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BIO 94 > Midterm 2 (11-13) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 (11-13) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are protists?

A

all eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi, and animals

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2
Q

What organism did plants most likely evolve from?

A

green algae

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3
Q

Development of terrestrial animal life was completely dependent on _____ _____, because as _____________ they served as a primary food source and also as a source of shelter.

A

land plants
autotrophs

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4
Q

Define “land plants.”

A

multicellular photosynthetic autotrophic eukaryotes that can survive and reproduce on land

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5
Q

Protists are what type of group?

A

paraphyletic

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6
Q

What are euglenids?

A

protists; digest the wood for termites

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7
Q

What are apicomplexans? Provide a specific example of one.

A

protists; parasitic

Plasmodium falciparum: causes malaria (needs both human and mosquitos to reproduce)

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8
Q

What are dinoflagellates?

A

protists; mostly unicellular

**most are plankton!!

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9
Q

What are red tides?

A

abundant concentration of dinoflagellates; could poison the water

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10
Q

What are algae? What are the three types?

A

multicellular, plant-like protists; photoautotrophs

red, green, brown

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11
Q

What’s brown algae?

A

multicellular, photosynthetic
undergoes alteration of generations

***KELP!!!

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12
Q

What’s green algae?

A

multicellular, photosynthetic
undergoes alteration of generations

***probably the ancestor of land plants

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13
Q

(Diversity among Protists) Most are ___________, but some are complex ____________ organisms.

A

unicellular
multicellular

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14
Q

All eukaryotic autotrophic algae contain chlorophyll ___?

A

a

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15
Q

What type(s) of chlorophyll does green algae have?

A

a and b

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16
Q

What type(s) of chlorophyll does brown algae have?

A

a and c

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17
Q

What type(s) of chlorophyll does red algae have?

A

a

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18
Q

What is the alternation of generations?

A

a life-cycle that consists of a multicellular diploid phase AND a multicellular haploid phase

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19
Q

Protists have ____ to make haploid gametes of different sexes.

A

sex

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20
Q

What is a sporophtye?

A

diploid multicellular form that produces spores by meiosis

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21
Q

What are spores?

A

haploid cells that multiply by mitosis to generate a multicellular haploid form

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22
Q

What is a gametophyte?

A

a haploid multicellular form that produces gametes

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23
Q

What are egg and sperm?

A

haploid gametes

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24
Q

What is a zygote?

A

the results of fertilization (syngamy) between egg and sperm

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25
Q

What is syngamy?

A

fertilization

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26
Q

What is an embryo?

A

zygote develops into an embryo, which then develops into the sporophyte

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27
Q

Plants invaded the land _________________ years ago.

A

475 million

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28
Q

Angiosperms became abundant _______________ years ago.

A

145 million

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29
Q

The history of land plants has been centered around being less reliant on _______.

A

WATER

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30
Q

What are the two important innovations for land plants to survive?

A
  1. sexual reproduction on land
  2. the ability to survive on land and in contact with air
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31
Q

How did sexual reproduction on land allow for the evolution of land plants? What is a key feature?

A

becoming less dependent on water for reproduction

key feature: embryophyte

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32
Q

How did the ability to survive on land and in contact with the air allow for the evolution of land plants? What are the innovations?

A

result from plants no longer having a homogeneous environment

cuticle, stomata, (later) vascular tissue

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33
Q

What is a cuticle?

A

waxy layer that helps a plant retain moisture

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34
Q

What is a stomata?

A

series of pores for gas exchange

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35
Q

What is an embryophyte?

A

“embyro-bearing plant”

way to protect embryo

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36
Q

Vascular tissue was formed in response to a _____________ environment.

A

heterogeneous

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37
Q

What are the three functions of vascular tissue?

A
  1. transport water and nutrient throughout the body of a plant
  2. act to support the plant body
  3. part of a system that helps avoid dessication (drying out)
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38
Q

What are the four major land plants and their innovations?

A
  1. non-vascular plants: most primitive; origin of the embryophyte
  2. seedless vascular plants: vascular tissue
  3. gymnosperms: “naked” seeds
  4. angiosperms: flowers
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39
Q

What group of land plants is the most successful (abundant) today?

