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Abnormal psych > CHP 3, 5, 7, 9, 13 (slides only) > Flashcards

CHP 3, 5, 7, 9, 13 (slides only) Flashcards

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1
Q

Assessment

A

process of gathering info about a person’s syms and causes of syms

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2
Q

diasgnosis

A

a label for a set of syms that often occur together

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3
Q

validity of an assessment tool

A

accuracy of test/method in assessing what is supposed to measure

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4
Q

the 5 types of validity

A 
face validity
content validity
concurrent/convergent validity
predictive validity
construct validity
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5
Q

face validity

A

test measures what it’s supposed to measure

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6
Q

content validity

A

test assesses all imp aspects of phenomemon

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7
Q

predictive validity

A

test predicts behaviour it is supposed to measure

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8
Q

concurrent validity

A

test yields same results as other measures of same behaviour/thoughts/feelings

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9
Q

construct validity

A

test measures what it is supposed to measure, not something else

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10
Q

reliability as an assessment tool

A

consistency of a test/method in assessing what it is supposed to measure

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11
Q

the 4 types of reliability

A

test-retest reliability
alternate form reliability
internal reliability
interrater/interjudge reliability

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12
Q

standardization

A

strict guidelines regarding method of administering test/questionnaire

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13
Q

standardization prevents ___ factors from affecting a persons response

A

extraneous

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14
Q

test-retest reliability

A

test produces similar results when given at two points in time

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15
Q

alternate form reliability

A

two versions of the same test result in similar results

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16
Q

internal reliability

A

different parts of the same test produce similar results

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17
Q

interrater reliability

A

two or more raters or judges who administer and score a test come to similar conclusions

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18
Q

initial interview

A

gather initial impressions that guide further info gathering

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19
Q

initial interview’s often include __ status exams

A

mental

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20
Q

mental status exams gathers info on 5 things

A 
appearance and behaviour
thought processes
mood and affect
intellectual functioning
orientation
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21
Q

structured interview

A

series of carefully worded questions about the syms experienced currently or in past

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22
Q

the structured interview follows a __ format and uses __ criteria to score persons response

A

standardized format

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23
Q

sym questionnaires

A

cover a wide variety of syms, representing several diff disorders

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24
Q

the Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI) is a __

A

sym questionnaire

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25
Q

BDI has __ items, and each describes four levels of a given sym of depression

A

21

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26
Q

the BDI is criticized for not clearly __ between the clinical syn of depression and normal distress

A

differentiating

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27
Q

personality inventories

A

questionnaires meant to assess peoples typical ways of thinking, feeling, behaving

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28
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a __

A

personality inventory

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29
Q

the MMPI is a widely used personality inventory, has 576 __-__ items, and assists in diagnosis but not meant to be used for diagnosis alone

A

true-false

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30
Q

the MMPI has validity scales which show…

A

how a person approaches the test

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31
Q

behavioral observation

A

clinician looks for specific behaviours and what precedes and follows these behaviours

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32
Q

pro and con of behavioral observation

A

pro- not relying on indv reporting and interpreting own behaviour
con- indv may alter their behavior when they are being watched

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33
Q

self monitoring

A

keeping track of number of times per day indv engages in a specific behavior and the conditions under which this behavior occurs

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34
Q

True or false: self monitoring is open to biases in what indvs notice about their behavior behavior and are willing to report

A

true

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35
Q

intelligence tests

A

measure an indvs intellectual ability including strengths and weaknesses

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36
Q

intelligence tests measure basic intellectual abilities like

A

ability for abstract reasoning
verbal fluency
spatial memory

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37
Q

criticisms of intelligence tests (2)

A 
little consensus as to what is defined as intelligence
biased toward middle & upper class educated European Americans
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38
Q

neuropsychological tests

A

detect specific cognitive deficits, such as difficulty with visual memory

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39
Q

Bender-Gestalt is a __

A

neuropsychological test

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40
Q

Bender-Gestalt assesses indvs sensorimotor skills by having them reproduce a set of nine drawings, differentiates people with ___ from those without

A

brain damage

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41
Q

con of Bender-gestalt

A

does not reliably identify the specific type of brain damage a person has

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42
Q

4 types of brain imaging techniques

A

CT
PET
SPECT
MRI

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43
Q

Computerized tomography (CT)

