A

set of ideas that provides framework for asking q’s about a phenomenon and gathering info about it

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2
Q

Define therapy

A

a treatment, based on theory, addresses factors theory claims cause phenomenon

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3
Q

Biopsychosocial approach

A

recognize that the dvp of psych symptoms is a combination of bio, psych, and sociocultural factors, aka risk factors

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4
Q

Diathesis-stress model of the development of disorders

A

creation of a dis requires both an existing diathesis to a disorder on and a trigger that is stress

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5
Q

There are 3 diathesis (factors)

A

bio, social, psych

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6
Q

There are three triggers (stresses)

A

bio, social, psych

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7
Q

___ risk factors increase the risk of multiple types of psychosocial problems

A

Transdiagnostic

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8
Q

Hindbrain regulates

A

basic life functions

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9
Q

Hindbrain has 4 parts

A

medula, pons, reticular formation, cerebellum

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10
Q

Medulla regulates

A

breathing and reflexes

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11
Q

Pons regulates

A

attentiveness and timing of sleep

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12
Q

Network of neurons, arousal and attention stimuli

A

reticular fomation

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13
Q

cerebellum regulates

A

coordination of movement

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14
Q

Midbrain has 2 parts

A

inferior and superior colliculus

substansia nigra

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15
Q

substansia nigra

A

part of pathway that regulates resps to rewards

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16
Q

inferior and superior colliculus

A

relay sensory info and control movement

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17
Q

forebrain has 4 parts

A

cerebral cortex
thamalus
hypothalamus
limbic system

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18
Q

cerebral cortex

A

advanced thinking processes, connected by corpus collusum

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19
Q

the cerebral cortex has __ and ___ hemospheres

A

left and right

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20
Q

each hemisphere of cerebral cortex has four lobes

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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21
Q

thalamus

A

directs incoming info from senses to cerebrum

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22
Q

hypothalamus

A

small, below thalamus, regulates eating, drinking, sexual behaviour, processing basic emotions

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23
Q

limbic system

A

interconnected with hypothalamus, structures regulate many instinctive behaviours

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24
Q

limbic system has 2 parts

A

amygdala and hippocampus

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25
Q

amygdala

A

critical in emotion, fear

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26
Q

hippocampus

A

role in memory

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27
Q

what are the 5 biological approaches

A 
biochemical imbalances
genetic abnormalities
drug therapies
electroconvulsive therapy and other techniques
psychosurgery
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28
Q

neurotransmitters

A

biochemicals, act as msgs carrying impulses between neurons and nerve cells

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29
Q

reuptake

A

initial neuron releasing nt reabsorbs nt

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30
Q

degradation

A

receiving neuron releases enzyme that breaks down nt into other biochemicals, can also be from releasing neuron

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31
Q

nts can malfunction and leave too __ or ___ in synapse

A

much or little

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32
Q

nts can malfunction at the ___

A

receptors

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33
Q

nts can malfunction due to nts __

A

system

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34
Q

more than __ nts identified

A

100

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35
Q

serotonin

A

travels thru many key areas of brain, malfunction of system that regulates it is a transdiagnostic factor, imp in emotional regulation, malfunction can lead to dep, anxiety and behavioral issues

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36
Q

dopamine

A

prominent nt associated with experience of reinforcement/reward, affected by rewarding subs, implications to muscle systems, plays role in dis involving control over muscles, transdiagnostic risk factor

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37
Q

norepinephrine

A

produced mainly by neurons in brain stem, cocaine and amphetamine prolog the action of nt by slowing its reuptake, dep by too little

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38
Q

GABA

A

inhibits actions of other nts, role in anxiety due to dysfunction of sys

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39
Q

endocrine

A

system of glands, produce chemicals called hormones directly released into blood

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40
Q

hormone

A

carries msgs throughout body, affects mood, energy, reaction to stress

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41
Q

pituitary

A

master gland, lies below hypothalamus, produces largest number of hormones

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42
Q

What is the pituitary response to stress

A

Releasing corticotropin-release factor by hypothalamus, to pituitary to release corticothrophic hormone, to organs causing body to adjust

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43
Q

Malfunctioning of the HPA axis causes what?

