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Biol 240 > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Opistokonts

A

Holozoa (Animal-Like), Holomycota (Fungus-like)

Or just Animals and Fungi.

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2
Q

Fungi are:

A

Heterotrophs
Decomposers

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3
Q

Choanoflagellates

A

Closest relatives of animals.

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4
Q

Animals are:

A

Monophyletic
Multicellular
Heterotrophic

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5
Q

The Major Animal Groups

A

Porifera | Sponges.
Ctenophores | “comb jellies”.
Cnidaria | Jellies, Corals, and others.
Bilateral | Insects, Vertebrates, Worms, Crustaceans, Mollusks.
Plaquazoa | NA

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6
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

From 505-542 mya
Most major groups/forms of animals appear at the same time in the fossil record, which makes it hard to identify key adaptations over time.

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7
Q

Porifera

A

“Sponges”
Porocytes: Holes
Choanocytes: Generate current with flagella
Osculum: Opening
Amoebocyte: Digest food INTRAcellularly

50k species
Asymmetric

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8
Q

Ctenophora

A

“Comb Jellies”
Colloblasts: Sticky cells on tentacles to capture prey.
Move by beating cilia.

About 186 species.
Rotationally symmetric

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9
Q

Cnidaria

A

Polyp Stage: Sedentary and asexual
Medusa Stage: Mobile and sexual
Hydrostatic Skeleton

  • Class Scyphozoa
  • Class Anthozoa
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10
Q

Cell Division in Animals

A
  1. Cleavage: Partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells called ‘blastomeres’.
  2. Blastula: Early state of mitotic division, forming 128+ cells that form a hollow sphere.
  3. Gastrulation
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11
Q

Gastrulation

A

Infolding of the blastula, producing a 2-3 layered embryo, with an opening to the outside.
1. Endoderm
2. Mesoderm
3. Ectoderm

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12
Q

Diploblasts

A

Develop two germ layers.
Radially symmetric.

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13
Q

Triploblasts

A

Develop three germ layers.
Bilaterally symmetric.

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14
Q

Class Scyphozoa (phylum cnidaria)

A

Jellies, Sea Nettles
Marine
Lack Polyp

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15
Q

Class Anthozoa (phylum cnidaria)

A

Sea Anemones, Most Corals
Marine, sessile
Only sexual polyp stage.

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16
Q

Deuterostomes

A

‘Anus first’

Echinoderms (sea stars, sea anemones)
Chordates:
- Vertebrates

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17
Q

5-3-2

A

5: major animal groups
- Porifera
- Ctenophores
- Placazoa
- Cnidaria
- Bilateral
3: major bilateral groups
- Deuterostomes
- Protostomes : Lophotrochozoa
- Protostomes : Ecdysozoa
2: groups in each.
- Ecdysozoa: Arthropods | Nematodes
- Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs | Plathyhilmethes
- Deuterostomes: Echinoderms | Vertebrates

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18
Q

Placozoa

A

4 species
Asymmetric

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19
Q

Bilateria

A

Protostomes:
- Ecdysozoa
- Lophotrochozoa
Deuterostomes:

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20
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

Arthropods
Nematodes

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21
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

Mollusca
Platyhelmenthis

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22
Q

Mollusk Features

A

Visceral Mass
Mantle
Foot
Radula

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23
Q

Platsyhelminthes Features

A

Ganglia
Pharynx
Eye Spots
Ventral nerve cords
gastrovascular cavity

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24
Q

Nematoda

A

Roundworms

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25
Q

Arthropoda Features

A

Segmentation
Hard Exoskeleton
Jointed Appendates

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26
Q

Coelom

A

Body cavity that forms during early development

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27
Q

True Coelom

A

Coelom develops in the middle of the mesoderm

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28
Q

Pseudocoelom

A

Coelom develops between germ layers

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29
Q

Acoelom

A

No Coelom

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30
Q

Functions of Coelomic Cavity

A

Circulation:
- Digestion / Excretion
Reproduction:
- Can allow more gametes to be exchanged at once.
Support:
- hydrostatic skeleton

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31
Q

Hemimetabolous

A

Partial-Trasforation / Metamorphasis

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32
Q

Holometabolous

A

Complete Metamophasis

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33
Q

Types of parental care

A

None
Maternal
Biparental
Paternal
Alloparental care
- Relatives
- Mon-relatives

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34
Q

Diet Types

A

Carnivore
Herbivore
Omnivore
Parasite

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35
Q

Types of Movement

A

Active
Passive
- for marine organisms carried by currents
Cessile
- attached to the substrate

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36
Q

Skeleton Types

A

Internal
External
Hydrostatic
- cavities filled with water

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37
Q

Social Types

A

Solitary
Social
Division of labor
Eusocial
- queen societies where a single female monopolizes reproduction