A

enhanced x-ray procedure that produces a 3D pic of brain structures

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44
Q

positron-emission tomography (PET)

A

provides pic of activity in brain, requires injecting the patient with harmless radioactive isotope

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45
Q

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

similar to PET but has different tracer substance injected

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46
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

images the brain at any angle and provides finely detailed pics

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47
Q

psychophysiological tests

A

used to detect changes in brain and NS that reflect emotional and psychological changes

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48
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a type of __

A

psychophysiological test

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49
Q

EEG measures __ activity along the scalp produced by the firing of specific neurons in the brain

A

electrical

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50
Q

projective tests

A

people interpret an ambiguous stimulus presented to them in line with their current concerns and feelings, relationships, and conflicts & desires

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51
Q

projective tests are useful in (2 things)

A

uncovering unconscious issues of a person

cases when person is resistant or heavily biasing the info presented to assessor

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52
Q

two projective tests frequently used

A

Rorschach inkblot test

thematic apperception test

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53
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

client describes what they see in a series of inkblots

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54
Q

TAT

A

client shows a series of pictures and asked to make up story about each one

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55
Q

limitations of projective tests (3)

A

questionable reliability and validity
rely on subjective interpretation of clinician
evaluation criteria do not include cultural considerations

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56
Q

challenges in assessment

A

clients may be resistant to providing info
may have strong interest in outcome of assessment and be highly selective of info provided
may not have insight or info about their own experiences and behaviour
difficulties evaluating children due to communication and reporting
difficulty evaluating individuals across cultures due to language barriers, different experiences

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57
Q

diagnosis

A

label attached to set of syms that tend to occur together

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58
Q

syndrome

A

set of syms that occur together

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59
Q

a client __ experiences all syms of a syndrome

A

rarely

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60
Q

certain syms may be __ to multiple syndromes

A

common

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61
Q

classification sys

A

set of syndromes and set of rules for determining whether an indvs syms are part of a syndrome

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62
Q

hippocractes’ classification

A

mania- states of abnormal excitement
melancholia - states of abnormal depression
paranoia
epilepsy

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63
Q

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

A

criteria for diagnosis

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64
Q

the first edition of the DSM had vague criteria heavily influenced by __ theory

A

psychoanalytic

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65
Q

DSM-II included more __

A

diseases

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66
Q

True/False: The DSM_III to the DSM-5 had the vague descriptions of disorders replaced by specific criteria for each disorder

A

true

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67
Q

true/false: reliability of the DSM-5 does not remain under examination

A

false

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68
Q

How many axis are in the DSM-5

A

5

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69
Q

what axis does clinical disorders belong to

A

axis I

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70
Q

what axis does personality disorders and intellectual disability belong to

A

axis II

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71
Q

what axis does general medical conditions belong to

A

axis III

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72
Q

what axis does psychosocial and environmental problems belong to

A

axis IV

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73
Q

what axis does global assessment of functioning belong to

A

axis V

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74
Q

4 debates about the DSM

A

Reifying diagnoses
Category or continuum
Differentiating mental disorders from one another
Addressing cultural issues

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75
Q

what are 3 social-psychological dangers of diagnosis

A

judgment, bias, labeling

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76
Q

fight-or-flight response

A

set of physical and psychological resps that help us fight a threat or flee from it

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77
Q

the fight-or-flight response result from the activation of two systems controlled by the hypothalamus, they are

A

autonomic NS

adrenal-cortical system

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78
Q

cortisol

A

stress hormone released by adrenal glands

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79
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

consequences of experiencing extreme stressors

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80
Q

DSM-5 criteria for experiencing a stressor (3)

A

directly experience or witness traumatic event
learn that a violent or traumatic event happened to someone close
experience repeated/extreme exposure to details of traumatic event

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81
Q

syms of PTSD (4)

A

repeated reexperiencing traumatic event
persistent avoidance of situations, thoughts, or memories associated with trauma
negative changes in thought and mood associated with event
hypervigilance and chronic overarousal

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82
Q

PTSD with prominent dissociative syms

A

the different facets of sense of self/consciousness become disconnected from one another

