Midterm 3 (#17, 18, 19) Flashcards
1
Q
What are lophotrochozoans?
A
a clade; mollusks
2
Q
What are ecdysozoans?
A
a clade; arthropods, etc.
3
Q
What is the anatomy of a mollusk?
A
muscular foot, visceral mass 1, visceral mass 2, radula, mantle
4
Q
(In mollusks) What is the muscular foot?
A
located at the base of an animal, used for movement
5
Q
How did the muscular foot evolve in bivalves?
A
foot modified as digging appendage
6
Q
How did the muscular foot evolve in cephalopods?
A
food modified to form tentacles for crawling and grasping
7
Q
How is the muscular foot used for movement in snails and chitons?
A
works as a hydrostatic skeleton (called muscular hydrostat)
waves of muscle contractions sweep backward or forward allowing individuals to crawl along surface
8
Q
(In mollusks) What is the visceral mass 1?
A
region containing main internal organs and external gill
9
Q
What is a visceral mass?
A
region in all mollusks where organs and surrounding fluids are located
**separate from muscular foot
10
Q
The separation of the __________ ______ from __________ _______ may have enabled (less/greater) diversification of both features across the phyulm.
A
muscular foot, visceral mass
greater
11
Q
(In mollusks) What is the visceral mass 2?
A
separates internal organs from the hydrostatic skeleton
12
Q
(In mollusks) What is the coelom?
A
highly reduced in most mollusks
functioning mostly in reproduction and excretion of wastes
13
Q
What is the hemocoel? How is it different from the colem?
A
body cavity organs occupy; organs are bathed in body fluids in open circulatory system
difference:
**NOT lined in mesoderm
also distinct origin
14
Q
The ________ is unique to mollusks.
A
radula
15
Q
The __________ end of the visceral mass has the _______.
A
anterior, radula
16
Q
What is the radula?
A
feeding structure
functions like a rasp or file; moves back and forth over food source
17
Q
Radula were lost in…? What were they replaced with?
A
bivalves; they now acquire food by suspension feeding
18
Q
Radula probably evolved _______ in molluscan evolution.
A
early
19
Q
(In mollusks) What is the mantle?
A
outgrowth of body wall that covers visceral mass; creates mantle cavity
secretes shell made of calcium carbonate
20
Q
What are shells made of?
A
calcium carbonate
21
Q
What are the different parts of a shell called? How many do some mollusk species have?
A
valves
1, 2, or 8, or no shell at all!
22
Q
In bivalves, the protective shell is _______ and ________.
A
hinged; closes
23
Q
In terrestrial snails, what is the additional function of the mantle?
A
forms an internal lung
24
Q
In bivalves, what is the additional function of the mantle?
A
lined with muscle and forms tubes call siphons
25
In cephalopods, what is the additional function of the mantle?
forms siphon that functions in jet propulsion
26
How does jet propulsion work? (HINT: mantle)
1. cavity enclosed by mantle fills with water
2. water is forced out through siphon; animal moves
27
What is an arthropod?
most important phylum within Ecdysozoa
most abundant animals observed in both aquatic and terrestrial environments
28
What are the 4 major TRADITIONAL lineages of arthropods? Out of these 4, which is the most diverse and abundant?
What has changed?
1. chelicerata
2. myriapoda
3. crustacea
4. insects (MOST DIVERSE AND ABUNDANT)
***NOW: insects are now considered a CLADE; a part of the crustacean lineage
29
What are examples of chelicerata?
spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
30
What are examples of myriapoda?
millipedes, centipedes
31
What are examples of crustacea?
shrimp, lobsters, crabs
32
(Body plan) Arthropods are defined by three key features:
1. segments (tagmata)
2. jointed appendages and exoskeleton
3. segment specialization
33
What are the tagmata for insects? Spiders?
Insects:
1. heard
2. thorax
3. abdomen
Spiders:
1. cephalothorax
2. abdomen
34
(In arthropods) What do jointed appendages and an exoskeleton allow for? What do these features have?
modular and flexible changes (feeding, movement, etc.)
has chitan and calcium carbonate
35
(In arthropods) What is segment specialization? How are they acquired?
segments have specific functions
acquired through Hox genes (gene regulation)
36
_____ were the first animals to achieve powered flight. What did this enable them to do?
insects
enabled them to escape predators and search for new food resources
37
Wings have evolved (once/many times). What is the issue with evidence though?