A

Trauma, OCD anxiety

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44
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

Study of genetics in personality & abnormality

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45
Q

Abnormalities more common in __ than in __ in genetics

A

Genes than chromosomes

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46
Q

Serotonin transporter gene

A

Short or long alleles, 2 short can increase risk of dvp dep

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47
Q

Polygenic process

A

Many genes combine to create a specific disorder

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48
Q

Interaction bt genes and environment

A

Genetic factors may influence environment chosen and reinforce genetic qualities. Act as catalyst for genetic tendencies

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49
Q

Epigenetics

A

Environmental conditions can affect expression of genes. DNA can be modified and inherited

Ex. Mouse pups

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50
Q

Drug therapies

A

Biological treatments for abnormalities

51
Q

Anti psychotic drugs and two kinds

A

Help reduce symptoms of psychosis

Phenothiazines
Atypical antipsychotics

52
Q

Phenothiazines

A

Decrease symptoms of psychosis well, dangerous side effects: severe sedation, visual disturbances, tardire dyskinesia (neurological disorder of involuntary movement of tongue, face, mouth, jaw)

53
Q

Atypical antipsychotics

A

Effective for psychosis without side effects

54
Q

Anti depressant drugs

A

Decreases symptoms of depression

55
Q

Most used anti depressant drugs

A

Selective serotonin reputable inhibitors

Affect serotonin nt system

56
Q

Second most used anti dep

A

Selective serotonin norepinephrine reputable inhibitors

Target both

57
Q

Side effects of two common anti depressant drugs

A

Nausea, diarrhea, headache, tremor, daytime sedation, sexual dysfunction

58
Q

Two older classes of anti depressant

A

Tricyclic antidepressants

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

59
Q

Lithium

A

Mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder

Side effects: extreme nausea, blurred vision, diarrhea, tremors and twitches

60
Q

Anticonvulsants

A

Used to treat mania with fewer side effects than lithium

61
Q

The two kinds of anti anxiety drugs

A

Barbiturates

Benzodiazepines

62
Q

Barbiturates

A

Effective in inducing relaxation and sleep, highly addictive, withdrawal can cause high heart rate, delirium, convulsions

63
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Reduces symptoms of anxiety without severe side effects

Highly addictive 
Withdrawal symptoms:
Heart rate acceleration 
Irritability
Profuse sweating
64
Q

ECT

A

most commonly used to treat severe mood disorders
induce brain seizure by passing electrical current thru brain
current of 70-150 V for 1/2 sec, patient convulses for 1 min
6-12 sessions
causes confusion and memory loss

65
Q

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

noninvasive, repeated high intensity magnetic pulses focused on parts

66
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

electrodes implanted in brain
pulse generator placed under skin
stimulates

67
Q

vagus nerve stimulation

A

electrodes attached to vagus nerve
pulse stimulates the nerve
travels to parts of brain

68
Q

electrical stimulation can result in long term changes in ___

A

neurotransmitters

69
Q

psychosurgery

A 
prefrontal lobotomy introduced 1935
frontal lobes severed from lower centers 
ppl with psychosis
inability to control impulses and initiate activity
extreme listlessness
loss of emotions
seizures
death
70
Q

behavioral approaches

A

influence of reinforcements and punishments in producing behavior
classical and operant conditioning

71
Q

classical conditioning

A

ivan pavlov

72
Q

operant conditioning

A

E.L. Thorndike

law of effect

73
Q

operant conditioning schedchules

A

continuous reinforcement- best to learn

partial- best to maintain

74
Q

extinction

A

eliminating learned behaviour, harder if learnt thru partial

75
Q

two-factor model

A

combination of classical and operant conditioning explains persistence of fears

76
Q

modeling

A

learn new behaviors from imitating others, especially important people in their lives, ex. same-sex parent

77
Q

observational learning

A

person observes rewards/punishments another person receives for behavior

78
Q

behavioral therapies

A

focus on identifying reinforcements/punishments that contribute to someones maladaptive behaviors and changing it

79
Q

systematic desensitization therapy

A

gradual method to extinguish anxiety resps to stimuli and maladaptive behaviour

80
Q

cognitive approaches

A

cognitions, thoughts, beliefs shape behavior and emotions

81
Q

casual attributions

A

explanations of why an event happened, influence behavior bc impact meaning given to events

82
Q

gloval assumptions

A

broad beliefs about self, relationships, world, can be helpful or destructive

83
Q

cognitive therapies

A

challenge dysfunctional belief systems
short term, 12-20 weeks, 1-2 week
cognitive behavioral therapy