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38
Q

Sexuality Types

A

Obligate sexuality
Obligate asexuality
Facultative sexuality
- sex occurs once per year
- sex occurs once per cycle through a parasite’s host
- sex occurs when environmental conditions degrade

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39
Q

Types of Reproduction

A

Broadcast spawning
External fertilization
- male individual and female individual meet, deposit gametes
Internal fertilization
- fertilization takes place within the female body
Internal fertilization with viviparity
- egg hatches within the female
- has evolved many times

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40
Q

Types of Sex Distribution

A

Dioecious: separate sexes
Hermaphroditism
- both male and female sex functions in the same individual
- simultaneous: egg and sperm production
- sequential: egg first, then sperm later, or vice versa.

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41
Q

Are invertebrates monophyletic?

A

No
Vertebrates are within invertebrates.

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42
Q

Are diploblasts monophyletic?

A

No

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43
Q

Are worms monophyletic?

A

No
The ‘worm form’ has evolved many times.

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44
Q

Are animals monophyletic?

A

Yes
Animals have only evolved once, and don’t have any other distinct groups inside.

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45
Q

Are multicellular organisms monophyletic?

A

No
Multicellularity has evolved many times.

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46
Q

What is the major shared feature of Ecdysozoa?

A

Ecdysis, or molting.

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47
Q

What is the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

Protostomes: Mouth First
Deuterostomes: Anus First

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48
Q

Two examples of groups with hydrostatic skeletons.

A
  1. Cnidaria
  2. Nematodes
  3. Analids
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49
Q

Two examples of groups with exoskeletons.

A
  1. Hexapods
  2. Crustaceans
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50
Q

One example of a group with an internal skeleton.

A

Vertebrates
(Mammalia?)

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51
Q

Diploblasts vs. Triploblasts?

A

Diploblastic: 2 germ layers
Triploblastic: 3 germ layers

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52
Q

Which major group is triploblastic?

A

Bilateria

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53
Q

Which major group accounts for the most animal species?

A

Bilateria

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54
Q

Which group of bilateria accounts for the most species?

A

Arthropoda

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55
Q

Which group of arthropods accounts for the most species?

A

Hexopods

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56
Q

What are the three major groups of multicellular organisms?

A

Plants, Animals, and Fungi

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57
Q

Which kingdom contains 2/3 of the major multicellular groups?

A

Plants

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58
Q

Which multicellular group is primarily saprobes?

A

Fungi

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59
Q

Which multicellular group contains species with multinucleate cells?

A

Fungi

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60
Q

The closest living relative to multicellular animals?

A

Chaoanophlagellates

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61
Q

Four ways bilateral animals are unique?

A

Bilateral Symetrical
Segmentation
Triploblast
True Tissues

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62
Q

Which two major groups of animals lack true tissues?

A

Porifera
Placazoa

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63
Q

What is a Coelom and what is its significance?

A

A hollow, fluid-filled cavity that is found in many organisms.

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64
Q

What is the evidence of the benefits of holometabolous insects?

A

Prevents parental competition.

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65
Q

What group of arthropods exhibits extensive parental care?

A

Millipedes

66
Q

How do sponges feed?

A

Filter-feeding

67
Q

Which of the major animal groups is the simplest?

A

Plaquazoa??

68
Q

What are the five major animal groups?

A

Porifera
Cnidaria
Ctenophores
Plaquazoa
Bilateria

69
Q

What are the three major bilateria groups?

A

Deuterostomes
Protostomes:
- Ecdysozoa
- Lophotrochozoa

70
Q

Which group of bilateria do mollusks belong to?

A

Lophotrochozoa

71
Q

Which group of bilateria do squid belong to?

A

Cephalopods

72
Q

Which group of bilateria do snails belong to?

A

Gastropods

73
Q

Which group of bilateria do clams belong to?

A

Bivalves

74
Q

Which group of bilateria do bivalves belong to?

A

Mollusks

75
Q

Which group of bilateria do Echinoderms belong to?

A

Deuterostomes

76
Q

Which group of bilateria do Sea stars belong to?

A

Echinodermata

77
Q

Which group of bilateria do Sea urchins belong to?

A

Deuterostomes | Echinoderms

78
Q

Which group of bilateria do vertebrates belong to?

A

Chordates

79
Q

Which group of bilateria do arthropods belong to?

A

Ecdysozoa

80
Q

Which group of bilateria do spiders belong to?

A

Arachnida

81
Q

Which group of bilateria do millipedes belong to?

A

Arthropods | Diplopoda

82
Q

Which group of bilateria do insects belong to?