ONCE
no fossil of transitional wings structures discovered
38
Wings (did/did not) evolve from jointed limbs of anthropods.
DID NOT
39
How do wings occur on an insect?
occur as unjointed extensions of dorsal cuticle on 2nd and 3rd segments of thorax
40
Wings have been secondarily ______ and/or ______ many times.
lost; modified
41
What are the two types of metamorphosis? (Include their fancy names!!)
1. incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetabolous)
2. complete metamorphosis (holometabolous)
42
What is incomplete metamorphosis?
form of direct development
NYMPHS (juveniles who are smaller versions of adults)
43
What is complete metamorphosis?
form of indirect development
***DISTINCT larval stage
pupa (secrete protective case that larvae is in) --> new ADULT form
44
___________ metamorphosis is 10 times more common than ___________ metamorphosis.
complete, incomplete
45
What are the two reasons why complete metamorphosis is more common? Explain each concept.
1. feeding efficiency: adults and juveniles do not compete with each other for resources
2. functional specialization: different forms = specialization; can lead to higher efficiency in feeding and reproduction --> higher fitness
46
Why are worms not a good phylogenetic grouping?
distantly related organisms are still considered "worms"
47
Flatworms and acoelomates don't have a _________.
coelom
48
(In a flatworm) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a flatten body?
flatten body is an adaption:
provides large surface area to volume ratio (allows for gas exchange and nutrients to better absorb)
requires flatworms to live in an aquatic or moist environment (because flatten bodies risk being dried out)
49
All flatworms except ________ are __________.
Turbellaria, parasites
50
All flatworms except _________ have ________ ___________ _________.
tapeworms, blind digestive tracts
51
What are annelids?
lophotrochozoan worms
**have a coelom
52
What are nematodes?
roundworms; unsegmented
tube-within-a-tube body plan
no appendages
elastic cuticle that is molted
53
What are two examples of ecdysozoans?
velvet worms, water bears
54
What are deuterostomes? What are the three phyla?
anus forms first, followed by mouth
3 groups:
1. hemichordates
2. echinoderms
3. chordates
55
What are chordates? What are major groups?
plyum
cephalochordates, urochordates, and VERTEBRATES!!
56
What are examples of echinodermata?
sea stars, sea urchins
57
What are examples of hemichordata?
acorn worms, pterobranchs
58
What are examples of chordata?
lancelets, tunicates, vertebrates (animals with backbones... such as fish, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, etc.)
59
Deuterstomes have (high/low) diversity in adult body plans, feeding methods, modes of locomotion, and reproductive strategies.
HIGH
60
What are inverebrates?
animals that don't have a backbone
61
In deuterostomes, (vertebrates/invertebrates) dominate.
VERTEBRATES
62
What are echinoderms?
"spiny-skins" ; named for spines or spikes observed in many species
63
All echinoderms are ________ ________.
marine animals
64
Echinoderms are a (monophyletic/paraphyletic) group.
monophyletic
65
What are the three main synapomorphies of echinoderms?
1. radial symmetry in adults; biradial symmetry in larvae
2. endoskeleton (made of calcium carbonate)
3. water vascular system and tube feet
66
(In echinoderms) What is the water vascular system?
series of branching, fluidd-filled tubes and chambers
sea water flows in and out of system
67
(In echinoderms) What are tube feet? What are the parts? (HINT: 2)
**IMPORTANT part of the water vascular system
elongated, fluid-filled appendages
PARTS:
1. ampulla (inside of the body)
2. tube-like podium (projecting on the outside)
68
(In echinoderms) What is the endoskeleton?
hard, protective, and supportive structure located inside thin layer of epidermal tissue
forms during development through secretion of calcium carbonate (plates inside skin)
69
The plates of the endoskeleton remain ________ and ________. Depending on conditions, the tissue that connects the plates could be ___________ _________ or _____________.
