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BIO 94 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many days are involved in the origin of life theory(biblical)

A

7

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2
Q

Day 1 Origin of life

A

creation of light, separation of light from darkness

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3
Q

Day 2 Origin of life(biblical)

A

separated the sky from water

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4
Q

Day 3 Origin of life bible

A

formation of dry land, creation of seed-bearing plants and fruit trees

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5
Q

Day 4 Origin of life

A

creation of the sun, the moon, and the stars

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6
Q

Day 5 Origin of life biblical

A

the water teems with creatures and the birds fly above the earth

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7
Q

Day 6 Origin of life(biblical)

A

living creatures on the land: livestock and wild animals; man made in God’s image

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8
Q

Day 7 Origin of life(biblical)

A

God rested

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9
Q

Who found the age of life

A

Archbishop James Ussher

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10
Q

How did ____ find the age of life?

A

Ussher summed the ages of the patriarchs from the bible

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11
Q

What did Ussher conclude

A

to conclude that the earth was created on Oct/ 23 in 4004 B.C

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12
Q

Geologists and astrophysicists believe that the earth is roughly …

A

4.6 billion years old

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13
Q

What do geologists base their estimates of the age of the earth on

A

measurements of radioactive decay of uranium to lead in rocks

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14
Q

the geological time scale is sperated into

A

eras

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15
Q

period are contained in ___ and epochs are contained within ____

A

eras , periods

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16
Q

what are the eras on the geologic time scale

A

Precambrian
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic

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17
Q

precambrian dates?`

A

4.6 billion years to 541 million years ago

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18
Q

paleozoic dates?

A

541- 252 million years ago

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19
Q

mesozoic dates?

A

252 to 66 million years ago

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20
Q

Cenozoic date?

A

66 million years ago to the present`

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21
Q

what happened 4.6 billion years ago

A

origin of earth

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22
Q

what happened 4 billion years ago

A

earth cools and crusts solidifies

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23
Q

what happened 3.6 billion years aho

A

first evidence of life/origin of life

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24
Q

what happened 3.5 billion years ago

A

oldest prokaryotic fossils

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25
Q

what happened 2.3 billion years ago

A

accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere

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26
Q

what happened 2 billion years ago

A

origin of eukaryotes

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27
Q

what happened 1 billion years ago

A

origin of multicellular organisms

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28
Q

what happened 700 million years ago

A

oldest animal fossils

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29
Q

what happened 470 million years ago

A

plants and fungi colonize the land

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30
Q

what happened 60 million years ago

A

extinction of dinosaurs

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31
Q

what eon are we in?

A

phanerozoic eon

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32
Q

humans are in what epoch, period, and era

A

epoch: holocene
period: quaternary
era: cenozoic

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33
Q

what are the three important points of the Time Scale of LIfe

A

1) most of the organisms that we discuss in this class originated very very recently

2) the vast majority of the earth’s history has been dominated by single-celled organisms, from about the time of the first fossil to the rise of multicellular

3) photosynthetic oxygen producers vastly changed the atmosphere, especially when they became numerous about 2.5 to 2.3 billion years ago

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34
Q

What is our professors favorite twist of the Genesis story and why

A

when James Ussher, concluded that the earth was creates on oct 23 4004 BC
BC this pov hasn;t disappeared and is still taught in 18% of public school

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35
Q

the recent eras and periods are divided much _____ than …

A

finely and are shorter than older eras

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36
Q

since recent eras are shorter than older eras what does this show?

A

that much more is known about the more recent past than the more distant past

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37
Q

the earth was originally …

A

molten rock, with hit hydrogen gases, volcanoes, and lightening

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38
Q

how long did it take for the earth to cool

A

600 million years

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39
Q

what is the Hadean period?

A

hellish earth environment

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40
Q

what helped abiotic chemical synthesis

A

no free oxygen in the atmosphere meant that there was no protection from UV radiation –> UV radiation provided energy for abiotic chemical syntheis

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41
Q

what was the first atmoshpere like after the earth cooled

A

water vapor, co2, carbon monixide CO, nitrogen, methane CH4, ammonia (NH3), hydrogen, H2S, water

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42
Q

what resulted in the early environment having little oxygen

A

oxygen in the environment reacted with hydrogen to make water, carbon to make co2 and CO, and other elements

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43
Q

what two words decribe the early atmosphere

A

reducing envrionemnent

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44
Q

most scientists believe what (about the orgin of life)

A

that life began from non-living materials that eventually became capable of self-replication

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45
Q

what FIVE characters define life

A

1) uses energy
2) organisms consist of cells
3) contain and process information
4) replicates itself
5) evolves

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46
Q

What is the first step of the origin of life(scientific)?

A

the abiotic synthesis of complex organis molecules such as amino acids or nucleotides

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47
Q

what supports the first step of the origin of life(four steps)

A

Miller Urey experiment

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48
Q

descirbe the Miller and Urey experiment

A

mimiced the conditions of early abiotic earth produces primordial soup that showed that all 20 amino acids, RNA, sugarsm lipids, and ATP can be formed in that environment

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49
Q

What was something VERY important about the Miller and Urey experiment?

