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Biology 117 > Midterm 2 Main > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Main Flashcards

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1
Q

____ and _____ are related

A

Water and temperature

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2
Q

Increased temperature means

A

Higher rates of a water loss

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3
Q

Humans cool by

A

Sweat, we drink lots of water

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4
Q

Most organisms consist of how much water

A

50-90%

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5
Q

Water relations

A

How organisms maintain water balence

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6
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Low to high solute concentration

Water has a tendency to move down concentration gradients!!!

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7
Q

Water potential

A

Waters potential energy or its ability to do work

Eg. River water has high energy

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8
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

Moves water up from the soil into the crown of tree

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9
Q

Water regulation by terrestrial animals

A

Wi + Wd + Wf + Wa - We - Ws

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10
Q

Terrestrial animals water regulation meanings

A 
Wd: taken by drinking 
Wf: taken in with food 
Wa: water absorbed from air 
We: water loss from evaporation 
Ws: waterless loss with various secretions and excretions
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11
Q

Water acquisition by animals

A

Oxidation of glucose

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O

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12
Q

Water acquisition by plants

A

Through roots! Longer the roots, more water they’re trynna get

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13
Q

Water use efficiency

A

Biomass of plant tissue produced per gram of water used

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14
Q

How to get water from food

A

Metabolism! Break down into sugar molecules

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15
Q

Energy

A

Light, organic molecules, or inorganic molecules

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16
Q

Nutrients

A

Raw material needed to build the organic and inorganic components critical to life

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17
Q

Phylogeny

A

Grouping organisms based on their similarities

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18
Q

Autotrophs

A

“Self feeders”

Use inorganic sources of both carbon and energy

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19
Q

2 types of autotrophs

A

Photosynthetic and chemosynthetix

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20
Q

Photosynthetic autotroph

A

Use carbon dioxide as a source of carbon and solar radiation in the form of light as a source of energy

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21
Q

Trophic

A

Means of organisms obtaining energy

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22
Q

Chemosynthetic autotrophs

A

Use inorganic molecules as a source of carbon and energy

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23
Q

Heterotrophs

A

“Other feeders”. Organisms use organic molecules as a source of carbon and as a energy source

Bacteria, fungus, parasites

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24
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Use light energy to produce ATP

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25
Q

Heterotrophs include

A

Bacteria, fungi, and animals

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26
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Show more trophies diversity then the other major biological groupings (single cell, no organelles)

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27
Q

Archea

A

Look like bacteria. But aren’t. Have different genetics

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28
Q

All fungi and animals are

A

Heretotrophic

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29
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Solar powered biosphere

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30
Q

Photons

A

Particles of light, bear a finite quantity of energy

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31
Q

Longer wavelengths

A

Infrared light

Carry less energy then shorter wavelengths

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32
Q

Visible light, better known as

A

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)

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33
Q

Photosynthetically active radiation makes up what percent of total energy content

A

45%

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34
Q

Photon flux density (PFD)

A

Number of photons striking a square meter surface each second

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35
Q

Light changes in quantity with:

A

Latitude, season, weather, time of day

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36
Q

ATP

A

Energy (stored as sugar, lipids, proteins)

37
Q

Photosynthesis in two parts

A

Light and dark reaction

38
Q

Carbon fixation

A

Autotrophs

39
Q

C3 photo synthesis

A

C3 plants

40
Q

C4 plants use

A

3 carbons opposed to 5 carbon molecules leading

41
Q

Ethology

A

The study of behaviour (animals in environment)

42
Q

Natural selection favours ______ that increase _______

A

Behaviours

Fitness

43
Q

Complex behaviours have

A

Genetic basis and choice is not a sole determinant

44
Q

Some behaviours are more ______ than others

A

Adaptive

45
Q

Adaptive value of a given trait is _______ common in the ____________

A

More

Specific environmental conditions

46
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Fitness is determined by individual survival and reproduction

47
Q

Kin selection

A

Selecting behaviours leading to inclusive behaviour

48
Q

Donor

A

Performs actions to be accessed

49
Q

Recipient

A

Recognizes the given behaviour

50
Q

Cooperation

A

I benefit, so does someone else

51
Q

Selfishness

A

I benefit, you don’t

52
Q

Adaptionist

A

That all observed behaviours are inherently adaptive

53
Q

Altruistic act

A

Benefits recipient, but harms donor

54
Q

Group selection

A

Individuals may act counter to their own personal interest to better the rest

55
Q

Kin selection can promote ______, ____% of genes from each other

A

Altruism

50

56
Q

Manipulation

A

Laying eggs in someone else nest

57
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

Individuals do not have to be related to each other for altruism to be stable

58
Q

Different species living ______ by _____ differ

A

Side by side

Coexistence

59
Q

Species living side by side do what

A

Produce different size offspring

Lifetimes order by magnitude (some old some young)

Offspring may leave or live independently

60
Q

For each species, there will be a limited set of ______ suitable for _____ and _______

A

Conditions

Growth

Reproduction

61
Q

The principle of ______ is important in influencing how an ______ allocates _____ within a given segment of its energy budget

A

Allocation

Organism

Energy

62
Q

Organisms cans only access so much ______, causing ______ in how they can be allocated between survival, ____ number, and offspring size

A

Energy

Trade offs

Offspring

63
Q

Allometry

A

Study of scaling between body size and various biological factors, including shape, anatomy, physiology, and behaviour

64
Q

______ will have a strong Influence on how an organism ______ energy

A

Body size

Allocates

65
Q

Fecundity

A

Number of offspring produced by an organism

66
Q

Gene flow

A

Avaibality to spread further

Seeds on a tree in wind

67
Q

Desert shrubs root length

A

Up to 30 meters

68
Q

Another way to balence water budget is to reduce water loss, how ?

A

Waterproofing, many animals and plants cover themselves with a fairly waterproof wax

69
Q

Evil quartet

A

The immediate causes of species loss

70
Q

Four points to the evil quartet

A

Over exploitation

Habitat loss

Competition with introduced species

Tropic dependency leading to cascading chains of extinction (higher up in food chain dependant on lower species leads to domino effect)

71
Q

R

A

Represents population growth rate

72
Q

K

A

Represents maximum sustainable size of population

73
Q

Slow life histories

A

Reach sexual maturity later, breed infrequently in small number, have similar life history traits

74
Q

Ruderals

A

Plants that live in highly disturbed habitats and may depend on disturbances to persist in the face of potential competition from other plants

75
Q

Stress

A

Induced by environmental conditions that limit the growth of all or part of vegetation

76
Q

Stress is the result of:

A

Extreme temperatures, too little or too much water, too little or too much nutrients

77
Q

Competitive life history

A

Competitive plants occupy environments where disturbance intensity is low and stress is low

78
Q

Niche

A

Home or house

2 specifies can’t occupy same niche

79
Q

Fundemental niche

A

Reflects environmental requirements of species

80
Q

Realized niche

A

Includes interactions with other species

81
Q

Phenology

A

Study of timing of events in an organisms life

when they are born, when leaves flush out

82
Q

Brood parasite

A

Female lays eggs in others birds nests

83
Q

Sociality

A

Group living and cooperation

84
Q

Eusociality

A

Generations of individuals live together

Cooperative care of young

Divisions of individuals into sterile, reproductive and nonreproductive

85
Q

Caste

A

Individuals that engage in specialized behaviour in a colony

86
Q

Manogomy

A

Regular relationships

87
Q

Promiscuity

A

Multiple mates. Whore

88
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Compete for sex

89
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Get sex cause you look good

Biology 117 (8 decks)

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