independent, flexible
reversibly stiff, flexible
70
All deuterostomes as larvae are __________ ____________.
bilaterally symmetric
71
Radially symmetric animals do not have ______.
heads
72
(In echinoderms) Adults have ___________ ________ (which could also be called __________ __________ _________).
pentaradial symmetry
five-sided radial symmetry
73
When did pentaradial symmetry originate?
early in echinoderm evolution
74
___________ are considered the sister group to vertebrates---not the __________ contrary to pervious belief.
urochordates
cephalochordates
75
The most species-rich and ecologically diverse vertebrates are the _______-________ ________ and ____________.
ray-finned fish and tetrapods
76
What are ray-finned fish? Provide examples.
fish whose fins are supported by bony rods
goldfish, tuna, salmon
77
What are tetrapods?
reptiles, amphibians, and mammals
78
What are the vertebrate synapomorphies? (HINT: 2)
cartilage, bone
79
What are the functions of cartilage? (HINT: 3)
1. strong, flexible tissue
2. consists of scattered cells in gel-like matrix of polysaccharides and protein fibers
3. found throughout body
80
What is bone?
dense tissue of cells and blood vessels encased in matrix of calcium phosphate
81
What were the earliest vertebrates? When did they date back to?
jawless fish
date back to Cambrian explosion
82
What are jawless fish?
streamlines, fishlike bodies, gills, notochord, post-anal tail, and paired eyes
lived in ocean
83
(In jawless fish) What is the cranium made of?
cartilage
84
(In jawless fish) What was the notochord reinforced with?
series of cartilaginous reinforcements to notochord
85
(In jawless fish) Specialized ________ ________ ____ were responsible for...? These cells are also ___________ for vertebrates.
neural crest cells
responsible for: brain, cranium, sensory cell formation
synapomorphies
86
Jawed fish is a ______, which includes what lineages? (HINT: 4)
grade
1. Cartilaginous fish
2. Ray-finned fish
3. Coelacanths
4. Lungfish
87
What is an evolutionary grade?
group of species untied by similar morphological or physiological traits, that has given rise to another group that has major differences from the ancestral condition, and is thus not considered part of the ancestral group
TLDR: group of similar traits in some organisms but those traits are too different from the ancestral group so they're their own group
88
The _____ was a major event in the evolution of vertebrates from transitioning to land.
limb
89
What are the three major lineages of living tetrapods?
1. amphibia
2. mammalia
3. reptilia
90
Who were the first tetrapods to live on land?
amphibians
91
What are amphibians?
"both-sides-living"
- adults feed on land, lay eggs in water
-undergo metamorphosis from aquatic larva to terrestrial or semi-terrestrial adult
92
(In amphibians) ______ ________ occurs across their moist mucus covered skin.
gas exchange
93
Amphibia is a (monophyletic/paraphyletic) group.
monophyletic
94
What are amniota?
lineage including all tetrapods other than amphibians
named for synapomorphy: amniotic egg
95
Amniotic eggs have a ________ _______ that reduces the rate of _______.
protective covering; drying
96
What animals lay amniotic eggs? Where do they lay them?
reptiles (including birds) and the few mammals that do lay eggs
lay them outside of water
97
Amniotic eggs have ____ membranes. Name each one.
3
1. embryo (itself, called the amnion)
2. yolk (provided by the mother, called the yolk sac)
3. waste (from the embryo, called allantois)
98
Amniotic eggs are surrounded by a ______.
shell
99
Reptiles are a (monophyletic/paraphyletic) group.
monophyletic
100
What are reptiles? What are the four major lineages?
second major living lineage of amniotes besides mammals
1. lizards and snakes
2. turtles
3. crocodiles and alligators
4. birds
***is a clade
101
Fish are a ______.
grade
102
What were adaptations of reptilia for life on land? (HINT: 4)
1. skin is watertight by layer of scales of keratin
2. breathe air through well-developed lungs
3. lay shelled, amniotic eggs
4. many are ectotherms ("outside-heated")
103
What are scales made of?
keratin
104
What are ectotherms?
"outside-heated" ; do not use internally generated heat to regulate their body temperature
105
What are endotherms?