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83
Q

acute stress disorder

A

occurs in response to traumas similar to those involved in PTSD

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84
Q

acute stress disorder is diagnosed when syms arise within 1 month of exposure to stressor and last no longer than __ weeks

A

4

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85
Q

adjustment disorder

A

emotional and behavioural syms occur in resp to a stressor of any severity

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86
Q

true/false: adjustment disorder is diagnosed when person meets criteria for acute stress disorder or PTSD

A

false, does not meet criteria

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87
Q

what are 4 traumas leading to PTSD

A

natural disasters
human-made disasters
traumatic events
sexual assault

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88
Q

environmental and social factors of PTSD

A

affected by severity and duration, the indvs proximity to trauma, and amount of social support available

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89
Q

psychological factors of PTSD

A

pre-existing conditions increase risk

coping strategies influence vulnerability of PTSD

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90
Q

gender and cross-cultural differences of PTSD

A

women more prone
African Americans have higher rates
culture influences manifestation of anxiety

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91
Q

biological factors of PTSD

A

neuroimaging findings: brains of people with PTSD are more reactive to emotional stimuli
biochemical findings: physiological responses to stress are higher in sufferers and exposure to extreme/chronic stress during childhood increases vulnerability
genetics: vulnerability to PTSD can be inherited

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92
Q

what are the 3 goals in treating PTSD

A

exposing clients to what they fear in order to extinguish that fear
challenging distorted cognitions that contribute to syms
help reduce stress in lives

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93
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapy and stress management for PTSD focus on (2)

A

systematic desensitization

stress-inoculation therapy

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94
Q

stress-inoculation therapy

A

therapists teach clients skills for overcoming problems that cause them stress and result from PTSD

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95
Q

biological therapies for PTSD (2)

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

benzodiazepines

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96
Q

phobia

A

unreasonable or irrational fears of specific objects or situations that leads to avoidance and intense fear/anxiety when exposed to object/situation

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97
Q

what are the 4 categories of phobias in DSM-5

A

animal type
natural environment type
blood-injection-injury type
situational type

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98
Q

agoraphobia

A

when people fear places they cant escape easily or get help if anxious, fear that they will embarrass themselves if others notice their syms or efforts to escape, in extreme cases indvs do not leave their homes alone

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99
Q

behavioral theory of phobias

A

negative reinforcement: avoiding the feared object reduces anxiety
prepared classical conditioning: conditioning of fear to certain objects/situations

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100
Q

biological theory of phobias

A

genetic basis: runs in families

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101
Q

behavioral treatments of phobias

A

use exposure to extinguish the persons fear of object or situation

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102
Q

what methods do behavioral treaments use

A

systematic desensitization
modeling
flooding

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103
Q

applied tension technique

A

increases blood pressure and heart rate keeping people from fainting when confronted with feared object

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104
Q

biological treatment of phobias

A

benzodiazepines

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105
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

people become anxious in social situations and are afraid of being rejected, judged, or humiliated in public, leading to avoidance of social and/or performance situations

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106
Q

social anxiety disorder is __ common in women

A

more

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107
Q

social anxiety disorder dvps in either the early __ year or adolescence

A

preschool

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108
Q

genetic basis theory of social anxiety disorder

A

runs in families and tends to lead to general tendency toward anxiety disorders

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109
Q

cognitive perspective of social anxiety disorder

A

have excessively high standards for their social performance and focus on negative aspects of social interactions and evaluate their own behavior harshly

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110
Q

what are two drug therapies for social anxiety disorder

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

111
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety

A

identify negative cognitions people have and learning how to dispute these cognitions

112
Q

mindfulness-based interventions

A

accept anxiety and observe rather than judging the self or avoiding people or situations

113
Q

panic disorder

A

recurrent unexpected panic attacks

114
Q

panic attacks

A

short but intense periods during which people experience many syms of anxiety

115
Q

what are the physical syms of panic attacks

A

increased heart rate, sweating, chest pain

116
Q

what are the psychological syms of panic attacks

A

fear of dying or losing control

117
Q

true/false: people worry about having panic attacks and avoid situations or cues that may trigger attacks

A

true

118
Q

biological factors of panic disorder

A

heritability around 43-48%
dysregulation of norepinephrine systems in the locus ceruleus
may be triggered by hyperventilating, ingesting caffeine, or infusions of sodium lactate

