Midterm 2 (11-13) Flashcards
1
Q
What are protists?
A
all eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi, and animals
2
Q
What organism did plants most likely evolve from?
A
green algae
3
Q
Development of terrestrial animal life was completely dependent on _____ _____, because as _____________ they served as a primary food source and also as a source of shelter.
A
land plants
autotrophs
4
Q
Define “land plants.”
A
multicellular photosynthetic autotrophic eukaryotes that can survive and reproduce on land
5
Q
Protists are what type of group?
A
paraphyletic
6
Q
What are euglenids?
A
protists; digest the wood for termites
7
Q
What are apicomplexans? Provide a specific example of one.
A
protists; parasitic
Plasmodium falciparum: causes malaria (needs both human and mosquitos to reproduce)
8
Q
What are dinoflagellates?
A
protists; mostly unicellular
**most are plankton!!
9
Q
What are red tides?
A
abundant concentration of dinoflagellates; could poison the water
10
Q
What are algae? What are the three types?
A
multicellular, plant-like protists; photoautotrophs
red, green, brown
11
Q
What’s brown algae?
A
multicellular, photosynthetic
undergoes alteration of generations
***KELP!!!
12
Q
What’s green algae?
A
multicellular, photosynthetic
undergoes alteration of generations
***probably the ancestor of land plants
13
Q
(Diversity among Protists) Most are ___________, but some are complex ____________ organisms.
A
unicellular
multicellular
14
Q
All eukaryotic autotrophic algae contain chlorophyll ___?
A
a
15
Q
What type(s) of chlorophyll does green algae have?
A
a and b
16
Q
What type(s) of chlorophyll does brown algae have?
A
a and c
17
Q
What type(s) of chlorophyll does red algae have?
A
a
18
Q
What is the alternation of generations?
A
a life-cycle that consists of a multicellular diploid phase AND a multicellular haploid phase
19
Q
Protists have ____ to make haploid gametes of different sexes.
A
sex
20
Q
What is a sporophtye?
A
diploid multicellular form that produces spores by meiosis
21
Q
What are spores?
A
haploid cells that multiply by mitosis to generate a multicellular haploid form
22
Q
What is a gametophyte?
A
a haploid multicellular form that produces gametes
23
Q
What are egg and sperm?
A
haploid gametes
24
Q
What is a zygote?
A
the results of fertilization (syngamy) between egg and sperm
25
What is syngamy?
fertilization
26
What is an embryo?
zygote develops into an embryo, which then develops into the sporophyte
27
Plants invaded the land _________________ years ago.
475 million
28
Angiosperms became abundant _______________ years ago.
145 million
29
The history of land plants has been centered around being less reliant on _______.
WATER
30
What are the two important innovations for land plants to survive?
1. sexual reproduction on land
2. the ability to survive on land and in contact with air
31
How did sexual reproduction on land allow for the evolution of land plants? What is a key feature?
becoming less dependent on water for reproduction
key feature: embryophyte
32
How did the ability to survive on land and in contact with the air allow for the evolution of land plants? What are the innovations?
result from plants no longer having a homogeneous environment
cuticle, stomata, (later) vascular tissue
33
What is a cuticle?
waxy layer that helps a plant retain moisture
34
What is a stomata?
series of pores for gas exchange
35
What is an embryophyte?
"embyro-bearing plant"
way to protect embryo
36
Vascular tissue was formed in response to a _____________ environment.
heterogeneous
37
What are the three functions of vascular tissue?
1. transport water and nutrient throughout the body of a plant
2. act to support the plant body
3. part of a system that helps avoid dessication (drying out)
38
What are the four major land plants and their innovations?
1. non-vascular plants: most primitive; origin of the embryophyte
2. seedless vascular plants: vascular tissue
3. gymnosperms: "naked" seeds
4. angiosperms: flowers
39
What group of land plants is the most successful (abundant) today?
angiosperms
40
What are flavonoids?
group of chemicals; "sunscreen" for the plant to provide UV protection
41
Non-vascular plants grow in what type of environments? Why?
very moist environments
non-vascular plants lack vascular tissues, making transport of water and nutrients from the soil to the leaves difficult
42
What are the features of the moss life cycle? (HINT: 8)
1. alternation of generations
2. gametophyte is dominant
3. male and female gametophytes are independent; separate producing spores
4. sperm develop in the antheridium
5. egg develops in the achegonium
6. zygote (fertilized egg) developed into an embryo IN the archegonium
7. sporophyte grows out of the archegonium; is physically attached; is dependent on the gametophyte for water and nutrients
8. fertilization still requires water (motile sperm)
43
What is the antheridium?
male reproductive organ; produces sperm
44
What is the archegonium?
structure of sterile (non-reproducing) cells that shelters the egg; also place where egg is fertilized
45
The ____________ is the defining feature of embryophytes.
archegonium
46
What are the two things that limit the distribution and size of mosses?