"warm-blooded" ; use internally generated heat
106
Crocodiles are ______.
ectothermic
107
Birds are _______. This suggests...?
endothermic
suggests that birds evolved independently in birds and mammals
108
While _______ are very closely related to dinosaurs, _______ ARE dinosaurs.
crocodilian, birds
109
Dinosaurs are a (monophyletic/paraphyletic) group.
monophyletic
110
What did birds descend from?
dinosaurs that had feathers
111
What are feathers? What are their functions?
outgrowth of the skin composed of keratin
provide insulation, used for display, and furnish the lift and steering required for flight
112
When did mammals become widespread and ecologically diverse?
Jurassic period
...but they were still overshadowed by dinosaurs
113
Many lineages of all animals died out during the...?
end-Cretaceous mass extinction
114
After the mass extinction, mammal lineages underwent an ________ ________.
adaptive radiation
115
What are mammals? What do all mammals have?
monophyletic group of amniotes named for mammary glands (produce milk)
lactation and fur
116
What are mammary glands? What are their functions?
glands that produce milk; unique to mammals
milk nourishes developing young (called lactation)
117
Mammals are the only vertebrates that have ________ ______ and ______. What do these allow for?
cheek muscles; lips
allows for suckling milk possible
118
Mammals are _________. This allows them to...?
endotherms
maintain high body temperatures by oxidizing large amounts of food and generating larges amounts of heat
119
(In mammals) The body is covered with layers of _____ or _____ made of _________.
hair, fur
keratin
120
What are the three major groups of mammals?
1. prototherians (monotremes)
2. Methatherians (marsupials)
3. Eutherians (placental mammals)
121
What are prototherians/monotremes? Provide examples.
egg-laying mammals
platypus and 4 other echidna species
122
What are methatherians/marsupials? Provide examples.
pouch-bearing mammals
opossums, kangaroos, wallabys, etc.
123
What are eutherians/placental mammals?
well-developed placenta and extended pregnancy
US! (everything else)
124
What is the placenta?
organ combining maternal and embryonic tissues
feeds and cleans the embryo/fetus
125
The placenta is rich in _____ _____. Why?
blood vessels
facilitates flow of O2 and nutrients from mother to developing embryo and also removes wastes (e.g. nitrogen, CO2) from embyro
126
After _______, the embryo emerges from the mother's body.
gestation
127
The embryo contributes to the placenta. What parts are they? What do they do? (HINT: 2)
allantois and chorion
diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes
128
Tetrapods are a ______.
clade
129
What are some methods (examples) of parental care in VERTEBRATES?
- fanning aquatic eggs with oxygen-rich water
- guarding eggs and/or new young from predators
- keeping eggs and young moist (amphibians) or keeping them warm and dry (reptiles and mammals)
- supplying young with food
- teaching survival skills to young
130
__________ and ________ provide particularly _________ __________ _________.
mammals, birds
extensive parental care
131
Describe how mammals and birds provide extensive parental care.
- energetically expensive to provide
- can improve the animals' fitness by increasing the likelihood that their offspring will survive and reproduce
132
What is a major reason for evolutionary success of mammals and birds?
evolution of extensive parental care
133
What is viviparity?
development of embryo in the mother
134
What are the evolutionary advantages of viviparity and of the placenta? (HINT: 3)
1. offspring develop at a more constant, favorable temperature
2. offspring are protected
3. offspring are portable (mothers are not tied to a nest)
135
All adaptive traits have _____-______. What are they for the placenta?
trade-offs
for placenta: energetically expensive to produce, bearing live young is energetically costly
136
What are the defining characteristics of primates? (HINT: 7)
1. hands and feet that are efficient at grasping
2. flattened nails instead of flaws on fingers and toes
3. relatively large brains
4. color vision
5. complex social behavior
6. extensive parental care of offpsring
7. forward-facing eyes
137
What are the two groups of primates? Define each one.
prosimians: "before-monkeys"
anthropoids: "human-like"
138
What are examples of prosimians?
lemurs, tarsiers, pottos, lorises
139
Prosimians are a (monophyletic/paraphyletic) group.
paraphyletic
140
What are the characteristics of prosimians?
small-bodied, arboreal (lives in trees), and nocturnal
141
What are examples of anthropoids?