A

if oxygen was added –> the molecules couldn’t be produced since oxygen attacks chemical bonds

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50
Q

Step 2 of the origin of life(scientific)?`

A

the formation of polymers through heat (spontaneous) and clay

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51
Q

how was clay important in step 2 of origin of life

A

clay acted as a gather ground for concentrating organic compounds –> may contain compounds with ionic charges that could attract organic molecules IRON AND ZINC

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52
Q

where did complex macromolecules originate from and why

A

the margins of seas bc clay is found there (polymerization)

53
Q

step 3 of the origin of life(scientific)
?

A

the formation of protobionts–> cell like structure

54
Q

protobionts can be made from?

A

proteins and or lipids

55
Q

most important protobiont material and name

A

lipid bilayer –> liposomes

56
Q

what are some of the most important things about protobionts

A

cell like structure that is able to manipulate the chemistry of its environment * ability to manipulate its environment**

57
Q

what can protobionts not do?

A

replicate themselves

58
Q

step four of the origin of life (four step) ?`

A

the origin of hereditary material

59
Q

what material is important for the 4th step of the origin of life and WHY

A

RNA
many scientics feel that RNA was the original hereditary material

60
Q

why is RNA believed to be the original hereditary material

A

1) can be formed in the Miller and Urey experiment
2) can replicate itself in the presense of ZInc (clay)
3) like DNA contains hereditary infor
4) has catalytic protperties that can help for macromolecules –> Ribozymes

61
Q

what can ribozymes do?

A

works as an enzymes to cleave introns from mRnA, and when introduced to T-cells could become effective against agents for cutting up HIV RNA and rendering it harmless

62
Q

what is the RNA theory called and why does it make sense

A

RNA WORLD
bc rna molecules could replicate themselves and associate with protobionts to store hereditary information

63
Q

what are 2 IMPRORTANT side notes to make about RNA WORLD

A

1) it is not clear how RNA began to store all the hereditary information
2) eventually RNA was replaced by DNA as the hereditary material but we do not know how

64
Q

what are the two ways to explain the diversity of earth’s living organisms

A

supernatural explanation
organic explanations

65
Q

typological thinking centers around

A

the idea that a there is a true or ideal form of a specie

66
Q

who preformed typological thinking and is it supernatural or organic

A

plato
supernatural

67
Q

in typological thinking variation is not

A

IMPORTANT

68
Q

Erasmus Darwin theory was similar…

A

to LaMarck’s theory

69
Q

LaMarck proposed what theory

A

1) species change gradually through time
2) each species represents a stage in its evolution from a simple ancestor to a more complicated and perfect form
3) each new species arose through spontaneous generation from non-living matter
4) inheritance of acquired characteristics
5)No common ancestry

70
Q

Lamarck’s theory is organic or supernatural

A

organic

71
Q

Lamarck theories propsed that human are more complex than bacteria bc …

A

they are older

72
Q

who showed that something was wrong with Lamarck’s theory and why

A

Louis Pasteur
demonstrated that spontaneous generation doesnt happen

73
Q

what did darwin do when on the voyage of the beagle

A

collect fossils and other specimens
experience a major earthquake in peri
hypothesized the formation of coral islands
visited the galapagos

74
Q

what are the five components in Darwin’s theory of Evolution

A

1) steady change
2) gradualism
3) common ancestry
4) Natural selection
5) speciation

75
Q

explain the idea of steady change

A

the world is steadily changing- species don’t stay the same forever. idea wasnt unique to Darwin but wasn’t widely acccepted

76
Q

explain gradualism more

A

changes in species take place gradually.w

77
Q

why could darwin argue for gradualism

A

bc geologists had determined that the earth was billion of years old rather than a few thousands of years old

78
Q

What was darwin’s most debated idea and why

A

gradualism bc sometimes biological change happens very rapidly

79
Q

explain common ancestry

A

the idea that there was a single origin of life on earth and that ALL species had a common ancestor

80
Q

explain multiplication of species

A

aka SPECIATION
concept that new species can evolve from exsisting species

81
Q

WHAT IS THE ONLY TRULY original component of Darwin’s theory of evolution

A

Natural Selection

82
Q

what is natural selection

A

the mechanism by which evolutionary change occurs within a population. DEFINES as the differential survival and reproduction of better adapted organisms

83
Q

what was natural selection based on

A

FOUR Observations

84
Q

what are the four observations of natural selection

A

1) there is variation among individuals
2) variation is heritable
3)species produce more offspring than can survive
4)differential reproductive success`

85
Q

what is differential reproductive sucess

A

some individuals are more sucesscul if they better compete for resources- are more likely to survive and reproduce

86
Q

fitness?

A

is the ability of an individual to produce surviving fertile offspring relative to other individuals in the population

87
Q

adaptation?

A

is a heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual relative to another individual that lacks that trait

88
Q

WHAT sums up evolution and natural selection (a phrase)

A

evolution by natural selection occurs when heritable variation (AKA adaptation) leads to differential reproductive success (AKA better fitness)

89
Q

how did the finches originate on the galapagos island?

