CHP 3, 5, 7, 9, 13 (slides only) Flashcards
1
Q
Assessment
A
process of gathering info about a person’s syms and causes of syms
2
Q
diasgnosis
A
a label for a set of syms that often occur together
3
Q
validity of an assessment tool
A
accuracy of test/method in assessing what is supposed to measure
4
Q
the 5 types of validity
A
face validity content validity concurrent/convergent validity predictive validity construct validity
5
Q
face validity
A
test measures what it’s supposed to measure
6
Q
content validity
A
test assesses all imp aspects of phenomemon
7
Q
predictive validity
A
test predicts behaviour it is supposed to measure
8
Q
concurrent validity
A
test yields same results as other measures of same behaviour/thoughts/feelings
9
Q
construct validity
A
test measures what it is supposed to measure, not something else
10
Q
reliability as an assessment tool
A
consistency of a test/method in assessing what it is supposed to measure
11
Q
the 4 types of reliability
A
test-retest reliability
alternate form reliability
internal reliability
interrater/interjudge reliability
12
Q
standardization
A
strict guidelines regarding method of administering test/questionnaire
13
Q
standardization prevents ___ factors from affecting a persons response
A
extraneous
14
Q
test-retest reliability
A
test produces similar results when given at two points in time
15
Q
alternate form reliability
A
two versions of the same test result in similar results
16
Q
internal reliability
A
different parts of the same test produce similar results
17
Q
interrater reliability
A
two or more raters or judges who administer and score a test come to similar conclusions
18
Q
initial interview
A
gather initial impressions that guide further info gathering
19
Q
initial interview’s often include __ status exams
A
mental
20
Q
mental status exams gathers info on 5 things
A
appearance and behaviour thought processes mood and affect intellectual functioning orientation
21
Q
structured interview
A
series of carefully worded questions about the syms experienced currently or in past
22
Q
the structured interview follows a __ format and uses __ criteria to score persons response
A
standardized format
23
Q
sym questionnaires
A
cover a wide variety of syms, representing several diff disorders
24
Q
the Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI) is a __
A
sym questionnaire
25
BDI has __ items, and each describes four levels of a given sym of depression
21
26
the BDI is criticized for not clearly __ between the clinical syn of depression and normal distress
differentiating
27
personality inventories
questionnaires meant to assess peoples typical ways of thinking, feeling, behaving
28
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a __
personality inventory
29
the MMPI is a widely used personality inventory, has 576 __-__ items, and assists in diagnosis but not meant to be used for diagnosis alone
true-false
30
the MMPI has validity scales which show...
how a person approaches the test
31
behavioral observation
clinician looks for specific behaviours and what precedes and follows these behaviours
32
pro and con of behavioral observation
pro- not relying on indv reporting and interpreting own behaviour
con- indv may alter their behavior when they are being watched
33
self monitoring
keeping track of number of times per day indv engages in a specific behavior and the conditions under which this behavior occurs
34
True or false: self monitoring is open to biases in what indvs notice about their behavior behavior and are willing to report
true
35
intelligence tests
measure an indvs intellectual ability including strengths and weaknesses
36
intelligence tests measure basic intellectual abilities like
ability for abstract reasoning
verbal fluency
spatial memory
37
criticisms of intelligence tests (2)
```
little consensus as to what is defined as intelligence
biased toward middle & upper class educated European Americans
```
38
neuropsychological tests
detect specific cognitive deficits, such as difficulty with visual memory
39
Bender-Gestalt is a __
neuropsychological test
40
Bender-Gestalt assesses indvs sensorimotor skills by having them reproduce a set of nine drawings, differentiates people with ___ from those without
brain damage
41
con of Bender-gestalt
does not reliably identify the specific type of brain damage a person has
42
4 types of brain imaging techniques
CT
PET
SPECT
MRI
43
Computerized tomography (CT)
enhanced x-ray procedure that produces a 3D pic of brain structures
44
positron-emission tomography (PET)
provides pic of activity in brain, requires injecting the patient with harmless radioactive isotope
45
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
similar to PET but has different tracer substance injected
46
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
images the brain at any angle and provides finely detailed pics
47
psychophysiological tests
used to detect changes in brain and NS that reflect emotional and psychological changes
48
Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a type of __
psychophysiological test
49
EEG measures __ activity along the scalp produced by the firing of specific neurons in the brain
electrical
50
projective tests
people interpret an ambiguous stimulus presented to them in line with their current concerns and feelings, relationships, and conflicts & desires
51
projective tests are useful in (2 things)
uncovering unconscious issues of a person
