Chapter 4: Evolution And Speciation

Question 1

Adaptions

Answer 1

Traits selected by natural selection

Adapted organisms survive

Question 2

Phenotypic variation

Answer 2

In a population results from combined effects from genes and environment

Question 3

Phenotypic plasticity

Answer 3

Variation among individuals in form, function, or physiology from the environment

Question 4

Ecotypes

Answer 4

Locally adapted and genetically distinctive populations within a species

Question 5

Heritability

Answer 5

Proportion of total phenotypic variation in a trait attributable to genetic variance

Question 6

DNA replication is not _____

Answer 6

100% accurate, mistakes are known to occur

Question 7

DNA mistakes are known as

Answer 7

Mutations

Question 8

Micro evolution

Answer 8

Change in gene frequency within a population can occur both natural selection and random processes

Question 9

Macroevolution

Answer 9

Leads to speciation

Question 10

Process of natural selection

Answer 10

Does not take the same form everywhere and at all times

Question 11

Stabilizing selection

Answer 11

Most populations have a high potential for evolutionary change

Question 12

Stabilizing selection favours ….

Answer 12

The average phenotype

Question 13

Directional selection

Answer 13

Favours an extreme phenotype over the average

Question 14

Disruptive selection

Answer 14

Favours two or more extreme phenotypes over the average

Question 15

Evolution through genetic drift

Answer 15

Occurs in alll sexually reproducing populations, but strength the changes occur in small populations

Question 16

Genetic drift graph

Answer 16

AA = 0.25
Aa = 0.50
aa = 0.25

Question 17

Hardy-Weinberg principle

Answer 17

Based on Aa/Aa mating scenarios

Question 18

Generic drift

Answer 18

With a finite number of individuals producing a finite number of offspring, gene frequencies will change

Question 19

Platonic idealism

Answer 19

Single unchanging truth

Question 20

Biological species concept

Answer 20

Groups of actually interbreeding natural populations

Question 21

Ecotypes

Answer 21

Genetically identifiable subclass of a species which evolved in response to a local environmental conditions

Question 22

Phylogenetic species concept defines species

Answer 22

Based upon evolutionary history or phylogenetic similarity

Question 23

Reproductive islolation

Answer 23

Broken into two isolating mechanisms

Question 24

Isolating mechanisms

Answer 24

Prezygotic

Postzygotic

Question 25

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

Answer 25

Prevent two individuals from forming a zygote

Question 26

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Answer 26

Occur after a zygote has been formed

Question 27

Ecological isolation

Answer 27

Two individuals physically separated, such that they are unable to encounter each other

Question 28

Temporal isolation

Answer 28

Individuals are fertile at different times

Question 29

Behavioural isolation

Answer 29

Both fertile and in same location but not proper behaviour cue

Question 30

Mechanical isolation

Answer 30

Two individuals that have genetalia that don’t fit together

Question 31

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Answer 31

Equally effective at preventing production of a viable offspring

Question 32

Hybrid inviability

Answer 32

Results if zygotic development is abnormal

Question 33

Hybrid sterility

Answer 33

Occurs if the hybrid develops normally but is unable to produce viable gametes

Question 34

Speciation is generally divided into three groups

Answer 34

Allopatric Parapatric Sympatric

Question 35

Allopatric

Answer 35

Single group spatially subdivided

Question 36

Parapatric

Answer 36

Population expands into new habitat within the pre-existing range of the patent species

Question 37

Sympatric

Answer 37

Single parent population forms genetically distinct Su populations by natural selection without isolation

Question 38

Alleles

Answer 38

Genes in an alternative form

Question 39

Speciation

Answer 39

physical and ecological processes interact with selection and drift to produce new species