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Biol 240 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Three Domains of Life?

A
  1. Archaea
  2. Eukarya
  3. Bacteria
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2
Q

3 Characteristics of all living things?

A
  1. Cells.
  2. Heritable Information.
  3. Transformations of Energy and Matter.
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3
Q

Unicellular vs Multicellular Eukaryotes.

A

In terms of the diversity of species, most eukaryotes are unicellular.

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4
Q

Biomass: Terrestrial vs Aquatic

A

Out of the 550 gt (gigatons) of organic carbon on Earth, 470 gt is terrestrial.

Most (85%) biomass on planet Earth is terrestrial.

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5
Q

Terrestrial Biomass Distribution

A

450 gt is Plants.
70 gt is Bacteria.
12 gt is Fungi.
2 gt is Animals (mostly humans and livestock.)

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6
Q

Challenges for Plants Moving from Freshwater to Terrestrial Habitat? (4)

A
  1. Avoiding water loss
  2. Biomechanics
  3. Reproduction
  4. Resources (nutrition)
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7
Q

Benefits for Plants Moving from Freshwater to Terrestrial Habitat? (3)

A
  1. Better Gas exchange
  2. More Light
  3. Higher concentrations of minerals.
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8
Q

Genetic Structure of a Plant Cell?

A

Out -> In:
- Cell Wall
- Cell Membrane
- Chloroplast / Mitochondrion / Nucleus
(Chloroplasts are much larger than mitochondrion)
- Vacuole

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9
Q

Gametophyte vs Sporophyte Dominant Life Stage Between Major Groups of Land Plants?

A

Multicellular Haploid: Gametophyte generation
Multicellular Diploid: Sporophyte generation

Bryophytes: G dominant
Tracheophytes: S dominant

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10
Q

\Cooksonia: Structures and Location in Phylogeny?

A
  • First known land plant with erect stems. No leaves, dichotomous branching, terminal sporangia, primitive vasculature.
  • Silurian Period
  • Evolved after vascular tissue, after bryophytes, but before lycophytes.
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11
Q

Land plants that have Roots, Stems, and Leaves with Stomata?

A

Tracheophytes (vascular plants)

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12
Q

Land plants with ‘true’, complex leaves.

A
  • Angiosperms
  • Gymnosperms
  • Ferns
    (Not Lycophytes or Bryophytes)
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13
Q

Unique traits of complex leaves?

A
  • Epidermis with waxy cuticle
  • Stomata
    Allowed for much larger leaves and greater morphological diversity in leaves to increase photosynthesis.
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14
Q

Feature in complex leaves to regulate water loss?

A

Stomata:
- Can close to conserve water.

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15
Q

Land plants with vascular tissue?

A

Tracheophytes

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16
Q

Cells specializing in long-distance water transport through a plant?

A

Xylem:
- Constructed out of dead cells
- Transports water DIRECTIONALLY from the soil to the leaves.
- Contains lignin compound
- Major component of wood.

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17
Q

Cells that specialize in the transport of sugars?

A

Phloem:
- Moves sugars produced in leaves to heterotrophic stems and roots.
- Living Companion cell / “Dead” Sieve-tube element.

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18
Q

Autotrophic vs Heterotrophic?

A

(Food: Calories!… not nutrients)
Autotrophic: Creates its food.
Heterotrophic: Eats other organisms for food.

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19
Q

The story of Resource management for land plants?

A

Plants inhabiting the land was a process of managing water in a dry environment, and a dramatic increase in structural and functional diversity.

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20
Q

Tracheophytes

A

Vascular Land Plants
- Lycophytes
- Ferns
- Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms

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21
Q

Bryophytes

A

Non-vascular land plants

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22
Q

Land Plant Synapomorphs (5)

A
  1. Alteration of generations
  2. Apical meristems
  3. Multicellular gametangia
  4. Multicellular dependent embryos
  5. Walled spores produced in sporangia
    (AAMMW)
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23
Q

Charophytes & Chlorophytes

A

Not Land Plants

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24
Q

Angio & Gymno Synapomorph

A

Seeds

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25
Q

Angio, Gymno & Fern Synapomorph

A

Complex leaves evolve

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26
Q

Angio, Gymno, Fern & Lyco Synapomorph

A

Roots, stems and leaves with stomata.

27
Q

3 Unique traits of Eukaryotes

A

Have a…
1. Nucleus
2. Mitochondria
3. Diploid & Haploid Phase

28
Q

Haploid vs Diploid & The processes that produce each?