| cases when person is resistant or heavily biasing the info presented to assessor
52
two projective tests frequently used
Rorschach inkblot test
| thematic apperception test
53
Rorschach inkblot test
client describes what they see in a series of inkblots
54
TAT
client shows a series of pictures and asked to make up story about each one
55
limitations of projective tests (3)
questionable reliability and validity
rely on subjective interpretation of clinician
evaluation criteria do not include cultural considerations
56
challenges in assessment
clients may be resistant to providing info
may have strong interest in outcome of assessment and be highly selective of info provided
may not have insight or info about their own experiences and behaviour
difficulties evaluating children due to communication and reporting
difficulty evaluating individuals across cultures due to language barriers, different experiences
57
diagnosis
label attached to set of syms that tend to occur together
58
syndrome
set of syms that occur together
59
a client __ experiences all syms of a syndrome
rarely
60
certain syms may be __ to multiple syndromes
common
61
classification sys
set of syndromes and set of rules for determining whether an indvs syms are part of a syndrome
62
hippocractes' classification
mania- states of abnormal excitement
melancholia - states of abnormal depression
paranoia
epilepsy
63
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)
criteria for diagnosis
64
the first edition of the DSM had vague criteria heavily influenced by __ theory
psychoanalytic
65
DSM-II included more __
diseases
66
True/False: The DSM_III to the DSM-5 had the vague descriptions of disorders replaced by specific criteria for each disorder
true
67
true/false: reliability of the DSM-5 does not remain under examination
false
68
How many axis are in the DSM-5
5
69
what axis does clinical disorders belong to
axis I
70
what axis does personality disorders and intellectual disability belong to
axis II
71
what axis does general medical conditions belong to
axis III
72
what axis does psychosocial and environmental problems belong to
axis IV
73
what axis does global assessment of functioning belong to
axis V
74
4 debates about the DSM
Reifying diagnoses
Category or continuum
Differentiating mental disorders from one another
Addressing cultural issues
75
what are 3 social-psychological dangers of diagnosis
judgment, bias, labeling
76
fight-or-flight response
set of physical and psychological resps that help us fight a threat or flee from it
77
the fight-or-flight response result from the activation of two systems controlled by the hypothalamus, they are
autonomic NS
| adrenal-cortical system
78
cortisol
stress hormone released by adrenal glands
79
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
consequences of experiencing extreme stressors
80
DSM-5 criteria for experiencing a stressor (3)
directly experience or witness traumatic event
learn that a violent or traumatic event happened to someone close
experience repeated/extreme exposure to details of traumatic event
81
syms of PTSD (4)
repeated reexperiencing traumatic event
persistent avoidance of situations, thoughts, or memories associated with trauma
negative changes in thought and mood associated with event
hypervigilance and chronic overarousal
82
PTSD with prominent dissociative syms
the different facets of sense of self/consciousness become disconnected from one another
83
acute stress disorder
occurs in response to traumas similar to those involved in PTSD
84
acute stress disorder is diagnosed when syms arise within 1 month of exposure to stressor and last no longer than __ weeks
4
85
adjustment disorder
emotional and behavioural syms occur in resp to a stressor of any severity
86
true/false: adjustment disorder is diagnosed when person meets criteria for acute stress disorder or PTSD
false, does not meet criteria
87
what are 4 traumas leading to PTSD
natural disasters
human-made disasters
traumatic events
sexual assault
88
environmental and social factors of PTSD
affected by severity and duration, the indvs proximity to trauma, and amount of social support available
89
psychological factors of PTSD
pre-existing conditions increase risk
| coping strategies influence vulnerability of PTSD
90
gender and cross-cultural differences of PTSD
women more prone
African Americans have higher rates
culture influences manifestation of anxiety
91
biological factors of PTSD
neuroimaging findings: brains of people with PTSD are more reactive to emotional stimuli
biochemical findings: physiological responses to stress are higher in sufferers and exposure to extreme/chronic stress during childhood increases vulnerability
genetics: vulnerability to PTSD can be inherited
92
what are the 3 goals in treating PTSD
exposing clients to what they fear in order to extinguish that fear
challenging distorted cognitions that contribute to syms
help reduce stress in lives
93
cognitive-behavioral therapy and stress management for PTSD focus on (2)
systematic desensitization
| stress-inoculation therapy
94
stress-inoculation therapy
therapists teach clients skills for overcoming problems that cause them stress and result from PTSD
95
biological therapies for PTSD (2)
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
| benzodiazepines
96
phobia
unreasonable or irrational fears of specific objects or situations that leads to avoidance and intense fear/anxiety when exposed to object/situation