A

angiosperms

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40
Q

What are flavonoids?

A

group of chemicals; “sunscreen” for the plant to provide UV protection

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41
Q

Non-vascular plants grow in what type of environments? Why?

A

very moist environments

non-vascular plants lack vascular tissues, making transport of water and nutrients from the soil to the leaves difficult

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42
Q

What are the features of the moss life cycle? (HINT: 8)

A
  1. alternation of generations
  2. gametophyte is dominant
  3. male and female gametophytes are independent; separate producing spores
  4. sperm develop in the antheridium
  5. egg develops in the achegonium
  6. zygote (fertilized egg) developed into an embryo IN the archegonium
  7. sporophyte grows out of the archegonium; is physically attached; is dependent on the gametophyte for water and nutrients
  8. fertilization still requires water (motile sperm)
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43
Q

What is the antheridium?

A

male reproductive organ; produces sperm

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44
Q

What is the archegonium?

A

structure of sterile (non-reproducing) cells that shelters the egg; also place where egg is fertilized

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45
Q

The ____________ is the defining feature of embryophytes.

A

archegonium

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46
Q

What are the two things that limit the distribution and size of mosses?

A
  1. require water for fertilization; cannot inhabit dry environments (limits distribution)
  2. don’t have a good vascular system
    –> means most plants have to be near water to ensure that all the cells get water (limits size)
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47
Q

Gymnosperms and angiosperms ____________. The other land plant groups are ______________.

A

monophyletic, paraphyletic

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48
Q

What structures do all land plants have?

A

embryophyte, cuticle, stomata

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49
Q

What are some examples of non-vascular plants?

A

liverworts (marchantia polymorpha), mosses, hornworts

50
Q

What is the root system?

A

part of vascular tissue

subterranean; anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals

51
Q

What is the shoot system?

A

part of vascular tissue

LEAVES (aerial portions of the plant, site of most photosynthesis), SHOOTS (function to support the plant; important for transport)

52
Q

What is the xylem?

A

DEAD vascular tissue; transports water from roots to leaves
provides support to pant

53
Q

What is the phloem?

A

ALIVE vascular tissue; transports organic compounds (sugars) throughout the plant

54
Q

What are the two types of xylem cells?

A

tracheids and vessels

55
Q

What are tracheids?

A

thin, tapered ends; has pits (holes)

used as a straw for water to travel up from the roots to the leaves

56
Q

Xylem cells have two walls: primary and secondary. What are they made of?

A

primary wall: cellulose
secondary wall: lignin

57
Q

What are vessels?

A

wider, ends more open

more efficient way to transport water

58
Q

Tracheids originated _______. Vessels have originated ________ _______ _______.

A

once; more than once

59
Q

What is lignin?

A

hard material that provides support for the plant

60
Q

Xylem is a _____ tissue. Because the cells are empty, the water and nutrients (xylem sap) are free to move without the hindrance of __________ __________.

A

dead
cellular cytoplasm

61
Q

How does xylem sap move up the xylem? Define the process.

A

transpiration-cohesion: evaporation of water from leaves into the air through the stomata

62
Q

How does transpiration-cohesion work?

A

water tends to move where there’s less water (move towards leaves where the water has been lost to evaporation)

water is cohesive; is “sucked through the straw” by evaporation

63
Q

Transpiration-cohesion (does/does not) require energy from the plant.

A

does not

64
Q

More than ____% of the water is transported up the xylem sap is lose to evaporation.

A

90

65
Q

In addition to lignin, the ______ __________ acts as a support mechanism for the plant.

A

water column

66
Q

What are the two types of phloem cells?

A

sieve elements, companion cells

67
Q

Although sieve elements are alive, they _____ _______ and have _____ _________.

A

lack nuclei; few organelles

68
Q

What are sieve elements?

A

transport H2O and sugar downwards (high to low pressure)

69
Q

Sieve element cells are associated with ___________ ____!

A

companion cells

70
Q

What are companion cells?

A

regulate the movement of sugars through the sieve tube members; also keep the sieve tube cells alive

**creates a circulation system

**has a nucleus and many organelles

71
Q

Companion cells ____ nutrients (sugars) into the sieve tube, (using/not using) energy.