A

Hexopods

83
Q

Which group of bilateria do ticks belong to?

A

Arthropoda | Arachnida

84
Q

Which group of bilateria do lobsters belong to?

A

Crustacean

85
Q

Which group of bilateria do crab belong to?

A

Crustacean

86
Q

Which group of bilateria do nematodes belong to?

A

Ecdysozoa

87
Q

Which group of bilateria do platyhelminthes belong to?

A

Lophotrochozoa

88
Q

Which group of bilateria do trematodes belong to?

A

Platyhelminthes

89
Q

Which group of bilateria do cestodes belong to?

A

Platyhelminthes

90
Q

Which of the five major groups do corals belong to?

A

Cnidaria | Anthozoa

91
Q

Which of the five major groups do Jellies belong to?

A

Cnidaria (Scyphozoa)

92
Q

Which of the five major groups do Sea anemones belong to?

A

Cnidaria (Anthozoa)

93
Q

Which of the five major groups do sponges belong to?

A

Porifera

94
Q

Which of the five major groups do comb jellies belong to?

A

Ctenophores

95
Q

What are two features of Platyhelminthes?

A
  • Ventral Nerve Cords
  • Pharynx
96
Q

Which bilaterian group shows pentaradial symmetry in an adult stage?

A

Echinoderms

97
Q

Which major group of animals is primarily asexual?

A

Rotifers

98
Q

A major modification of the mollusk body plan in squids and octopuses?

A

Modified Foot into tentacles

99
Q

A major modification of the mollusk body plan in clams and other bivalves?

A

Lack a radula (and head), and have a pair of shells.

100
Q

Three major subgroups of mollusks?

A
  1. Gastropods
  2. Cephalopods
  3. Bivalves
101
Q

Four largest groups of insects?

A

Coleoptera | Beetles
Diptera | Flies
Hymenoptera | you know
Lepidoptera | Butterflies

102
Q

Major feature of Lepidoptera?

A

Proboscis: Long, coiled feeder
Two pairs of scaled wings.

103
Q

Major feature of Hymenoptera?

A

Haplodiploid genetic system.

104
Q

Major feature of Diptera?

A

Halteres: Reduced hind-wings.

105
Q

Major feature of Cleoptera?

A

Elytra: Modified fore-wings.

106
Q

Bees belong to which major insect group?

A

Hymenoptera

107
Q

Ants belong to which major insect group?

A

Hymenoptera

108
Q

Wasps belong to which major insect group?

A

Hymenoptera

109
Q

Flies belong to which major insect group?

A

Diptera

110
Q

Midges belong to which major insect group?

A

Diptera

111
Q

Beetles belong to which major insect group?

A

Coleoptera

112
Q

Butterflies belong to which insect order?

A

Lepidoptera

113
Q

Moths belong to which insect order?

A

Lepidoptera

114
Q

Three major features of chordates?

A

Notochord
Post-anal tail
Pharyngeal slits

115
Q

In what order did these traits evolve in placental mammals?

A
  1. vertebral column
  2. jaws / mineralized skeleton
  3. lungs
  4. lobed fins
  5. legs
  6. amniotic egg
  7. milk
  8. live birth
116
Q

What feature did jaws evolve from?

A

Gill arch supports

117
Q

Which vertebrate group have carilage skeletons?

A

Sharks & Rays (non-bony fishes)

118
Q

Which vertebrate group has the most species?

A

Ray-finned fishes (~23k species)

119
Q

The importance of lobed fins for the transition to land?

A

The humerus bone is a homologous structure that evolved in lobed finned fishes.
Precursor to tetrapod limbs.

120
Q

What is the missing fossil link between lobed fish and tetrapods?

A

Tiktalik

121
Q

Challenges for vertebrates transitioning to land?

A
  • Desiccation (loss of water)
  • Fluctuations in temperature
  • Loss of buoyancy
122
Q

Importance of the amniotic egg for the transition to land?

A

Allows for terrestrial reproduction of large offspring.
- Provides nutrition with the yolk sac
- Storage of wastes in the allantois
- Maintains a moist and stable environment with the Amnion.
- Protects the egg with the Shell.

123
Q

What are the defining characteristics of mammals?

A

Endothermy
Hair
Lactation
Viviparity (bearing live offspring)

124
Q

Differences between Monotremes / Marsupials and Eutherians?

A

Monotremes:
- Egg-laying mammals with milk slits.
Marsupials:
- Viviparous young, but born very poorly developed.
- Have nipples, and reduced placenta.
Eutherians:
- Fully developed placenta.
- Relatively large and well-developed young.
- Viviparous.
- Longer pregnancy.

125
Q

Behavioral differences between bonobos and chimpanzees?