A

IN ONE SINGLE MIGRATION EVENT? (double check this pls)

90
Q

why did Darwin publish in 1858, not later?

A

bc Wallace had came to the same conclusions and was going to publish his work`

91
Q

what is one of the most popular cases of natural selection

A

Biston Betularia
(moths)

92
Q

explain Biston Betularia

A

,any moths in britain come in two different colors a lighter and a darker form.
in the last 150 years the relative frequency of the two forms has changed dramatically
in the early 1800s pepper form was most abundant bc of the polution (industrial revolution)

93
Q

What is Kettlewell’s hypothesis

A

Kittleworth showed that there is differential survival among black and peppered
forms due to predation by birds. In this case, differential survival leads to differential
reproductive success (natural selection!) because many more camouflaged moths survive
to reproduce. This explains why the black form increased over time from the 1800’s to
the 1950’s in urban environments, and it is a famous demonstration of natural selection in
action.

94
Q

which phenotype is more fit depends on…

A

the environment
aka black moth better in polluted areas while pepper moths better in clean air areas

95
Q

LOOOK AT THE TWO CASE STUDIES OF EVOLUTION

A

PAHE 459-462

96
Q

What are common misconceptions about natural selection

A

1) selection doesn’t change individuals it acts on individuals and changes populations
2) selection is not goal directed (mutations occur by chance)
3) adaptation is not perfect (mutation can be bad reduce fitness)

97
Q

what are the four types/modes of natural selection

A

directional, stabilizing, disruptive, sexual

98
Q

Directional selection?

A

changes the average value of a trait

moves toward one side/trait

99
Q

Stabliizing?

A

reduces the amount of variation in a trait

takes away from both sides

100
Q

example of stablizing selection

A

baby weight when born
if too light might die
if too heavy might not come out

101
Q

Disruptive selection

A

increases the amount of variation in a trait

takes away from the middle and spreads sides

102
Q

example of disruptive selection?

A

gill-raker fishes

dense gill raker fishes are efficent at filtering tiny plankton from water
less dense rakers are more efficent at capturing small animals without getting clogged in the mud
INTERMEDIATE gill rakers are INEFFICENT at gathering both types of food.

103
Q

Sexual selection?

A

occurs when there are differences in the ability to attract males–> more attractive partners mate sucessfully, reproduce more often and are this more evolutionary fit

104
Q

what causes sexiual selection

A

femal put more ffort into reproduction ao they can be CHOOSEY and hence the males are chosen (so its like a competionion)

105
Q

what is the fundamental asymmetry of sex

A

the difference in investment for reproduction between sexes

106
Q

female choice?

A

in which females choose males using some sort of cue that makes the males look like a good choice

107
Q

male competition?

A

in which the males compete for territory or access to females

108
Q

intersexual selection= to?

A

female choice

109
Q

intrasexual selection= to?

A

male competition

110
Q

what are some examples of things that can sway a female of increase female choice

A

elaborate coloring–> bright colors means very health

artificial cues –> a specific feature like dots

nuptial gifts –> giftss

111
Q

what are some examples of features relating to male to male competition

A

antlers (ex male deers use antlers to fight for territory)

body weight (ex seals larger one usually better at fighting)

dance abilities LOL

112
Q

sexual selection can do what to natural selection

A

contravene forms of natural selection (prohibit)

113
Q

sexual selection doesn’t adapt individuals to the ____ but instead enhances traits involved in ________ ____________

A

environment
mate acquisition

114
Q

down fall of sexual selection

A

may cost survival
ex bright colors bring females but also PREDATORS

115
Q

what is a consequence of sexual selection

A

sexual dimorphism

116
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

traits found in one sex but not the other

117
Q

what is special about fruit flies in terms of reproduction

A

BOTH FEMAL CHOICE AND MALE COMPETITION

Females are promiscuous
* They store sperm in a special cavity
* Females can ‘choose’ which sperm
they want to fertilize their eggs
* Males have strategies, too
– Longer sperm seems to have an
advantage
– The order in which the males mate can be important
– Sperm vigor could be important

118
Q

sexual selection tends to act on….

A

the less choosey gender

119
Q

what are alleles

A

versions of genes
A and a

120
Q

what is a gentotype

A

combination of alleles possessed by an individual

121
Q

what is phenotypes

A

observable trait

122
Q

how can we define evolution in terms of alleles

A

evolution can be defined as changes in allele frequencies over time

123
Q

what did hardy and weinberg show

A

they used genetics to show that gene frequencies do not change in a population without the help of a disruptive force like natural selection

124
Q

what are the FIVE assumptions/conditions of the HWE

A

1)no natural selection
2) no mutation
3) no gene flow
4) no genetic drift
5) random mating

125
Q

allele frequency?

A

the frequency of an allele in a population

126
Q

EXAMPLe of how selection change the HWE

A

when for example a recessive allele has an effect that is only fully observed a homozygote –> recessive=lethal which alters the gene frequencies since all the recessive die and aren’t in the gene pool

127
Q

what is achondroplasia?

A

is a form of short limbed dwarfism caused by poor born formation from cartilage –> achrodroplasia allele is recessive lethal

128
Q
A

BIO 94 (4 decks)

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