1. require water for fertilization; cannot inhabit dry environments (limits distribution)
2. don't have a good vascular system
--> means most plants have to be near water to ensure that all the cells get water (limits size)
47
Gymnosperms and angiosperms ____________. The other land plant groups are ______________.
monophyletic, paraphyletic
48
What structures do all land plants have?
embryophyte, cuticle, stomata
49
What are some examples of non-vascular plants?
liverworts (marchantia polymorpha), mosses, hornworts
50
What is the root system?
part of vascular tissue
subterranean; anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals
51
What is the shoot system?
part of vascular tissue
LEAVES (aerial portions of the plant, site of most photosynthesis), SHOOTS (function to support the plant; important for transport)
52
What is the xylem?
DEAD vascular tissue; transports water from roots to leaves
provides support to pant
53
What is the phloem?
ALIVE vascular tissue; transports organic compounds (sugars) throughout the plant
54
What are the two types of xylem cells?
tracheids and vessels
55
What are tracheids?
thin, tapered ends; has pits (holes)
used as a straw for water to travel up from the roots to the leaves
56
Xylem cells have two walls: primary and secondary. What are they made of?
primary wall: cellulose
secondary wall: lignin
57
What are vessels?
wider, ends more open
more efficient way to transport water
58
Tracheids originated _______. Vessels have originated ________ _______ _______.
once; more than once
59
What is lignin?
hard material that provides support for the plant
60
Xylem is a _____ tissue. Because the cells are empty, the water and nutrients (xylem sap) are free to move without the hindrance of __________ __________.
dead
cellular cytoplasm
61
How does xylem sap move up the xylem? Define the process.
transpiration-cohesion: evaporation of water from leaves into the air through the stomata
62
How does transpiration-cohesion work?
water tends to move where there's less water (move towards leaves where the water has been lost to evaporation)
water is cohesive; is "sucked through the straw" by evaporation
63
Transpiration-cohesion (does/does not) require energy from the plant.
does not
64
More than ____% of the water is transported up the xylem sap is lose to evaporation.
90
65
In addition to lignin, the ______ __________ acts as a support mechanism for the plant.
water column
66
What are the two types of phloem cells?
sieve elements, companion cells
67
Although sieve elements are alive, they _____ _______ and have _____ _________.
lack nuclei; few organelles
68
What are sieve elements?
transport H2O and sugar downwards (high to low pressure)
69
Sieve element cells are associated with ___________ ____!
companion cells
70
What are companion cells?
regulate the movement of sugars through the sieve tube members; also keep the sieve tube cells alive
**creates a circulation system
**has a nucleus and many organelles
71
Companion cells ____ nutrients (sugars) into the sieve tube, (using/not using) energy.
push
using
72
List the "chain" that a sugar would go through in the plant vascular system.
source cell (leaf) --> companion cell --> phloem (sieve tube) --> companion cell --> sink (root cell)
73
Water circulates through the _______ and ________.
xylem, phloem
74
What are the uses of water in the vascular plant system?
1. most of it is lost to evaporation (xylem); acts as support
2. some of it is used for photosynthesis and other cellular processes
3. some enters the sieve elements and contributes to the phloem sap
--> if water goes in the "sink," it can be returned to leaves via the xylem
75
What is the main example of a seedless vascular plant?
ferns
76
List the life cycle of a seedless vascular plant.
1. sporophytes make spores through meiosis
--> sporophyte is dominant
--> spores are dispersed by wind
2. spores make A gametophyte through mitosis (n)
--> has both sperm and egg (antheridia & archegonium)
3. sperm swim to egg --> fertilization
4. fertilized egg turns into zygote which develops in the archegonium (2n)
77
What are the major features of the seedless vascular plant life cycle? (HINT: 4)
1. they are embryophytes
2. sporophyte is dominant
3. although the sporophyte is dominant, there is still a separate gametophyte
4. sperm still need water; sexual reproduction is still dependent on water
78
Ferns are often ________. Define this term.
commensal: benefits one species, no benefit for the other species
79
The seed includes...?
1. nutritive tissue for embryo (n)
2. embryo (2n)
3. seed coat (2n)
80
For gymnosperms, which parts of the seeds are derived from what?
1. seed coat: from momma sporophyte
2. food supply (female gametophyte tissue)
3. embryo (new sporophyte)
81
What is homosporous?
refers to plants where a single type of spore develops into a bisexual gamete
(i.e. the gametophyte contains both antheridia and aarchegonia)
82
What is heterosporous?
plants in which the sporophyte produces two types of spores that differ in size and develop into male or female
83
What are gymnosperms three major trends relative to the seedless vascular plant?
1. reduced size and complexity of gametophyte; gametophyte is no longer free-living
2. shift from motile (swimming) to non-motile male gametes; sexual reproduction doesn't require water
3. evolution of the "naked" seed
84
What is a seed?
am embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue and a tough outer shell
85
Gymnosperms' seeds are called "_______ ________" because their seed is not enclosed in a __________.