A

Chimpanzees: Warlike
Bonobos: Calm / “"”Freelove”””

126
Q

Temperature-dependent sex determination?

A

Facultative

127
Q

Parental care in vertebrates vs invertebrates?

A

Parental Care is more preventant in vertebrates vs invertebrates.

128
Q

Tetrapod group that breaths through their skin?

A

Amphibians

129
Q

Hypothesis for menopause in humans?

A

Tradeoff between maternal care and care for grandchildren?
etc…

130
Q

Which group do Salamanders belong to?

A

Amphibia

131
Q

Which group do Crocodiles belong to?

A

Reptiles

132
Q

Which group do Dinosaurs belong to?

A

Reptiles

133
Q

Which group do Snakes belong to?

A

Reptiles

134
Q

Which group do Turtles belong to?

A

Reptiles

135
Q

Which group do Birds belong to?

A

Reptiles

136
Q

What is parental care?

A

Any behavior that contributes to offspring survival.

137
Q

The significance of chick gape color and feeding rates?

A

Gapes dyed red received more food from the parents.
Possibly indicating chick health?

138
Q

The relationship between begging and relatedness?

A

The less related the chicks are, the more / louder they beg.

139
Q

Cuckoo bird’s eggs and rearing behavior?

A
  • Cuckoo birds lay their eggs in other birds’ nests, tricking the parents into raising their young.
  • Cuckoo eggs imitate/look like the bird’s eggs they are attempting to cuck.
140
Q

Cooperative breeding and relatedness?

A

Most instances of cooperative breeding involve close relatives, like siblings or half-siblings.

141
Q

Extra-pair copulations in birds?

A

In many monogamous birds, there is “cheating”, at a rate of 10-25%.

142
Q

Two-fold advantage of asexual sexual reproduction?

A

Asexual lineages grow at TWO times the rate of sexual lineages per generation.

143
Q

Costs of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Finding a mate
  • Harm to females
  • Paternity
  • STD’s
  • Competition
  • Compatibility
144
Q

How sexual lineages are able to acquire successful genes compared to asexual lineages.

A

Sexual lineages can acquire beneficial genes very quickly due to the exchange of genetic material. Asexual lineages only pass beneficial mutations to their offspring, and don’t integrate with the rest of the population.

145
Q

How sexual lineages are able to eliminate deleterious genes compared to asexual lineages.

A

Recombination can ‘break up’ these mutation associations.

146
Q

Lottery ticket explanation of sexual reproduction?

A

The optimal genotype for a given environment is unpredictable, so there is an advantage in producing a variety of genotypes.

147
Q

Tangled bank explanation of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Offspring must compete for resources
  • Allows for a range of genotypes that can specialize in different parts of their environment.
148
Q

Red Queen’s explanation of sexual reproduction?

A

“You have to run to stay in the same place”
Because of parasites and a changing environment, organisms must constantly adapt to stay alive.

149
Q

INTERsexual vs INTRAsexual selection?

A

INTER: Female choice of a male partner.
INTRA: competing with members of one’s own sex.

150
Q

How male suicide might benefit the children.

A

“ultimate nuptial gift”
- Can be beneficial if they only have a few opportunities to mate with other females.
- If being eaten will increase the odds of survival of the mother and their offspring.

151
Q

Why do some males try do escape under mating sacrifice conditions?

A

To be able to mate again.

152
Q

Why do bird families with more parasites have brighter males?

A

Families with more parasites would benefit more from indicating that they are parasite-free.

153
Q

Whare are equal male-female sex ratios common?

A
  • Advantage of rarity: When males are rare, females would produce more males to increase the mating chances of their offspring.
  • There are exceptions.
154
Q

What is meant by senescence?

A

Decrease in fertility and survivability in old individuals.
In theory, natural selection should oppose this occurance.

155
Q

Evolution of bipedalism in humans.

A

Happened very early in development.

156
Q

Primary and secondary consequences of bipedalism.

A

Primary:
- Longer legs, shorter arms
- Rotation of big toe
- Rotation of the pelvis
Secondary:
- Reduced birth canal
- Helpless babies
- Changes in hands

157
Q

Changes in domesticated animals?

A
  • Floppy ears
  • Playfulness
  • Reduced pigmentation
  • Smaller teeth
  • Slower development
158
Q

Why do changes in domesticated animals occur?

A

Selection for reduced aggression.
Reduced adrenal gland activity, leads to reduced neural crest cell activity.

159
Q

Human self-domestication.

A

Some of these domestication traits are also present in humans.

160
Q

When was the Paleolithic Revolution

A

Approximatly 50k ya.

161
Q

Why is it surprising that occurred so late?

A

?????

Biol 240 (5 decks)

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