119
Q

what are 4 cognitive factors of panic disorder

A
  • people prone to panic attacks tend to pay close attention to bodily functions and see them negatively, engaging in catastrophic thinking, exaggerating syms and their consequences
  • unfounded belief that bodily syms have harmful consequences
  • have heightened awareness of bodily cues that signal a incoming panic attack
  • bodily cues that occurred at the beginning of previous panic attacks become conditioned stimuli signaling new attacks
120
Q

conditioned avoidance response

A

people associate certain situations or cues with syms of a panic attack so that future exposure to those cue can trugger syms, leads to avoiding cues which reinforces avoidance behaviour as anxiety is reduced

121
Q

biological treatment for panic disorder

A

medication that affect serotonin and norepinephrine systems: SSRI’s, SNRI’s, tricyclic antidepressants

122
Q

true/false: most people experience a relapse of syms when drug therapies are discontinued for panic disorder

A

true

123
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder

A

relaxation and breathing exercises
challenging catastrophizing thoughts
systematic desensitization therapy

124
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

persistent, uncontrollable worry about most things including minor everyday events

125
Q

syms of generalized anxiety disorder

A 
restlessness
fatigue
difficulty concentrating
irritability
muscle tension
sleep disturbance
126
Q

emotional and cognitive factors of generalized anxiety disorder

A

tendency to experience intense neg emotions
show heightened reactivity to emotional stimuli in amygdala
make a number of maladaptive assumptions
continuously scan environment for possible threats

127
Q

biological factors of generalized anxiety disorder

A

people with generalized anxiety disorder have a deficiency in gamma aminobutyric acid that leads to excessive firing of neurons in many areas of brain resulting in chronic diffuse syms of anxiety

128
Q

generalized anxiety disorder has __ heritability

A

modest

129
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapy of generalized anxiety disorder

A

confront most common worries, challenge catastrophizing thoughts, and dvp coping strategies

130
Q

biological treatments of generalized anxiety disorder

A

benzodiazepine drugs
tricyclic antidepressants imipramine
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine

131
Q

separation anxiety disorder

A

developmentally inappropriate and excessive distress and fear when separated from primary caregivers

132
Q

syms of separation anxiety disorder

A

excessive distress when thinking about separation
excessive worry about losing caregiver or something happening to them
avoidance of school or leaving home
physical syms of distress

133
Q

separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed when syms persist for at least __ weeks and significantly impair child’s functioning

A

4

134
Q

biological factors of separation anxiety disorder

A

tendency toward anxiety heritable
behavioral inhibition where temperament makes children shy, fearful and irritable as toddlers, then cautious, quiet, and introverted as school-aged children

135
Q

psychological and sociocultural factors of separation anxiety disorder

A

normal response to controlling and intrusive parents

learned behavior from parents who are anxious or depressed themselves

136
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapies for separation anxiety disorder

A

teach skills to cope and challenge cognitions that feed anxiety, relaxation exercises to practice when separated from parents, and challenge fears about separation and use self-talk to calm oneself

137
Q

biological therapy for separation anxiety disorder

A

medication: antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, stimulants, and antihistamines

138
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

having obsessions and compulsions that can be chronic if left untreated

139
Q

obsessions

A

thoughts, urges, or images that are persistent and intrusive, causing significant anxiety/distress

140
Q

compuslions

A

repetitive behavior or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform to reduce the anxiety of obsessions

141
Q

what are 4 common types of obsessions in OCD

A
  • thoughts and images associated with aggression, sexuality, and/or religion
  • something bad will happen
  • need to make things just right
  • fear of contamination
142
Q

hoarding in OCD

A

difficulty getting rid of items that leads to accumulation of things that clutter and congest active living areas

143
Q

hair-pulling disorder (trichotillomania) is a disorder related to __

A

OCD

144
Q

skin-picking disorder is a disorders related to __

A

OCD

145
Q

body dysmorphic disorder is related to __

A

OCD

146
Q

hair-pulling disorder

A

recurrent pulling out of the hair resulting in hair loss

147
Q

skin-picking disorder

A

recurrent picking of scabs/skin, creating lesions that often become infected and cause scars