A

push
using

72
Q

List the “chain” that a sugar would go through in the plant vascular system.

A

source cell (leaf) –> companion cell –> phloem (sieve tube) –> companion cell –> sink (root cell)

73
Q

Water circulates through the _______ and ________.

A

xylem, phloem

74
Q

What are the uses of water in the vascular plant system?

A
  1. most of it is lost to evaporation (xylem); acts as support
  2. some of it is used for photosynthesis and other cellular processes
  3. some enters the sieve elements and contributes to the phloem sap
    –> if water goes in the “sink,” it can be returned to leaves via the xylem
75
Q

What is the main example of a seedless vascular plant?

A

ferns

76
Q

List the life cycle of a seedless vascular plant.

A
  1. sporophytes make spores through meiosis
    –> sporophyte is dominant
    –> spores are dispersed by wind
  2. spores make A gametophyte through mitosis (n)
    –> has both sperm and egg (antheridia & archegonium)
  3. sperm swim to egg –> fertilization
  4. fertilized egg turns into zygote which develops in the archegonium (2n)
77
Q

What are the major features of the seedless vascular plant life cycle? (HINT: 4)

A
  1. they are embryophytes
  2. sporophyte is dominant
  3. although the sporophyte is dominant, there is still a separate gametophyte
  4. sperm still need water; sexual reproduction is still dependent on water
78
Q

Ferns are often ________. Define this term.

A

commensal: benefits one species, no benefit for the other species

79
Q

The seed includes…?

A
  1. nutritive tissue for embryo (n)
  2. embryo (2n)
  3. seed coat (2n)
80
Q

For gymnosperms, which parts of the seeds are derived from what?

A
  1. seed coat: from momma sporophyte
  2. food supply (female gametophyte tissue)
  3. embryo (new sporophyte)
81
Q

What is homosporous?

A

refers to plants where a single type of spore develops into a bisexual gamete

(i.e. the gametophyte contains both antheridia and aarchegonia)

82
Q

What is heterosporous?

A

plants in which the sporophyte produces two types of spores that differ in size and develop into male or female

83
Q

What are gymnosperms three major trends relative to the seedless vascular plant?

A
  1. reduced size and complexity of gametophyte; gametophyte is no longer free-living
  2. shift from motile (swimming) to non-motile male gametes; sexual reproduction doesn’t require water
  3. evolution of the “naked” seed
84
Q

What is a seed?

A

am embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue and a tough outer shell

85
Q

Gymnosperms’ seeds are called “_______ ________” because their seed is not enclosed in a __________.

A

“naked seeds” ; fruit

86
Q

What are cycadophyta?

A

gymnosperms; palm-like plants but non-flowering

87
Q

All gymnosperms have _____. They have two types: ______ (which has the _____) and ______ (which has the _____).

A

cones

female (has the egg)
male (has the pollen)

88
Q

What are gingkophyta?

A

gymnosperm

only one species left; known to be an example of a living fossil

89
Q

What are pinophyta? Give an example of one.

A

gymnosperm; pine trees

ex: bristle cones (oldest trees); mostly dead on one side

90
Q

What are Cupressophyta? Give an example of one.

A

gymnosperm

redwood trees!

91
Q

What are gnerophytes? Give an example of one.

A

gymnosperm

Welwitshcia: largest leaves of any plant int he world; grows in the African desert

92
Q

Plants, such as ____ _______, are used to produce ________ ________.

A

the Ephedra

synthetic drugs

93
Q

What are micosporangia?

A

where meiosis occurs to produce male spores

94
Q

What are megasporangia?

A

where meiosis occurs to produce female spores

95
Q

What are megaspores?

A

female spores

96
Q

What are microspores?

A

male spores

97
Q

What is an ovule?

A

a structure that contains the female gametophyte

98
Q

What is pollen?

A

an immature male gametophyte

99
Q

Where are microsporangia and megasporangia located?

A

within large cones

100
Q

In gymnosperms, the female gametophyte (is/isn’t) free living.

Where does the female gametophyte develop?

A

isn’t free living; develops in the confines of the sporophyte

101
Q

How does wind-born pollen reach the female gametophyte?

A

pollen develops into the male gametophyte, which deliver sperm to the egg by way of a POLLEN TUBE

102
Q

(In gymnosperms), the fertilized zygote is contained within the _________________.