A

Haploid: Single set of Chromosomes, produced via Mitosis.
Diploid: Two sets of Chromosomes, produced via fertilization.

29
Q

Gametophytes produce sperm and egg via which process?

A

Mitosis

30
Q

Sporophytes produce spores via which process?

A

Meiosis

31
Q

Male Gametophytes of seed plants vs male Gametophytes of non-seed plants?

A
  • The male gametophyte of seed plants is a dispersal propagule (pollen). Very small!
  • The male gametophyte of non-seed plants is its own ‘organism’. Like a small plant. In bryophytes, the male gametophyte makes up the majority of the organism.
32
Q

Single-celled haploid spore grows into multicellular gametophyte through what process?

A

Mitosis

33
Q

Plants that require external water for sperm to fertilize an egg?

A

Non-Seed Plants:
Ferns, Lycophytes, and Bryophytes

34
Q

The unique trait of seed plants that allows fertilization without external water?

A

A mature male gametophyte is a pollen grain and can travel to the female gametophyte for fertilization.

Pollination is first step of fertilization of all seed plants

35
Q

Pollination

A

The movement of pollen from male to female reproductive organs.

36
Q

Types of Pollination

A

Self-pollination (same plant)
Cross-pollination (different plants)

37
Q

Pollination vs Fertilization

A

Fusion of haploid male & female gametes, forming a diploid zygote.

38
Q

Land plants that produce fruits and flowers?

A

Angiosperms

39
Q

What is a flower?

A

Specialized Structure for sexual reproduction.

40
Q

What is a fruit?

A

A structure that protects & disperses seeds.

41
Q

Two basic mechanisms for pollination?

A

Biotic and Abiotic

42
Q

Gymnosperm pollination type?

A

Abiotic (98% Wind)

43
Q

Angiosperm pollination type?

A

80% biotic.
(65% insects.)

44
Q

Flower color of wind and animal pollinated plants?

A

Angiosperms use colored flowers to attract pollinators.
Wind-pollinated flowers are usually ‘colorless’ for this reason.

45
Q

Flower color for Fly & Bat pollinated flowers?

A

Muted or non-colored.

46
Q

Flower color for bees, butterflies, and birds?

A

Bright colors

47
Q

Major Mechanisms of seed dispersal? (5)

A
  1. Gravity
  2. Ballistic
  3. Wind
  4. Water
  5. Animal
48
Q

Serotiny?

A

Seed ‘activation’ due to fire.

49
Q

Organic vs Inorganic Compound?

A

Organic compounds has carbon and hydrogen bonds.

50
Q

Macronutrients vs Micronutrients?

A

Macronutrients: Nutrients are required in large amounts for plant growth.

Micronutrients: Nutrients that are required in small amounts. Trace elements.

51
Q

Macronutrient examples?

A
  • Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur.
52
Q

Mycorrhizae?

A

“Fungal Root” is a fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with the roots of many plants.

53
Q

Macronutrients that Mycorrhizae ‘Provide’.

A

Water, phosphorus, and other mineral nutrients.

Receives sugars.

54
Q

Benefits of Rood Nodules?

A

Houses nitrogen-fixing bacteria to make up for deficiencies in the soil.

55
Q

What do plants give in return for bacteria in root nodules?

A

Bacteria get carbon from the plants.

56
Q

Are all land plants Autotrophs?

A

No: Parasitic & Mycotrophic Plants

57
Q

Parasitic Plants and Mycotrophic plants differences?

A

Parasitic Plants: Take nutrients and energy directly from a host plant.
Mycotrophic: Take nutrients and energy indirectly from a host plant through an intermediate fungus.

58
Q

2 Types of Parasitic Plants, and how do they differ?

A

Holoparasitic: Gets all nutrition from the host.
Hemiparasitic: (hemi : half) Gets only a portion of its nutrition from the host plant.

59
Q

What are Carnivorous plants and where are they found?

A

Heterotrophic Plants.
Found in nitrogen-poor habitats.

60
Q

Environmental Drivers of Vegetation in California?

A

The ocean, the mountains, and the variety of environments found in such a ‘small’ region.
Temperature
Precipitation
FOG

61
Q

Why is Fog important for many California Species?

A

Species have developed Foliar Uptake and can survive for weeks off of just the water collected from the fog.

62
Q

What is ecological succession?

A

Ecological disturbances that are significant enough to create space for new growth.
Changes in one area over time.

63
Q
A

Biol 240 (5 decks)

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