New World monkeys (Central and South America), Old World monkeys (Africa and Asia), gibbons
***Hominidae or great apes (e.g. orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans)
142
Monkeys are a (monophyletic/paraphyletic) group.
paraphyletic
143
Great apes are also called...?
hominids
144
What are hominids?
relatively large bodied with long arms, short legs, and no tail
145
What are the distinct ways of walking in hominids?
fist-walk/knuckle-walk
EXCEPTION: humans (bipedal; "two-footed") --- the only one that walks this way
146
What's wrong with the picture "The road to homo sapiens"? (HINT: 2)
1. implies that all steps lead to humans (species in that "timeline" STILL EXIST... so this idea is wrong)
2. evolutionary progression IS NOT linear (picture implies so)
--> the species depicted are relatives, NOT direct ancestors
147
What are hominins?
bipedal species
**homo sapiens and more than 20 extinct
148
Hominins are a (monophyletic/paraphyletic) group.
monophyletic
149
______ ________ are the sole survivor of adaptive radiation of hominis.
Homo sapiens (US!)
150
Compared with other hominins, species in the genus ______ have extremely large _______ relative to overall body size.
Homo; brains
151
What is the hypothesis to why homo sapiens are the sole survivor of Hominins?
using symbolic spoken language and tools:
- increased language use and toolmaking triggered natural selection for capacity to reason, plan, and communicate
- enabled Homo to cooperate in complex social networks
- process favored larger brains
152
What are the four general groups of hominins? When did these lineages appear?
1. gracil australopithecines
2. robust australopithecines
3. Early Homo
4. Recent Homo
appeared after the oldest known hominin (Ardipithecus ramidus)
153
What are australophithecus?
composed of species of small hominins called GRACILE ("slender") australopithecines
--> evidence support that they were bipedal
154
What are paranthropus?
composed of 3 knowns species of bipedal ROBUST australopithecines
--> had massive cheek teeth and jaws, very large cheekbones, sagittal crest (bony mohawk on top of head)
--> hypothesized as an extinct monophyletic group
155
All species in genus ______ are called humans.
Homo
156
Compared to the earlier hominins, early Homo species have...? (HINT: 3)
1. flatter and narrower faces
2. smaller jaws and teeth
3. larger braincases
157
Many researchers argue that extensive ____________ was a diagnostic trait of early Homo.
toolmaking
158
What is the most notable species of Early Homo?
Homo naledi
159
Describe the characteristics of Homo naledi.
- early human with mix of traits
- general shape of skill modern (??? idk i just copied this from slides)
- braincase is less than half the size of modern human's
- fossils are very young
160
What is Recent Homo?
includes Homo sapiens (including Cro-Magnons), and Neanderthals
note: Cro-Magnons are early-day Europeans
161
Recent Homo dates back ____ million years ago.
1.2
162
Compared to early Homo species, recent Homo species have...? (HINT: 3)
1. flatter faces
2. smaller teeth
3. larger braincases
163
What is the "Out-of-Africa" hypothesis? Describe it.
leading hypothesis for evolution of Homo sapiens
- H. sapiens evolved its distinctive traits in Africa and then dispersed throughout the world
- H. sapiens evolved independently of earlier European and Asian species of Homo
164
(In Homo sapiens) First lineages to branch off led to descend population that live in _____.
Africa
165
(In Homo sapiens) Later branches gave rise to lineages residing in _______ ______, _________, ______ _____, _______ and the ________.
Central Asia, Europe, East Asia, Polynesia, and the Americas
166
Human migration occurred in (one wave/more than one wave). Describe.
more than one wave
first wave: moved eat and south to Australia
second wave: moved to Europe and the rest of mainland Asia
167
Homo sapiens interbred with what species? What races' genomes are derived from them?
Neanderthals
Europeans and Asians, NOT Africans
168
Have humans stopped evolving? Provide examples.
No.
coevolution with pathogens, effects of C-section on evolution of head size, spread of lactose tolerance mutation
169
What are the parts of the vertebrate brain?
forebrain, midbrain, and hind-brain