A

megagametophyte

103
Q

(In gymnosperms) The embryo is surrounded by ___________ tissue, which is, in turn, surrounded by _____________ tissue from the mother plant (which makes the _______ _____).

A

megagametophytic

sporophytic (makes the seed coat)

104
Q

(gymnosperms) The food reserves in a seed is derived from the _________.

A

megagametophyte

105
Q

List the life cycle of gymnosperms.

A
  1. mature sporophyte makes spores through meiosis
    –> male: microsporangia make microspores
    –> female: megasporangium (mother cell, which is in the ovules) ; creates 4 products, ONLY ONE SURVIVES and turns into the megaspore
  2. mircrospores form pollen grain through mitosis
  3. pollination
  4. megaspore divides to form female gametophyte (n), which forms eggs by mitosis (ONLY ONE EGG is fertilized and developed)
  5. fertilization (mitosis)
  6. embryo is contained in megasporangium –> turns into seed and is dispersed
106
Q

What are the key features of the gymnosperm life cycle? (HINT: 4)

A
  1. heterosporous:
    –> megaspore become the female gametophyte (produces egg)
    –> microspore become the male gametophyte (produces sperm)
  2. fertilization is no longer dependent on water; dispersed by wind
  3. female gametophyte is NOT free living; always attached to and protected by sporophytic tissue
  4. seed protects (sporophytic tissue) and provides food (gametyophytic tissue) for the sporophyte embryo
107
Q

Seeds can be ________ and only ____________ when conditions are met!

A

dormant; germinate

108
Q

What is a “perfect flower”?

A

flower that has both male and female parts

109
Q

What is the stamen?

A

male part of the flower

consists of anther and filament

110
Q

What is the anther?

A

makes microspore

111
Q

What is a carpel?

A

female part of the flower

consists of stigma, style, ovary

112
Q

What is the ovary?

A

contains ovule(s), which has eggs

becomes fruit

113
Q

What is evidence that angiosperms are the most successful? (HINT: 3)

A
  1. number of species
  2. ecological diversity
  3. ascension in the fossil record (originated roughly 145 million years ago, quickly became the dominant vegetation on land)
114
Q

What are “imperfect flowers”?

A

flowers that contain only male (stamens) or female (carpels) reproductive structures

115
Q

What are petals?

A

modified leaves, usually colorful

116
Q

What is a filament?

A

part of stamen; a stalk that supports the anther

117
Q

What is the stigma?

A

part of carpel; sticky end that receives pollen

118
Q

What is the style?

A

part of carpel; tube through which pollen tube must grow

119
Q

List the life cycle of an angiosperm.

A
  1. mature sporophyte:
    MALE PART:
    a. anther: makes microspores (meiosis)
    b. make pollen grain (mitosis)
    c. pollination (bring sperm to stigma
    FEMALE PART:
    a. carpel: makes megaspore in ovary through meiosis
    b. female gametophyte forms through mitosis (still in the ovary)
  2. double fertilization!!
    a. 1st sperm fuses with egg; forms zygote
    b. 2nd sperm fuses with 2 female gametes and forms the endosperm (3n)
  3. zygote undergoes mitosis (become seed) and ovary wall develops as the fruit
  4. fruit is eaten and seed is dispersed
120
Q

For angiosperms, which parts of the seeds are derived from what?

A
  1. seed coat: from momma sporophyte
  2. food supply (endosperm)
  3. embryo (new sporophyte)
121
Q

What are the key features of the angiosperm life cycle? (HINT: 4)

A
  1. gametophyte is even further reduced
  2. double fertilization
  3. flowers
  4. fruit
122
Q

Why are angiosperms so successful? (HINT: 4)

A
  1. continued improvement of morphological structures (e.g. vascular tissue)
  2. can mature more rapidly than some other plant groups, giving a competitive advantage (allows them to lie in different environments)
  3. fruit plays a role in success (attracts animals who eat the fruit and disperse the seed in their feces)
  4. variety of pollination mechanisms (e.g. wind, water, pollinating animals)
    –> flower plays a key role in attracting pollinators with its color, scent, or nectar

BIO 94 (4 decks)

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