148
Q

body dysmorphic disorder

A

excessive preoccupation with part of body that is believed to be defective but others see as normal or only slightly unusual

149
Q

biological theory of OCD and related disorders

A

focus on a circuit in brain involved in motor behaviour, cognition and emotion, genetic component, some relief with drugs that regulate serotonin

150
Q

cognitive theory of OCD and related disorders

A
  • compulsions dvp largely from operant conditioning by neg reinforcement
  • people who have OCD are depressed and anxious, have rigid moralistic thinking, believe they should be able to control all their thoughts, trouble accepting everyone has bad thoughts once in a while
151
Q

biological treatments for OCD and related disorders

A

antidepressants that enhance serotonin

152
Q

cognitive-behavioral treatments for OCD and related disorders

A

exposure and response prevention expose client to obsession/fear and prevent compulsive behaviour
challenge indvs moralistic thoughts, excessive sense of responsibility, and maladaptive cognitions

153
Q

anxiety disorders in older adults is one of the __ common problems

A

most

154
Q

true/false: cognition-behavioral therapy have show to not be effective to anxiety disorders in older adults

A

false, they have shown to be effective

155
Q

benzodiazepine frequently prescribed for __ disorders in older adults

A

anxiety

156
Q

SSRIs becoming more common for anxiety disorders in older adults but interactions with other medications an __ for population

A

issue

157
Q

sexual functioning

A

what happens in the body during sexual activity

158
Q

gender identity

A

indvs perception of themselves as male/female

159
Q

sexual dysfunctions

A

sexual disorders in which ppl have difficulty responding sexually or experiencing sexual pleasure

160
Q

to be diagnosed with sexual dysfunction the problems must occur for at least __ months, cause sig distress/impairment, not due to another nonsexual psychiatric problem

A

6

161
Q

female sexual interest/arousal disorder

A

persistent lack of or sig reduced interest in sexual activity and/or lack of arousal in response to sexual activity

162
Q

male hypoactive desire disorder

A

persistently absent or deficient sexual/erotic thoughts/fantasies, or desires for sexual activity

163
Q

erectile disorder

A

recurrent inability to attain or maintain an erection or a marked decrease in erectile rigidity

164
Q

female orgasmic disorder

A

reduced intensity, or recurrent delay or absence of orgasm during sexual activity

165
Q

early ejaculation

A

recurrent ejaculation within 1 min of initiation of partnered sexual activity when not desired

166
Q

delayed ejaculation

A

marked delay, infrequency, or absence of ejaculation during sexual encounters

167
Q

genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

A

marked difficulties having vaginal penetration; pain or tightening of pelvic floor muscles during penetration

168
Q

biological causes of sexual dysfunction

A
  • medical illnesses
  • abnormally low levels of androgen hormones or high levels of the hormones estrogen and prolactin in men
  • in women antihistamines, douches, tampons, vaginal contraceptives, radiation therapy, endometriosis, infections can cause vaginal dryness
  • prescription drugs
169
Q

substance-induced sexual dysfunction can be caused by what two drugs

A

recreational drugs

alcohol

170
Q

psychological causes of sexual dysfunction (3)

A

mental disorders: syms of dis or side effects of med
attitudes and cognitions: performance anxiety about worrying of being aroused and having orgasm to extent of interfering
trauma

171
Q

interpersonal factors affecting sexual dysfunction (4)

A

conflicts about couple sexual activities
anorgasmia and lack of communication
inhibition in discussing stimulations
conflicts other than sex

172
Q

cultural factors affecting sexual dysfunctions (5)

A

different beliefs about sexual dysfunction
varied sexual preferences
lower education and income
culture promoting negative attitude toward sex
gender roles

173
Q

age-related biological changes affect sexual functioning (4)

A

low testosterone levels in men
diminished estrogen levels in women
medical conditions
loss of loved ones

174
Q

biological therapies for sexual dysfunction (4)

A

sildrenafil: viagra and other ED drugs
antidepressants
mechanical interventions
hormone therapy

175
Q

psychotherapy and sex treatments for sexual dysfunctions

A
  • indvs and couples therapy
  • sex therapy
  • sensae focus therapy: three phase process of getting over sexual dysfunction
  • techniques for treating early ejaculation: stop-start technique and squeeze technique
  • techniques for treating pelvic muscle tightening
176
Q

paraphilics disorders

A

atypical sexual preferences that cause sig distress/impairment and entail personal harm/risk of harm to others