"naked seeds" ; fruit
86
What are cycadophyta?
gymnosperms; palm-like plants but non-flowering
87
All gymnosperms have _____. They have two types: ______ (which has the _____) and ______ (which has the _____).
cones
female (has the egg)
male (has the pollen)
88
What are gingkophyta?
gymnosperm
only one species left; known to be an example of a living fossil
89
What are pinophyta? Give an example of one.
gymnosperm; pine trees
ex: bristle cones (oldest trees); mostly dead on one side
90
What are Cupressophyta? Give an example of one.
gymnosperm
redwood trees!
91
What are gnerophytes? Give an example of one.
gymnosperm
Welwitshcia: largest leaves of any plant int he world; grows in the African desert
92
Plants, such as ____ _______, are used to produce ________ ________.
the Ephedra
synthetic drugs
93
What are micosporangia?
where meiosis occurs to produce male spores
94
What are megasporangia?
where meiosis occurs to produce female spores
95
What are megaspores?
female spores
96
What are microspores?
male spores
97
What is an ovule?
a structure that contains the female gametophyte
98
What is pollen?
an immature male gametophyte
99
Where are microsporangia and megasporangia located?
within large cones
100
In gymnosperms, the female gametophyte (is/isn't) free living.
Where does the female gametophyte develop?
isn't free living; develops in the confines of the sporophyte
101
How does wind-born pollen reach the female gametophyte?
pollen develops into the male gametophyte, which deliver sperm to the egg by way of a POLLEN TUBE
102
(In gymnosperms), the fertilized zygote is contained within the _________________.
megagametophyte
103
(In gymnosperms) The embryo is surrounded by ___________ tissue, which is, in turn, surrounded by _____________ tissue from the mother plant (which makes the _______ _____).
megagametophytic
sporophytic (makes the seed coat)
104
(gymnosperms) The food reserves in a seed is derived from the _________.
megagametophyte
105
List the life cycle of gymnosperms.
1. mature sporophyte makes spores through meiosis
--> male: microsporangia make microspores
--> female: megasporangium (mother cell, which is in the ovules) ; creates 4 products, ONLY ONE SURVIVES and turns into the megaspore
2. mircrospores form pollen grain through mitosis
3. pollination
4. megaspore divides to form female gametophyte (n), which forms eggs by mitosis (ONLY ONE EGG is fertilized and developed)
5. fertilization (mitosis)
6. embryo is contained in megasporangium --> turns into seed and is dispersed
106
What are the key features of the gymnosperm life cycle? (HINT: 4)
1. heterosporous:
--> megaspore become the female gametophyte (produces egg)
--> microspore become the male gametophyte (produces sperm)
2. fertilization is no longer dependent on water; dispersed by wind
3. female gametophyte is NOT free living; always attached to and protected by sporophytic tissue
4. seed protects (sporophytic tissue) and provides food (gametyophytic tissue) for the sporophyte embryo
107
Seeds can be ________ and only ____________ when conditions are met!
dormant; germinate
108
What is a "perfect flower"?
flower that has both male and female parts
109
What is the stamen?
male part of the flower
consists of anther and filament
110
What is the anther?
makes microspore
111
What is a carpel?
female part of the flower
consists of stigma, style, ovary
112
What is the ovary?
contains ovule(s), which has eggs
becomes fruit
113
What is evidence that angiosperms are the most successful? (HINT: 3)
1. number of species
2. ecological diversity
3. ascension in the fossil record (originated roughly 145 million years ago, quickly became the dominant vegetation on land)
114
What are "imperfect flowers"?
flowers that contain only male (stamens) or female (carpels) reproductive structures
115
What are petals?
modified leaves, usually colorful
116
What is a filament?
part of stamen; a stalk that supports the anther
117
What is the stigma?
part of carpel; sticky end that receives pollen
118
What is the style?
part of carpel; tube through which pollen tube must grow
119
List the life cycle of an angiosperm.
1. mature sporophyte:
MALE PART:
a. anther: makes microspores (meiosis)
b. make pollen grain (mitosis)
c. pollination (bring sperm to stigma
FEMALE PART:
a. carpel: makes megaspore in ovary through meiosis
b. female gametophyte forms through mitosis (still in the ovary)
2. double fertilization!!
a. 1st sperm fuses with egg; forms zygote
b. 2nd sperm fuses with 2 female gametes and forms the endosperm (3n)
3. zygote undergoes mitosis (become seed) and ovary wall develops as the fruit
4. fruit is eaten and seed is dispersed
120
For angiosperms, which parts of the seeds are derived from what?
1. seed coat: from momma sporophyte
2. food supply (endosperm)
3. embryo (new sporophyte)
121
What are the key features of the angiosperm life cycle? (HINT: 4)
1. gametophyte is even further reduced
2. double fertilization
3. flowers
4. fruit
122
Why are angiosperms so successful? (HINT: 4)
1. continued improvement of morphological structures (e.g. vascular tissue)
2. can mature more rapidly than some other plant groups, giving a competitive advantage (allows them to lie in different environments)
3. fruit plays a role in success (attracts animals who eat the fruit and disperse the seed in their feces)
4. variety of pollination mechanisms (e.g. wind, water, pollinating animals)
--> flower plays a key role in attracting pollinators with its color, scent, or nectar
