CHP 2 Theories and treatments of abnormality Flashcards
1
Q
Define theory
A
set of ideas that provides framework for asking q’s about a phenomenon and gathering info about it
2
Q
Define therapy
A
a treatment, based on theory, addresses factors theory claims cause phenomenon
3
Q
Biopsychosocial approach
A
recognize that the dvp of psych symptoms is a combination of bio, psych, and sociocultural factors, aka risk factors
4
Q
Diathesis-stress model of the development of disorders
A
creation of a dis requires both an existing diathesis to a disorder on and a trigger that is stress
5
Q
There are 3 diathesis (factors)
A
bio, social, psych
6
Q
There are three triggers (stresses)
A
bio, social, psych
7
Q
___ risk factors increase the risk of multiple types of psychosocial problems
A
Transdiagnostic
8
Q
Hindbrain regulates
A
basic life functions
9
Q
Hindbrain has 4 parts
A
medula, pons, reticular formation, cerebellum
10
Q
Medulla regulates
A
breathing and reflexes
11
Q
Pons regulates
A
attentiveness and timing of sleep
12
Q
Network of neurons, arousal and attention stimuli
A
reticular fomation
13
Q
cerebellum regulates
A
coordination of movement
14
Q
Midbrain has 2 parts
A
inferior and superior colliculus
substansia nigra
15
Q
substansia nigra
A
part of pathway that regulates resps to rewards
16
Q
inferior and superior colliculus
A
relay sensory info and control movement
17
Q
forebrain has 4 parts
A
cerebral cortex
thamalus
hypothalamus
limbic system
18
Q
cerebral cortex
A
advanced thinking processes, connected by corpus collusum
19
Q
the cerebral cortex has __ and ___ hemospheres
A
left and right
20
Q
each hemisphere of cerebral cortex has four lobes
A
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
21
Q
thalamus
A
directs incoming info from senses to cerebrum
22
Q
hypothalamus
A
small, below thalamus, regulates eating, drinking, sexual behaviour, processing basic emotions
23
Q
limbic system
A
interconnected with hypothalamus, structures regulate many instinctive behaviours
24
Q
limbic system has 2 parts
A
amygdala and hippocampus
25
amygdala
critical in emotion, fear
26
hippocampus
role in memory
27
what are the 5 biological approaches
```
biochemical imbalances
genetic abnormalities
drug therapies
electroconvulsive therapy and other techniques
psychosurgery
```
28
neurotransmitters
biochemicals, act as msgs carrying impulses between neurons and nerve cells
29
reuptake
initial neuron releasing nt reabsorbs nt
30
degradation
receiving neuron releases enzyme that breaks down nt into other biochemicals, can also be from releasing neuron
31
nts can malfunction and leave too __ or ___ in synapse
much or little
32
nts can malfunction at the ___
receptors
33
nts can malfunction due to nts __
system
34
more than __ nts identified
100
35
serotonin
travels thru many key areas of brain, malfunction of system that regulates it is a transdiagnostic factor, imp in emotional regulation, malfunction can lead to dep, anxiety and behavioral issues
36
dopamine
prominent nt associated with experience of reinforcement/reward, affected by rewarding subs, implications to muscle systems, plays role in dis involving control over muscles, transdiagnostic risk factor
37
norepinephrine
produced mainly by neurons in brain stem, cocaine and amphetamine prolog the action of nt by slowing its reuptake, dep by too little
38
GABA
inhibits actions of other nts, role in anxiety due to dysfunction of sys
39
endocrine
system of glands, produce chemicals called hormones directly released into blood
40
hormone
carries msgs throughout body, affects mood, energy, reaction to stress
41
pituitary
master gland, lies below hypothalamus, produces largest number of hormones
42
What is the pituitary response to stress
Releasing corticotropin-release factor by hypothalamus, to pituitary to release corticothrophic hormone, to organs causing body to adjust
43
Malfunctioning of the HPA axis causes what?