177
Q

types of paraphilias

A

consent of others
nonconsenting others
contact with others
those who do not require contact with others

178
Q

DSM-5 definitions and diagnosis for paraphilic disorders are highly __

A

controversial

179
Q

fetishistic disorder

A

use of nonliving objects or nongenital body parts for sexual arousal or gratification, urges must be causing sig distress or impairment

180
Q

fetishistic disorder is more common in __

A

men

181
Q

transvestic disorder

A

dressing in the clothes of the opposite sex as a means of becoming sexually aroused, starts around puberty

182
Q

most affected for transvestic disorder are __, married with children

A

men

183
Q

sexual sadism disorder

A

sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors that involve inflicting pain and humiliation on the sex partner

184
Q

sexual masochism disorder

A

sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors that involve personally enduring pain or humiliation during sex

185
Q

for diagnosis the urges of sexual sadism and masochism

A

cause distress or impairment

urges acted upon with nonconsenting person

186
Q

sexual sadism and masochism is more common in __

A

men

187
Q

voyeuristic disorder

A

behavior of watching another person undress, do things in the nude, or have sex

188
Q

repeated over __ months

A

6

189
Q

exhibitionistic disorder

A

exhibitionistic behavior of obtaining sexual gratification by exposing genitals to involuntary observers causing stress and impairment

190
Q

frotteuristic disorder

A

gaining sexual gratification from rubbing against and fondling body parts of a nonconsenting person, frequently co-occurs with voyeurism and exhibitionism

191
Q

pedophilic disorder

A

sexual fantasies, urges, and behaviors focused on prepubescent children, most heterosexual men attracted to young girls, can be exclusive or nonexclusive, may be limited to incest, and some may be threatening and violent toward victims

192
Q

behavioral causes of paraphilias

A

initial classical pairing of intense early sexual arousal with a particular stimulus
strong sex drive that pairs fantasies with sexual gratification

193
Q

social learning theory causes of paraphilias

A

larger environment of a child’s home and culture

194
Q

cognitive causes of paraphilias

A

dysfunctions in the frontal areas of the brain including regulating impulsive and aggressive behavior and in testosterone levels
alterations in the dvp of brain and hormonal systems
-head injury before age 13
-cognitive and memory deficits
-lower intelligence
-differences in brain structure volume

195
Q

true/false: most do not seek treatment for paraphilias and treatment is often forced after arrest

A

true

196
Q

biological interventions of paraphilias

A

aimed at reducing sex drive by surgical castration, antiandrogen drugs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

197
Q

behavior modification therapies for paraphilias

A

aversion therapy to extinguish sexual resps to objects or situations person finds arousing
desensitization procedures to reduce anxiety about engaging in normal sexual activities with other adults

198
Q

cognitive treatments for paraphilias

A

help ppl learn more socially acceptable ways to approach and interact with ppl they find attractive, combined with behavioral interventions, group therapy

199
Q

gender dysphoria

A

discrepancy between indvs gender identity and their biological sex

200
Q

transgender

A

term that refers to broad spectrum of indvs who transiently or persistently identify with a gender different from their natal gender

201
Q

transsexual

A

indv who seeks or has undergone a social transition from one sex to the other

202
Q

cisgender

A

indv whose gender identity aligns with their natal sex

203
Q

true/false: stress from gender dysphoria often leads to depression, subsrance abuse, and/or risky sexual behavior, suicide

A

true

204
Q

biological theory of gender dysphoria

A

effects of prenatal hormones on brain dvp
female-to-male gender dysphoria in genetic females: high levels of androgens
male-to-female gender dysphoria in genetic males: low levels of androgens
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

205
Q

psychosocial theories of gender dysphoria

A

focus on the role parents play in shaping children’s gender identity

206
Q

4 treatments for gender dysphoria

A

therapy goal is to help indvs clarify gender identity and desire for treatment
cross-sex hormone therapy
full-time real-life experience in the desired gender role
sex reassignment therapy