97
what are the 4 categories of phobias in DSM-5
animal type
natural environment type
blood-injection-injury type
situational type
98
agoraphobia
when people fear places they cant escape easily or get help if anxious, fear that they will embarrass themselves if others notice their syms or efforts to escape, in extreme cases indvs do not leave their homes alone
99
behavioral theory of phobias
negative reinforcement: avoiding the feared object reduces anxiety
prepared classical conditioning: conditioning of fear to certain objects/situations
100
biological theory of phobias
genetic basis: runs in families
101
behavioral treatments of phobias
use exposure to extinguish the persons fear of object or situation
102
what methods do behavioral treaments use
systematic desensitization
modeling
flooding
103
applied tension technique
increases blood pressure and heart rate keeping people from fainting when confronted with feared object
104
biological treatment of phobias
benzodiazepines
105
social anxiety disorder
people become anxious in social situations and are afraid of being rejected, judged, or humiliated in public, leading to avoidance of social and/or performance situations
106
social anxiety disorder is __ common in women
more
107
social anxiety disorder dvps in either the early __ year or adolescence
preschool
108
genetic basis theory of social anxiety disorder
runs in families and tends to lead to general tendency toward anxiety disorders
109
cognitive perspective of social anxiety disorder
have excessively high standards for their social performance and focus on negative aspects of social interactions and evaluate their own behavior harshly
110
what are two drug therapies for social anxiety disorder
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
| serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
111
cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety
identify negative cognitions people have and learning how to dispute these cognitions
112
mindfulness-based interventions
accept anxiety and observe rather than judging the self or avoiding people or situations
113
panic disorder
recurrent unexpected panic attacks
114
panic attacks
short but intense periods during which people experience many syms of anxiety
115
what are the physical syms of panic attacks
increased heart rate, sweating, chest pain
116
what are the psychological syms of panic attacks
fear of dying or losing control
117
true/false: people worry about having panic attacks and avoid situations or cues that may trigger attacks
true
118
biological factors of panic disorder
heritability around 43-48%
dysregulation of norepinephrine systems in the locus ceruleus
may be triggered by hyperventilating, ingesting caffeine, or infusions of sodium lactate
119
what are 4 cognitive factors of panic disorder
- people prone to panic attacks tend to pay close attention to bodily functions and see them negatively, engaging in catastrophic thinking, exaggerating syms and their consequences
- unfounded belief that bodily syms have harmful consequences
- have heightened awareness of bodily cues that signal a incoming panic attack
- bodily cues that occurred at the beginning of previous panic attacks become conditioned stimuli signaling new attacks
120
conditioned avoidance response
people associate certain situations or cues with syms of a panic attack so that future exposure to those cue can trugger syms, leads to avoiding cues which reinforces avoidance behaviour as anxiety is reduced
121
biological treatment for panic disorder
medication that affect serotonin and norepinephrine systems: SSRI's, SNRI's, tricyclic antidepressants
122
true/false: most people experience a relapse of syms when drug therapies are discontinued for panic disorder
true
123
cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder
relaxation and breathing exercises
challenging catastrophizing thoughts
systematic desensitization therapy
124
generalized anxiety disorder
persistent, uncontrollable worry about most things including minor everyday events
125
syms of generalized anxiety disorder
```
restlessness
fatigue
difficulty concentrating
irritability
muscle tension
sleep disturbance
```
126
emotional and cognitive factors of generalized anxiety disorder
tendency to experience intense neg emotions
show heightened reactivity to emotional stimuli in amygdala
make a number of maladaptive assumptions
continuously scan environment for possible threats
127
biological factors of generalized anxiety disorder
people with generalized anxiety disorder have a deficiency in gamma aminobutyric acid that leads to excessive firing of neurons in many areas of brain resulting in chronic diffuse syms of anxiety
128
generalized anxiety disorder has __ heritability
modest
129
cognitive-behavioral therapy of generalized anxiety disorder
confront most common worries, challenge catastrophizing thoughts, and dvp coping strategies
130
biological treatments of generalized anxiety disorder
benzodiazepine drugs
tricyclic antidepressants imipramine
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine
131
separation anxiety disorder
developmentally inappropriate and excessive distress and fear when separated from primary caregivers
132
syms of separation anxiety disorder
excessive distress when thinking about separation
excessive worry about losing caregiver or something happening to them
avoidance of school or leaving home
physical syms of distress
133
separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed when syms persist for at least __ weeks and significantly impair child's functioning
4
134
biological factors of separation anxiety disorder
tendency toward anxiety heritable
behavioral inhibition where temperament makes children shy, fearful and irritable as toddlers, then cautious, quiet, and introverted as school-aged children
135
psychological and sociocultural factors of separation anxiety disorder
normal response to controlling and intrusive parents
| learned behavior from parents who are anxious or depressed themselves
136
cognitive-behavioral therapies for separation anxiety disorder
teach skills to cope and challenge cognitions that feed anxiety, relaxation exercises to practice when separated from parents, and challenge fears about separation and use self-talk to calm oneself
137
biological therapy for separation anxiety disorder
medication: antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, stimulants, and antihistamines
138
obsessive-compulsive disorder
having obsessions and compulsions that can be chronic if left untreated
139
obsessions
thoughts, urges, or images that are persistent and intrusive, causing significant anxiety/distress
140
compuslions
repetitive behavior or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform to reduce the anxiety of obsessions
141
what are 4 common types of obsessions in OCD
- thoughts and images associated with aggression, sexuality, and/or religion
- something bad will happen
- need to make things just right
- fear of contamination
142
hoarding in OCD
difficulty getting rid of items that leads to accumulation of things that clutter and congest active living areas
143
hair-pulling disorder (trichotillomania) is a disorder related to __
OCD
144
skin-picking disorder is a disorders related to __
OCD
145
body dysmorphic disorder is related to __
OCD
146
hair-pulling disorder
recurrent pulling out of the hair resulting in hair loss
147
skin-picking disorder
recurrent picking of scabs/skin, creating lesions that often become infected and cause scars
148
body dysmorphic disorder
excessive preoccupation with part of body that is believed to be defective but others see as normal or only slightly unusual
149
biological theory of OCD and related disorders
focus on a circuit in brain involved in motor behaviour, cognition and emotion, genetic component, some relief with drugs that regulate serotonin
150
cognitive theory of OCD and related disorders
- compulsions dvp largely from operant conditioning by neg reinforcement
- people who have OCD are depressed and anxious, have rigid moralistic thinking, believe they should be able to control all their thoughts, trouble accepting everyone has bad thoughts once in a while
151
biological treatments for OCD and related disorders
antidepressants that enhance serotonin
152
cognitive-behavioral treatments for OCD and related disorders
exposure and response prevention expose client to obsession/fear and prevent compulsive behaviour
challenge indvs moralistic thoughts, excessive sense of responsibility, and maladaptive cognitions
153
anxiety disorders in older adults is one of the __ common problems
most
154
true/false: cognition-behavioral therapy have show to not be effective to anxiety disorders in older adults
false, they have shown to be effective
155
benzodiazepine frequently prescribed for __ disorders in older adults
anxiety
156
SSRIs becoming more common for anxiety disorders in older adults but interactions with other medications an __ for population
issue
157
sexual functioning
what happens in the body during sexual activity
158
gender identity
indvs perception of themselves as male/female
159
sexual dysfunctions
sexual disorders in which ppl have difficulty responding sexually or experiencing sexual pleasure
160
to be diagnosed with sexual dysfunction the problems must occur for at least __ months, cause sig distress/impairment, not due to another nonsexual psychiatric problem
6
161
female sexual interest/arousal disorder
persistent lack of or sig reduced interest in sexual activity and/or lack of arousal in response to sexual activity
162
male hypoactive desire disorder
persistently absent or deficient sexual/erotic thoughts/fantasies, or desires for sexual activity
163
erectile disorder
recurrent inability to attain or maintain an erection or a marked decrease in erectile rigidity
164
female orgasmic disorder
reduced intensity, or recurrent delay or absence of orgasm during sexual activity
165
early ejaculation
recurrent ejaculation within 1 min of initiation of partnered sexual activity when not desired
166
delayed ejaculation
marked delay, infrequency, or absence of ejaculation during sexual encounters
167
genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
marked difficulties having vaginal penetration; pain or tightening of pelvic floor muscles during penetration
168
biological causes of sexual dysfunction
- medical illnesses
- abnormally low levels of androgen hormones or high levels of the hormones estrogen and prolactin in men
- in women antihistamines, douches, tampons, vaginal contraceptives, radiation therapy, endometriosis, infections can cause vaginal dryness
- prescription drugs
169
substance-induced sexual dysfunction can be caused by what two drugs
recreational drugs
| alcohol
170
psychological causes of sexual dysfunction (3)
mental disorders: syms of dis or side effects of med
