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Biol 240 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution

A

Has genetic change occurred?
Change of alleles/genes through time.
Long term viability.

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2
Q

Natural Selection

A

Change in phenotype over generations.
Change in alleles across a population over time.

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3
Q

Five Types of Selection

A
  • Stabilizing Selection (What exists)
  • Directional Selection (One extreme)
  • Disruptive Selection (‘Both’ Extremes)
  • Fluctuating Selection (Back and Forth)
  • Frequency-dependent Selection (Rarity)
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4
Q

Four Mechanisms of Evolution

A
  • Mutation
  • Gene Flow (Migration)
  • Genetic Drift
  • Natural Selection
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5
Q

Population

A

A collection of individuals of a single species

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6
Q

Community

A

All individuals of any species in an area

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7
Q

Genotype

A

The genes

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

Not the genes

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9
Q

Plasticity

A

Change in phenotype without genetic change.
Examples:
* Tanning skin.
* Stem Cells.
* Weight.

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10
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

‘Same-Place’ Speciation.
Fitness is determined by other phenotypes or individuals (mating preference)

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11
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

‘Different-Place’ Speciation
Geographic Isolation

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12
Q

Pre-zygotic Isolation

A

Selection before fertilization (Preferential use of sperm)

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13
Q

Post-zygotic Isolation

A

Selection after fertilization (low developmental viability)

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14
Q

Three Concepts of a Species

A

Biological
Typological
Phylogenetic

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15
Q

Darwin and Wallace

A

First Described Natural Selection

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16
Q

Mechanisms of Natual Selection

A
  • Variation
  • Differential Reproduction
  • Heredity
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17
Q

Taxonomic Mnemonic

A

Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

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18
Q

Taxonomic Order

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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19
Q

Examples of Tradeoffs in Fitness

A

Peacock Tail (Secondary sex characteristics): Expensive and cumbersome, but impressive to mates.

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20
Q

Population Bottleneck / Founder Effect

A

When a small number of individuals are separated (usually geographically) into a new distinct population.
Founders of a new species.
Usually Results in a high occurrence of Genetic Drift.

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21
Q

Example of Mutation Evolution

A

HbS gene in Humans. Leads to Resistance to Malaria, but causes sickle cell anemia (if 2 recessives)

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22
Q

Example of Gene Flow Evolution

A

Caribou changing herds, or a bee carrying pollen to flowers from different populations.

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23
Q

Example of Genetic Drift

A

Population Bottlenecks leave a small random assortment of survivors and their genes.

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24
Q

Example of Natural Selection

A

Giraffe neck and the ability to reach food other animals can’t.

25
Q

Natural Selection vs. Speciation

A

Speciation is a result of evolution.
Over time, a single species separated into two populations will evolve differently, eventually becoming unable to interbreed.
Natural selection is one aspect of the driving force behind these changes.

26
Q

The Biological Concept of a Species

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring.

27
Q

The Typological Concept of a Species

A

A group that shares certain characteristics, distinguishing them from other groups.

28
Q

The Phylogenetic Concept of a Species

A

An irreducible group whos members are descended from a common ancestor.

29
Q

Speciation

A

One population that, through reproductive isolation, becomes two populations that cannot interbreed.

30
Q

Prezygotic Isolation

A

Two individuals are unable to or don’t mate.

31
Q

Postzygotic Isolation

A

Two individuals can mate, but their offspring don’t develop correctly and die or are unable to have offspring of their own.

32
Q

Scholastic World View

A

Ideal Forms.
Variation as a flaw, or a degradation of those forms.
Species are set and continuous by a creator.

33
Q

Biblical Worldview

A

Independent Creation of Species.
Young Earth.

34
Q

Evidence of Evolution (8)

A
  • Homology
  • Similarity of Proximal Species
  • Adaptation (bad evidence against creation)
  • Analogy
  • Vestigial Features
  • Fossil Record
  • Genetic / Molecular Record
  • Observation
35
Q

Convergent Evolution / Analogy

A

Two (distinct) features with similar functions that are not shared in the common ancestor.
Example: Polar Bear & Arctic Hen Color

36
Q

Homology

A

Two (similar) features with different functions are shared in the common ancestor.
Example: Donphin Fins & Human Hands

37
Q

Gradualism

A

Evolutionary change that occurs gradually over long periods.
Example:

38
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium:

A

Evolutionary stability for long periods, punctuated with small periods of rapid change.

39
Q

Monophyletic

A

A group descended from a common evolutionary ancestor not shared by other groups.

40
Q

Paraphyletic

A

A group sharing a common ancestor, but not including all descendants of that ancestor.

41
Q

Synapomorphies

A

Ancestral characteristics, shared exclusively by that clade.

42
Q

Sympliesomorphies

A

Ancestral characteristics, shared by two or more lineages of a clade, but are not exclusive to that clade.

43
Q

Differences of Ancient Earth (6)

A
  • 70-80% as bright.
  • Lots of iron in the oceans.
  • Lots of CO2, Ni / S compounds.
  • Unfiltered Radiation. (No Ozone)
  • Anoxic (No Oxygen)
  • No Complex Organic Macromolecules.
44
Q

Miller-Urey Experiment

A
  • Abiogenesis
  • CH4 (Methane), NH3 (Ammonia), H2 (hydrogen) + Electricity = glycine, alanine, and other amino acids.
45
Q

Why is RNA considered older than DNA and Protein.

A
  • Can store information and catalyze reactions. Jack of all trades.
  • Ribozyme!
46
Q

Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes:
Morphologically Diverse | Large
Prokaryotes:
Metabolically Diverse

47
Q

Archaea / Eukaryote / Bacteria Division

A
48
Q

Are Viruses Monophyletic?

A
  • No
  • Evolved many times separately, from all over the tree of life.
49
Q

Why is prokaryotes vs eukaryotes outdated?

A
  • Eukaryotes are a small off-chute of Archaea.
  • Implies 50/50 relationship, when prokaryotes make up the vast majority of all diversity of life.
50
Q

Why is Eukaryotes v Bacteria v Archaea outdated?

A
  • Eukaryotes are a small branch of Archaea.
  • Archaea aren’t monophyletic.
51
Q

Chlamydias

A

Parasites of animals

52
Q

Spirochetes

A

Spiral

53
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Photosynthetic

54
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

Soil-dwelling decomposers

55
Q

Alpha Proteobacteria

A

Ancestor of mitochondria

56
Q

Beta Proteobacteria

A

Very diverse

57
Q

Gamma proteobacteria

A

Symbionts or pathogens of humans

58
Q

Delta proteobacteria

A

Some form fruiting body

59
Q

Epsilon Proteobacteria

A

Many Symbionts or Pathogens

Biol 240 (5 decks)

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