207
Q

personality

A

determines how one feels, interacts with others, and perceives events

208
Q

personality trait

A

aspect of personality that is stable across time and across many situations

209
Q

five-factor model

A

perspective that everyone’s personality is organized along five broad personality traits or factors

210
Q

personality disorder

A

patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that interfere with indvs abiltity to function in the world and relate to others

211
Q

the big 5 personality factors

A 
negative emotionality vs emotional stability
extraversion vs introversion
openness vs closedness to experience
agreeableness vs antagonism 
conscientiousness vs undependability
212
Q

cluster A of personality disorders

A

odd-eccentric personality disorder

213
Q

the 3 disorders in cluster A

A

paranoid personality disorder
schizoid personality disorder
schizotypal personality disorder

214
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others’ motives are interpreted as malevolent

215
Q

schizoid personality disorder

A

pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression

216
Q

schizotypal personality disorder

A

pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior

217
Q

paranoid personality disorder has a __ relationship with schizophrenia

A

weak

218
Q

schizoid personality disorder has a __ relationship with schizophrenia

A

unclear

219
Q

schizotypal personality disorder has a __ relationship with schizophrenia

A

strong, considered mild version

220
Q

biological theories of paranoid personality disorder

A

genetic basis on the schizophrenia spectrum

221
Q

cognitive theories of paranoid personality disorder

A

distortion that others cannot be trusted and one cannot defend oneself

222
Q

difficulties with treatment for paranoid personality disorder

A

typically receive treatment during crisis or for anxiety/depression, not paranoia
often too guarded and suspicious to engage in therapy
therapy focuses on increasing social skills and skills for handling problems

223
Q

theories of schizoid personality disorder

A

some evidence that underlying personality traits may have genetic basis

224
Q

treatment of schizoid personality disorder

A

typically unmotivated for treatment as close interpersonal relationships are viewed as unpleasant
aimed at increasing awareness and expression of feelings and improve social skills and number of social contacts

225
Q

biological theories of schizotypal personality disorder

A

problems with gene that regulates NMDA receptor system
cognitive difficulties in verbal fluency, inhibiting info, and memory
dysregulation of nt dopamine in brain

226
Q

biological treatment for schizotypal personality disorder

A

drug therapy: neuroleptics, antipsychotics, and antidepressants

227
Q

psychological therapy for schizotypal personality disorder

A

difficult to engage clients because of paranoia
helps test validity of suspiciousness by realistically evaluating the environment
help identify and disregard bizarre thoughts rather than believing them and acting on them

228
Q

the 4 disorders in cluster B

A

antisocial personality disorder
borderline personality disorder
histrionic personality disorder
narcissistic personality disorder

229
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others; criminal, impulsive, deceitful, or callous behaviour, lack of remorse

230
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

pattern of instability in self-image, mood, interpersonal relationships, impulsivity, transient dissociative states, highly reactive to real or imagined abandonment

231
Q

histrionic personality disorder

A

patter of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, dramatic, seductive, or provocative behavior, suggestible, shallow emotional expression and relationships

232
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy, entitled, arrogant, and exploitative attitudes and behaviours

233
Q

cognitive theory of borderline personality disorder

A

childhood abuse, neglect, and instability contribute to difficulties in regulating emotions and attaining positive stable identity

234
Q

psychoanalytic theory of borderline personality disorder

A

people never learned to fully differentiate their view of themselves from their view of others

235
Q

neurobiological theory of borderline personality disorder

A

smaller amygdala and hippocampus results in difficulty in regulating moods
structural and metabolic abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex

236
Q

biological theory of borderline personality disorder

A

syms are heritable

early abuse and maltreatment also are associated with changes in the structure and organization of the brain

237
Q

dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder

A

focuses on gaining more realistic and positive sense of self
learning adaptive skills for solving problems and regulating emotions
correcting dichotmous thinking

238
Q

systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving (STEPPS) for borderline personality disorder

A

group intervention that challenges irrational and maladaptive cognitions and addresses self-management and problem solving through behavioral techniques

239
Q

what are 2 psychodynamically oriented therapies for borderline personality disorder

A

transference-focused therapy

mentalization-based treatment

240
Q

transference-focused therapy

A

uses relationship bt patient and therapist to help dvp realistic and healthier understanding of themselves and their interpersonal relationships