attitudes and cognitions: performance anxiety about worrying of being aroused and having orgasm to extent of interfering
trauma
171
interpersonal factors affecting sexual dysfunction (4)
conflicts about couple sexual activities
anorgasmia and lack of communication
inhibition in discussing stimulations
conflicts other than sex
172
cultural factors affecting sexual dysfunctions (5)
different beliefs about sexual dysfunction
varied sexual preferences
lower education and income
culture promoting negative attitude toward sex
gender roles
173
age-related biological changes affect sexual functioning (4)
low testosterone levels in men
diminished estrogen levels in women
medical conditions
loss of loved ones
174
biological therapies for sexual dysfunction (4)
sildrenafil: viagra and other ED drugs
antidepressants
mechanical interventions
hormone therapy
175
psychotherapy and sex treatments for sexual dysfunctions
- indvs and couples therapy
- sex therapy
- sensae focus therapy: three phase process of getting over sexual dysfunction
- techniques for treating early ejaculation: stop-start technique and squeeze technique
- techniques for treating pelvic muscle tightening
176
paraphilics disorders
atypical sexual preferences that cause sig distress/impairment and entail personal harm/risk of harm to others
177
types of paraphilias
consent of others
nonconsenting others
contact with others
those who do not require contact with others
178
DSM-5 definitions and diagnosis for paraphilic disorders are highly __
controversial
179
fetishistic disorder
use of nonliving objects or nongenital body parts for sexual arousal or gratification, urges must be causing sig distress or impairment
180
fetishistic disorder is more common in __
men
181
transvestic disorder
dressing in the clothes of the opposite sex as a means of becoming sexually aroused, starts around puberty
182
most affected for transvestic disorder are __, married with children
men
183
sexual sadism disorder
sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors that involve inflicting pain and humiliation on the sex partner
184
sexual masochism disorder
sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors that involve personally enduring pain or humiliation during sex
185
for diagnosis the urges of sexual sadism and masochism
cause distress or impairment
| urges acted upon with nonconsenting person
186
sexual sadism and masochism is more common in __
men
187
voyeuristic disorder
behavior of watching another person undress, do things in the nude, or have sex
188
repeated over __ months
6
189
exhibitionistic disorder
exhibitionistic behavior of obtaining sexual gratification by exposing genitals to involuntary observers causing stress and impairment
190
frotteuristic disorder
gaining sexual gratification from rubbing against and fondling body parts of a nonconsenting person, frequently co-occurs with voyeurism and exhibitionism
191
pedophilic disorder
sexual fantasies, urges, and behaviors focused on prepubescent children, most heterosexual men attracted to young girls, can be exclusive or nonexclusive, may be limited to incest, and some may be threatening and violent toward victims
192
behavioral causes of paraphilias
initial classical pairing of intense early sexual arousal with a particular stimulus
strong sex drive that pairs fantasies with sexual gratification
193
social learning theory causes of paraphilias
larger environment of a child's home and culture
194
cognitive causes of paraphilias
dysfunctions in the frontal areas of the brain including regulating impulsive and aggressive behavior and in testosterone levels
alterations in the dvp of brain and hormonal systems
-head injury before age 13
-cognitive and memory deficits
-lower intelligence
-differences in brain structure volume
195
true/false: most do not seek treatment for paraphilias and treatment is often forced after arrest
true
196
biological interventions of paraphilias
aimed at reducing sex drive by surgical castration, antiandrogen drugs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
197
behavior modification therapies for paraphilias
aversion therapy to extinguish sexual resps to objects or situations person finds arousing
desensitization procedures to reduce anxiety about engaging in normal sexual activities with other adults
198
cognitive treatments for paraphilias
help ppl learn more socially acceptable ways to approach and interact with ppl they find attractive, combined with behavioral interventions, group therapy
199
gender dysphoria
discrepancy between indvs gender identity and their biological sex
200
transgender
term that refers to broad spectrum of indvs who transiently or persistently identify with a gender different from their natal gender
201
transsexual
indv who seeks or has undergone a social transition from one sex to the other
202
cisgender
indv whose gender identity aligns with their natal sex
203
true/false: stress from gender dysphoria often leads to depression, subsrance abuse, and/or risky sexual behavior, suicide
true
204
biological theory of gender dysphoria
effects of prenatal hormones on brain dvp
female-to-male gender dysphoria in genetic females: high levels of androgens
male-to-female gender dysphoria in genetic males: low levels of androgens
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
205
psychosocial theories of gender dysphoria
focus on the role parents play in shaping children's gender identity
206
4 treatments for gender dysphoria