84
Q

psychodynamic appraoches

A

abnormality influenced by unconsciousness

85
Q

psychoanalysis

A

Freud, theory of personality and psychopathology

86
Q

hysteria

A

psychical ailments with no physical cause

87
Q

catharsis

A

emotions connected to memories

88
Q

repression

A

motivated forgetting of a diff exp or unacceptable wish

89
Q

id

A

libido
drives/impulses seek immediate release
operates by pleasure principle

90
Q

pleasure principle

A

maximize pleasure and minimize plain to avoid psychic tension

91
Q

ego

A

seeks to gratify wishes and needs in socially acceptable ways
operates by reality principle

92
Q

superego

A

store house of rules and regulations for conduct

list of moral standards

93
Q

unconscious

A

out of awareness, personality and psychopathology

interaction between the id, ego, superego

94
Q

preconscious

A

intermediate

95
Q

conscious

A

most from conscious doesn’t reach here, ego pushes back bc desires socially unacceptable

96
Q

defense mechanisms

A

ego uses to disguise/transform unconscious wishes

shape behavior and personality

97
Q

psychosexual stages (5)

A

nurturance during childhood can affect personality

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

98
Q

oral

A

mouth area
feeding/suckling
birth - 18 months

99
Q

anal

A

18-3 yrs
passing/retaining feces
stubborn/controlling

100
Q

phallic

A 
3-6 yrs 
genitals
wanting mom, castration fear, wanting to be like dad
penis envy
weak ego
101
Q

latency

A

6-12 yrs

libido drives quelled somewhat

102
Q

genital

A

12-beyond

sexual desires emerge again

103
Q

ego psychology

A

Anna Freud

importance of indvs ability to regulate defenses to allow healthy functioning

104
Q

object relations

A

Klein, Mahler, Kernberg

freud’s theory and role of early relationships in dvp of self-concept and personality

105
Q

self psychology and relational psychoanalysis

A

emphasize unconscious dimensions of relationships

106
Q

Carl Jung

A

collective wisdom- accumulated by society over centuries

spiritual and religious drives important

107
Q

psychodynamic therapies (2)

A

recognize unconscious conflicts

free association and interpersonal therapy

108
Q

free association

A

talk about anything, finding common themes
transference - treats therapists like person from own life
12 weeks to years

109
Q

interpersonal therapy

A

focus on patterns of relationships with imp people in life
more structure and directive
short term, 12 weeks

110
Q

humanistic approaches

A

assume humans have innate capacity for goodness and living a full life
env plays a large role in our behavior and emotions

111
Q

carls rogers

A

without undue pressure form others indv move towards self actualization
pressure from env causes distorted view of self
conflict bt true self, ideal self, and self to please others

112
Q

humanistic therapy

A

client-centered therapy
therapist communicates genuine in helping (congruence)
unconditional positive regard for client, empathetic understanding of underlying feelings and search for self
popular in self help groups and peer-counselling programs
vague and not subject to testing

113
Q

family systems approaches

A

family is complex interpersonal system that can dysfunction

psychological dis can be from family dys

114
Q

family systems therapy

A

indvs problem rooted in interpersonal systems

behavioral family systems therapy targets belief communication, problem solving

115
Q

third wave approaches

A

psychotherapeutic approaches

116
Q

dialectical behavior therapy

A

dialectical: constant tension bt conflicting images/emotions in ppl prone to certain psychopathologies
disorders of emotional and impulse control

117
Q

acceptance and commitment therapy

A

hayes

assumes experiential avoidance is cause of many health problems, accepting and learning to be present key to healing

118
Q

common elements in effective therapy (3)

A

positive relationships
explanation/interpretation
confront painful emotions

119
Q

prevention programs (3)

A

primary- stopping dvp of disorder
secondary- detecting disorder at early stages
tertiary- ppl who already have disorder, prevent relapse

120
Q

sociocultural approaches

A

socioeconomic disadvantage is a transdiagnostic factor

societies may influence psychopathology patients show by what abnormalities are acceptable

121
Q

cross-cultural issues in treatment (4)

A

some methods/values of therapies can clash with cultural values

  1. recognizing collectivist values
  2. not openly sharing emotions/concerns
  3. respect for direction from authorities
  4. class differences bt client and therapist
122
Q

Gender matching may be ___ in therapy

A

important

123
Q

sharing the same ethnicity/culture not as important as sharing same/similar ___

A

values

124
Q

culturally specific therapies

A

cultural groups have their own forms of therapy for distressed people. ex. native americans and hispanics

Abnormal psych (6 decks)

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