241
Q

mentalization-based treatment

A

theorizes childhood trauma and attachment difficulties have made it difficult for these patients to understand the mental states of themselves and others

242
Q

biological treatment for borderline personality disorder

A

mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics

243
Q

__ known about histrionic personality disorder

A

little

244
Q

psychodynamic treatments for histrionic personality disorder

A

uncover repressed emotions and needs and teach patient to express feelings and get needs met in socially acceptable ways

245
Q

cognitive treatments for histrionic personality disorder

A

help patient function more autonomously and independent of other’s approval, tone down dramatic evaluations of experiences by replacing them with more realistic appraisals

246
Q

psychodynamically oriented theory for narcissistic personality disorder

A

maladaptive strategies for managing emotions and self-views

patients rely on praise and dominating others to maintain a positive sense of self and to manage emotions

247
Q

cognitive theory for narcissistic personality disorder

A

result of unrealistically positive assumptions about self-worth dvp bc of indulgence and overvaluation by others during childhood
ppl dvp belief that they are unique or exceptional as a defense against rejection by imp ppl in their lives

248
Q

cognitive therapy for narcissistic personality disorder

A

help dvp realistic expectations of their abilities, sensitivity to the needs of others, ability to challenge their initially self-aggrandizing interpretations of situations

249
Q

majority of affected ppl with narcissistic personality disorder __ seek treatment

A

don’t

250
Q

3 disorders in cluster C

A

avoidant personality disorder
dependent personality disorder
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

251
Q

avoidant personality disorder

A

pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, fear of being criticized, leading to avoidance of social interactions and nervousness

252
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of, and leading to high levels of dependence on others

253
Q

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, extreme perfectionism, and control, leading to emotional constriction, rigidity in one’s activities and relationships, and anxiety about even minor disruptions in one’s routines

254
Q

biological theory of avoidant personality disorder

A

same genes involved in this dis and social anxiety dis

no strong relationship to sexual/physical abuse in childhood

255
Q

cognitive theory of avoidant personality disorder

A

dysfunctional beliefs dvp as result of rejection by imp others early in life
tend to discount any positive information about themselves

256
Q

cognitive and behavioral therapies of avoidant personality disorder

A

graduated exposure to social settings, social skills training, challenging negative automatic thoughts about social situations

257
Q

biological therapies of avoidant personality disorder

A

serotonin reuptake inhibitors

258
Q

biological theories of dependent personality disorder

A

genetic basis: runs in families

history of separation anxiety disorder or chronic physical illness are risk factors

259
Q

cognitive theories of dependent personality disorder

A

exaggerated and inflexible beliefs about eing weak and incompetent

260
Q

individuals with dependent personality disorder are __ likely to seek treatment and to show greater insight than those with other personality disorders

A

more

261
Q

psychodynamic therapy for dependent personality disorder

A

use transference process in therapy to help patients gain insight into early experiences with caregivers that may have led to dependency and beliefs

262
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapy for dependent personality disorder

A

aimed at increasing assertive behaviors
decrease anxiety through graded-exposure to anxiety-provoking situations
relaxation techniques
gradually increase number of indp behaviors such as decision making

263
Q

cognitive theory of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

people harbor strong rigid beliefs that mistakes are intolerable

264
Q

biological theory of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

related to genetic factors similar to those found in obsessive-compulsive disorder
history of physical neglect

265
Q

supportive therapies of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

assist in overcoming the crises that spur someone to seek treatment

266
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapies of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

decrease compulsive behaviors
relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety and tension
challenge negative thoughts about disruptions in routine

267
Q

biological therapies of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications to reduce obsessonality

268
Q

what are the 5 pathological personality traits in alternative DSM-5 Model

A 
negative affectivity
detachment
antagonism
disinhibition
psychoticism
269
Q

negative affectivity

A

extent to which ppl have trouble tolerating stress

270
Q

detachment

A

tendency to be withdrawn, avoidant, and untrusting

271
Q

antagonism

A

deceitfulness, grandiosity, and callousness

272
Q

disinhibition

A

tendency to be impulsive, risk-taking and irresponsible

273
Q

psychoticism

A

highly unusual beliefs and perceptions along with eccentric behaviors

Abnormal psych (6 decks)

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