Trauma, OCD anxiety
44
Behavioural genetics
Study of genetics in personality & abnormality
45
Abnormalities more common in __ than in __ in genetics
Genes than chromosomes
46
Serotonin transporter gene
Short or long alleles, 2 short can increase risk of dvp dep
47
Polygenic process
Many genes combine to create a specific disorder
48
Interaction bt genes and environment
Genetic factors may influence environment chosen and reinforce genetic qualities. Act as catalyst for genetic tendencies
49
Epigenetics
Environmental conditions can affect expression of genes. DNA can be modified and inherited
Ex. Mouse pups
50
Drug therapies
Biological treatments for abnormalities
51
Anti psychotic drugs and two kinds
Help reduce symptoms of psychosis
Phenothiazines
Atypical antipsychotics
52
Phenothiazines
Decrease symptoms of psychosis well, dangerous side effects: severe sedation, visual disturbances, tardire dyskinesia (neurological disorder of involuntary movement of tongue, face, mouth, jaw)
53
Atypical antipsychotics
Effective for psychosis without side effects
54
Anti depressant drugs
Decreases symptoms of depression
55
Most used anti depressant drugs
Selective serotonin reputable inhibitors
Affect serotonin nt system
56
Second most used anti dep
Selective serotonin norepinephrine reputable inhibitors
Target both
57
Side effects of two common anti depressant drugs
Nausea, diarrhea, headache, tremor, daytime sedation, sexual dysfunction
58
Two older classes of anti depressant
Tricyclic antidepressants
| Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
59
Lithium
Mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder
Side effects: extreme nausea, blurred vision, diarrhea, tremors and twitches
60
Anticonvulsants
Used to treat mania with fewer side effects than lithium
61
The two kinds of anti anxiety drugs
Barbiturates
| Benzodiazepines
62
Barbiturates
Effective in inducing relaxation and sleep, highly addictive, withdrawal can cause high heart rate, delirium, convulsions
63
Benzodiazepines
Reduces symptoms of anxiety without severe side effects
```
Highly addictive
Withdrawal symptoms:
Heart rate acceleration
Irritability
Profuse sweating
```
64
ECT
most commonly used to treat severe mood disorders
induce brain seizure by passing electrical current thru brain
current of 70-150 V for 1/2 sec, patient convulses for 1 min
6-12 sessions
causes confusion and memory loss
65
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
noninvasive, repeated high intensity magnetic pulses focused on parts
66
deep brain stimulation
electrodes implanted in brain
pulse generator placed under skin
stimulates
67
vagus nerve stimulation
electrodes attached to vagus nerve
pulse stimulates the nerve
travels to parts of brain
68
electrical stimulation can result in long term changes in ___
neurotransmitters
69
psychosurgery
```
prefrontal lobotomy introduced 1935
frontal lobes severed from lower centers
ppl with psychosis
inability to control impulses and initiate activity
extreme listlessness
loss of emotions
seizures
death
```
70
behavioral approaches
influence of reinforcements and punishments in producing behavior
classical and operant conditioning
71
classical conditioning
ivan pavlov
72
operant conditioning
E.L. Thorndike
| law of effect
73
operant conditioning schedchules
continuous reinforcement- best to learn
| partial- best to maintain
74
extinction
eliminating learned behaviour, harder if learnt thru partial
75
two-factor model
combination of classical and operant conditioning explains persistence of fears
76
modeling
learn new behaviors from imitating others, especially important people in their lives, ex. same-sex parent
77
observational learning
person observes rewards/punishments another person receives for behavior
78
behavioral therapies
focus on identifying reinforcements/punishments that contribute to someones maladaptive behaviors and changing it
79
systematic desensitization therapy
gradual method to extinguish anxiety resps to stimuli and maladaptive behaviour
80
cognitive approaches
cognitions, thoughts, beliefs shape behavior and emotions
81
casual attributions
explanations of why an event happened, influence behavior bc impact meaning given to events
82
gloval assumptions
broad beliefs about self, relationships, world, can be helpful or destructive
83
cognitive therapies
challenge dysfunctional belief systems
short term, 12-20 weeks, 1-2 week
cognitive behavioral therapy
84
psychodynamic appraoches
abnormality influenced by unconsciousness
85
psychoanalysis