therapy goal is to help indvs clarify gender identity and desire for treatment
cross-sex hormone therapy
full-time real-life experience in the desired gender role
sex reassignment therapy
207
personality
determines how one feels, interacts with others, and perceives events
208
personality trait
aspect of personality that is stable across time and across many situations
209
five-factor model
perspective that everyone's personality is organized along five broad personality traits or factors
210
personality disorder
patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that interfere with indvs abiltity to function in the world and relate to others
211
the big 5 personality factors
```
negative emotionality vs emotional stability
extraversion vs introversion
openness vs closedness to experience
agreeableness vs antagonism
conscientiousness vs undependability
```
212
cluster A of personality disorders
odd-eccentric personality disorder
213
the 3 disorders in cluster A
paranoid personality disorder
schizoid personality disorder
schizotypal personality disorder
214
paranoid personality disorder
pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others' motives are interpreted as malevolent
215
schizoid personality disorder
pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression
216
schizotypal personality disorder
pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior
217
paranoid personality disorder has a __ relationship with schizophrenia
weak
218
schizoid personality disorder has a __ relationship with schizophrenia
unclear
219
schizotypal personality disorder has a __ relationship with schizophrenia
strong, considered mild version
220
biological theories of paranoid personality disorder
genetic basis on the schizophrenia spectrum
221
cognitive theories of paranoid personality disorder
distortion that others cannot be trusted and one cannot defend oneself
222
difficulties with treatment for paranoid personality disorder
typically receive treatment during crisis or for anxiety/depression, not paranoia
often too guarded and suspicious to engage in therapy
therapy focuses on increasing social skills and skills for handling problems
223
theories of schizoid personality disorder
some evidence that underlying personality traits may have genetic basis
224
treatment of schizoid personality disorder
typically unmotivated for treatment as close interpersonal relationships are viewed as unpleasant
aimed at increasing awareness and expression of feelings and improve social skills and number of social contacts
225
biological theories of schizotypal personality disorder
problems with gene that regulates NMDA receptor system
cognitive difficulties in verbal fluency, inhibiting info, and memory
dysregulation of nt dopamine in brain
226
biological treatment for schizotypal personality disorder
drug therapy: neuroleptics, antipsychotics, and antidepressants
227
psychological therapy for schizotypal personality disorder
difficult to engage clients because of paranoia
helps test validity of suspiciousness by realistically evaluating the environment
help identify and disregard bizarre thoughts rather than believing them and acting on them
228
the 4 disorders in cluster B
antisocial personality disorder
borderline personality disorder
histrionic personality disorder
narcissistic personality disorder
229
antisocial personality disorder
pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others; criminal, impulsive, deceitful, or callous behaviour, lack of remorse
230
borderline personality disorder
pattern of instability in self-image, mood, interpersonal relationships, impulsivity, transient dissociative states, highly reactive to real or imagined abandonment
231
histrionic personality disorder
patter of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, dramatic, seductive, or provocative behavior, suggestible, shallow emotional expression and relationships
232
narcissistic personality disorder
pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy, entitled, arrogant, and exploitative attitudes and behaviours
233
cognitive theory of borderline personality disorder
childhood abuse, neglect, and instability contribute to difficulties in regulating emotions and attaining positive stable identity
234
psychoanalytic theory of borderline personality disorder
people never learned to fully differentiate their view of themselves from their view of others
235
neurobiological theory of borderline personality disorder
smaller amygdala and hippocampus results in difficulty in regulating moods
structural and metabolic abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex
236
biological theory of borderline personality disorder
syms are heritable
| early abuse and maltreatment also are associated with changes in the structure and organization of the brain
237
dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder
focuses on gaining more realistic and positive sense of self
learning adaptive skills for solving problems and regulating emotions
correcting dichotmous thinking
238
systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving (STEPPS) for borderline personality disorder
group intervention that challenges irrational and maladaptive cognitions and addresses self-management and problem solving through behavioral techniques
239
what are 2 psychodynamically oriented therapies for borderline personality disorder
transference-focused therapy
| mentalization-based treatment
240
