Midterm 2 Flashcards
Three Domains of Life?
- Archaea
- Eukarya
- Bacteria
3 Characteristics of all living things?
- Cells.
- Heritable Information.
- Transformations of Energy and Matter.
Unicellular vs Multicellular Eukaryotes.
In terms of the diversity of species, most eukaryotes are unicellular.
Biomass: Terrestrial vs Aquatic
Out of the 550 gt (gigatons) of organic carbon on Earth, 470 gt is terrestrial.
Most (85%) biomass on planet Earth is terrestrial.
Terrestrial Biomass Distribution
450 gt is Plants.
70 gt is Bacteria.
12 gt is Fungi.
2 gt is Animals (mostly humans and livestock.)
Challenges for Plants Moving from Freshwater to Terrestrial Habitat? (4)
- Avoiding water loss
- Biomechanics
- Reproduction
- Resources (nutrition)
Benefits for Plants Moving from Freshwater to Terrestrial Habitat? (3)
- Better Gas exchange
- More Light
- Higher concentrations of minerals.
Genetic Structure of a Plant Cell?
Out -> In:
- Cell Wall
- Cell Membrane
- Chloroplast / Mitochondrion / Nucleus
(Chloroplasts are much larger than mitochondrion)
- Vacuole
Gametophyte vs Sporophyte Dominant Life Stage Between Major Groups of Land Plants?
Multicellular Haploid: Gametophyte generation
Multicellular Diploid: Sporophyte generation
Bryophytes: G dominant
Tracheophytes: S dominant
\Cooksonia: Structures and Location in Phylogeny?
- First known land plant with erect stems. No leaves, dichotomous branching, terminal sporangia, primitive vasculature.
- Silurian Period
- Evolved after vascular tissue, after bryophytes, but before lycophytes.
Land plants that have Roots, Stems, and Leaves with Stomata?
Tracheophytes (vascular plants)
Land plants with ‘true’, complex leaves.
- Angiosperms
- Gymnosperms
- Ferns
(Not Lycophytes or Bryophytes)
Unique traits of complex leaves?
- Epidermis with waxy cuticle
- Stomata
Allowed for much larger leaves and greater morphological diversity in leaves to increase photosynthesis.
Feature in complex leaves to regulate water loss?
Stomata:
- Can close to conserve water.
Land plants with vascular tissue?
Tracheophytes
Cells specializing in long-distance water transport through a plant?
Xylem:
- Constructed out of dead cells
- Transports water DIRECTIONALLY from the soil to the leaves.
- Contains lignin compound
- Major component of wood.
Cells that specialize in the transport of sugars?
Phloem:
- Moves sugars produced in leaves to heterotrophic stems and roots.
- Living Companion cell / “Dead” Sieve-tube element.
Autotrophic vs Heterotrophic?
(Food: Calories!… not nutrients)
Autotrophic: Creates its food.
Heterotrophic: Eats other organisms for food.
The story of Resource management for land plants?
Plants inhabiting the land was a process of managing water in a dry environment, and a dramatic increase in structural and functional diversity.
Tracheophytes
Vascular Land Plants
- Lycophytes
- Ferns
- Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms
Bryophytes
Non-vascular land plants
Land Plant Synapomorphs (5)
- Alteration of generations
- Apical meristems
- Multicellular gametangia
- Multicellular dependent embryos
- Walled spores produced in sporangia
(AAMMW)
Charophytes & Chlorophytes
Not Land Plants
Angio & Gymno Synapomorph
Seeds
Angio, Gymno & Fern Synapomorph
Complex leaves evolve
Angio, Gymno, Fern & Lyco Synapomorph
Roots, stems and leaves with stomata.
3 Unique traits of Eukaryotes
Have a…
1. Nucleus
2. Mitochondria
3. Diploid & Haploid Phase
Haploid vs Diploid & The processes that produce each?
Haploid: Single set of Chromosomes, produced via Mitosis.
Diploid: Two sets of Chromosomes, produced via fertilization.
Gametophytes produce sperm and egg via which process?
Mitosis
Sporophytes produce spores via which process?
Meiosis
Male Gametophytes of seed plants vs male Gametophytes of non-seed plants?
- The male gametophyte of seed plants is a dispersal propagule (pollen). Very small!
- The male gametophyte of non-seed plants is its own ‘organism’. Like a small plant. In bryophytes, the male gametophyte makes up the majority of the organism.
Single-celled haploid spore grows into multicellular gametophyte through what process?
Mitosis
Plants that require external water for sperm to fertilize an egg?
Non-Seed Plants:
Ferns, Lycophytes, and Bryophytes
The unique trait of seed plants that allows fertilization without external water?
A mature male gametophyte is a pollen grain and can travel to the female gametophyte for fertilization.
Pollination is first step of fertilization of all seed plants
Pollination
The movement of pollen from male to female reproductive organs.
Types of Pollination
Self-pollination (same plant)
Cross-pollination (different plants)
Pollination vs Fertilization
Fusion of haploid male & female gametes, forming a diploid zygote.
Land plants that produce fruits and flowers?
Angiosperms
What is a flower?
Specialized Structure for sexual reproduction.
What is a fruit?
A structure that protects & disperses seeds.
Two basic mechanisms for pollination?
Biotic and Abiotic
Gymnosperm pollination type?
Abiotic (98% Wind)
Angiosperm pollination type?
80% biotic.
(65% insects.)
Flower color of wind and animal pollinated plants?
Angiosperms use colored flowers to attract pollinators.
Wind-pollinated flowers are usually ‘colorless’ for this reason.
Flower color for Fly & Bat pollinated flowers?
Muted or non-colored.
Flower color for bees, butterflies, and birds?
Bright colors
Major Mechanisms of seed dispersal? (5)
- Gravity
- Ballistic
- Wind
- Water
- Animal
Serotiny?
Seed ‘activation’ due to fire.
Organic vs Inorganic Compound?
Organic compounds has carbon and hydrogen bonds.
Macronutrients vs Micronutrients?
Macronutrients: Nutrients are required in large amounts for plant growth.
Micronutrients: Nutrients that are required in small amounts. Trace elements.
Macronutrient examples?
- Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur.
Mycorrhizae?
“Fungal Root” is a fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with the roots of many plants.
Macronutrients that Mycorrhizae ‘Provide’.
Water, phosphorus, and other mineral nutrients.
Receives sugars.
Benefits of Rood Nodules?
Houses nitrogen-fixing bacteria to make up for deficiencies in the soil.
What do plants give in return for bacteria in root nodules?
Bacteria get carbon from the plants.
Are all land plants Autotrophs?
No: Parasitic & Mycotrophic Plants
Parasitic Plants and Mycotrophic plants differences?
Parasitic Plants: Take nutrients and energy directly from a host plant.
Mycotrophic: Take nutrients and energy indirectly from a host plant through an intermediate fungus.
2 Types of Parasitic Plants, and how do they differ?
Holoparasitic: Gets all nutrition from the host.
Hemiparasitic: (hemi : half) Gets only a portion of its nutrition from the host plant.
What are Carnivorous plants and where are they found?
Heterotrophic Plants.
Found in nitrogen-poor habitats.
Environmental Drivers of Vegetation in California?
The ocean, the mountains, and the variety of environments found in such a ‘small’ region.
Temperature
Precipitation
FOG
Why is Fog important for many California Species?
Species have developed Foliar Uptake and can survive for weeks off of just the water collected from the fog.
What is ecological succession?
Ecological disturbances that are significant enough to create space for new growth.
Changes in one area over time.