Freud, theory of personality and psychopathology
86
hysteria
psychical ailments with no physical cause
87
catharsis
emotions connected to memories
88
repression
motivated forgetting of a diff exp or unacceptable wish
89
id
libido
drives/impulses seek immediate release
operates by pleasure principle
90
pleasure principle
maximize pleasure and minimize plain to avoid psychic tension
91
ego
seeks to gratify wishes and needs in socially acceptable ways
operates by reality principle
92
superego
store house of rules and regulations for conduct
| list of moral standards
93
unconscious
out of awareness, personality and psychopathology
| interaction between the id, ego, superego
94
preconscious
intermediate
95
conscious
most from conscious doesn't reach here, ego pushes back bc desires socially unacceptable
96
defense mechanisms
ego uses to disguise/transform unconscious wishes
| shape behavior and personality
97
psychosexual stages (5)
nurturance during childhood can affect personality
| oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
98
oral
mouth area
feeding/suckling
birth - 18 months
99
anal
18-3 yrs
passing/retaining feces
stubborn/controlling
100
phallic
```
3-6 yrs
genitals
wanting mom, castration fear, wanting to be like dad
penis envy
weak ego
```
101
latency
6-12 yrs
| libido drives quelled somewhat
102
genital
12-beyond
| sexual desires emerge again
103
ego psychology
Anna Freud
| importance of indvs ability to regulate defenses to allow healthy functioning
104
object relations
Klein, Mahler, Kernberg
| freud's theory and role of early relationships in dvp of self-concept and personality
105
self psychology and relational psychoanalysis
emphasize unconscious dimensions of relationships
106
Carl Jung
collective wisdom- accumulated by society over centuries
| spiritual and religious drives important
107
psychodynamic therapies (2)
recognize unconscious conflicts
| free association and interpersonal therapy
108
free association
talk about anything, finding common themes
transference - treats therapists like person from own life
12 weeks to years
109
interpersonal therapy
focus on patterns of relationships with imp people in life
more structure and directive
short term, 12 weeks
110
humanistic approaches
assume humans have innate capacity for goodness and living a full life
env plays a large role in our behavior and emotions
111
carls rogers
without undue pressure form others indv move towards self actualization
pressure from env causes distorted view of self
conflict bt true self, ideal self, and self to please others
112
humanistic therapy
client-centered therapy
therapist communicates genuine in helping (congruence)
unconditional positive regard for client, empathetic understanding of underlying feelings and search for self
popular in self help groups and peer-counselling programs
vague and not subject to testing
113
family systems approaches
family is complex interpersonal system that can dysfunction
| psychological dis can be from family dys
114
family systems therapy
indvs problem rooted in interpersonal systems
| behavioral family systems therapy targets belief communication, problem solving
115
third wave approaches
psychotherapeutic approaches
116
dialectical behavior therapy
dialectical: constant tension bt conflicting images/emotions in ppl prone to certain psychopathologies
disorders of emotional and impulse control
117
acceptance and commitment therapy
hayes
| assumes experiential avoidance is cause of many health problems, accepting and learning to be present key to healing
118
common elements in effective therapy (3)
positive relationships
explanation/interpretation
confront painful emotions
119
prevention programs (3)
primary- stopping dvp of disorder
secondary- detecting disorder at early stages
tertiary- ppl who already have disorder, prevent relapse
120
sociocultural approaches
socioeconomic disadvantage is a transdiagnostic factor
| societies may influence psychopathology patients show by what abnormalities are acceptable
121
cross-cultural issues in treatment (4)
some methods/values of therapies can clash with cultural values
1. recognizing collectivist values
2. not openly sharing emotions/concerns
3. respect for direction from authorities
4. class differences bt client and therapist
122
Gender matching may be ___ in therapy
important
123
sharing the same ethnicity/culture not as important as sharing same/similar ___
values
124
culturally specific therapies
cultural groups have their own forms of therapy for distressed people. ex. native americans and hispanics