transference-focused therapy
uses relationship bt patient and therapist to help dvp realistic and healthier understanding of themselves and their interpersonal relationships
241
mentalization-based treatment
theorizes childhood trauma and attachment difficulties have made it difficult for these patients to understand the mental states of themselves and others
242
biological treatment for borderline personality disorder
mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics
243
__ known about histrionic personality disorder
little
244
psychodynamic treatments for histrionic personality disorder
uncover repressed emotions and needs and teach patient to express feelings and get needs met in socially acceptable ways
245
cognitive treatments for histrionic personality disorder
help patient function more autonomously and independent of other's approval, tone down dramatic evaluations of experiences by replacing them with more realistic appraisals
246
psychodynamically oriented theory for narcissistic personality disorder
maladaptive strategies for managing emotions and self-views
| patients rely on praise and dominating others to maintain a positive sense of self and to manage emotions
247
cognitive theory for narcissistic personality disorder
result of unrealistically positive assumptions about self-worth dvp bc of indulgence and overvaluation by others during childhood
ppl dvp belief that they are unique or exceptional as a defense against rejection by imp ppl in their lives
248
cognitive therapy for narcissistic personality disorder
help dvp realistic expectations of their abilities, sensitivity to the needs of others, ability to challenge their initially self-aggrandizing interpretations of situations
249
majority of affected ppl with narcissistic personality disorder __ seek treatment
don't
250
3 disorders in cluster C
avoidant personality disorder
dependent personality disorder
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
251
avoidant personality disorder
pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, fear of being criticized, leading to avoidance of social interactions and nervousness
252
dependent personality disorder
pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of, and leading to high levels of dependence on others
253
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, extreme perfectionism, and control, leading to emotional constriction, rigidity in one's activities and relationships, and anxiety about even minor disruptions in one's routines
254
biological theory of avoidant personality disorder
same genes involved in this dis and social anxiety dis
| no strong relationship to sexual/physical abuse in childhood
255
cognitive theory of avoidant personality disorder
dysfunctional beliefs dvp as result of rejection by imp others early in life
tend to discount any positive information about themselves
256
cognitive and behavioral therapies of avoidant personality disorder
graduated exposure to social settings, social skills training, challenging negative automatic thoughts about social situations
257
biological therapies of avoidant personality disorder
serotonin reuptake inhibitors
258
biological theories of dependent personality disorder
genetic basis: runs in families
| history of separation anxiety disorder or chronic physical illness are risk factors
259
cognitive theories of dependent personality disorder
exaggerated and inflexible beliefs about eing weak and incompetent
260
individuals with dependent personality disorder are __ likely to seek treatment and to show greater insight than those with other personality disorders
more
261
psychodynamic therapy for dependent personality disorder
use transference process in therapy to help patients gain insight into early experiences with caregivers that may have led to dependency and beliefs
262
cognitive-behavioral therapy for dependent personality disorder
aimed at increasing assertive behaviors
decrease anxiety through graded-exposure to anxiety-provoking situations
relaxation techniques
gradually increase number of indp behaviors such as decision making
263
cognitive theory of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
people harbor strong rigid beliefs that mistakes are intolerable
264
biological theory of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
related to genetic factors similar to those found in obsessive-compulsive disorder
history of physical neglect
265
supportive therapies of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
assist in overcoming the crises that spur someone to seek treatment
266
cognitive-behavioral therapies of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
decrease compulsive behaviors
relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety and tension
challenge negative thoughts about disruptions in routine
267
biological therapies of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications to reduce obsessonality
268
what are the 5 pathological personality traits in alternative DSM-5 Model
```
negative affectivity
detachment
antagonism
disinhibition
psychoticism
```
269
negative affectivity
extent to which ppl have trouble tolerating stress
270
detachment
tendency to be withdrawn, avoidant, and untrusting
271
antagonism
deceitfulness, grandiosity, and callousness
272
disinhibition
tendency to be impulsive, risk-taking and irresponsible
273
psychoticism
highly unusual beliefs and perceptions along with eccentric behaviors
