Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

gen bio 2 > midterm 2 lectures 8 & 9 > Flashcards

midterm 2 lectures 8 & 9 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

plant sensory systems detect environmental stimuli such as (4 things)

A

light, pressure, gravity, and airborne molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

_____ initiate responses to environmental stimuli

A

plant sensory systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_____ is the growth of a plant toward light

A

phototropism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

in phototropism, greater elongation of cells occur on what side of the stem

A

the shaded side of the stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

phototropism occurs in response to what color light

A

blue light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a ____ is a receptor protein on a receptor cell membrane that responds to light

A

phototropin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is auxin?

A

a hormone that promotes growth in the stem of a plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

within phototropism, auxin moves from the _____ side of the stem to the _____ side of the stem

A

illuminated, shaded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

____ produced at the tip of a stem and transported from the tip down to the zone of cellular elongation

A

auxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

if the entire plant is illuminated, this means that (2 things)

A
  • there is an equal transport of auxin down both sides of the stem
  • the stem does not bend
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

in phototropism, more ___ is transported down the shaded side of the stem

A

auxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

in phototropism, greater elongation of cells on the shaded side of the stem causes what?

A

the stem bend towards the light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

a _____ is a chemical signal circulated throughout the plant

A

hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hormones such as _____ must be released in _____ amounts to generate an effect

A

auxin, large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

auxin is produced by _____ in the ____ system

A

apical meristems, shoot system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

______ promotes growth in the shoot system of plants

A

auxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

______ helps shoots grow upward and roots grow downward even if a seed germinated upside down

A

gravitropism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens when there is a negative gravitropism?

A

the shoot grows upward against gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens when there is a positive gravitropism?

A

shoot grows downward in the direction of gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

____ involves responses of an individual to the environmental factors it experiences

A

phenotypic plasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

a tree trunk growing in a windy area would tend to have what kind of trunk?

A

short and thicker, cell walls become stiffer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
a tree trunk growing in an area without would tend to have a shorter and thicker trunk

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

______ is the movement of a part of a plant in response to touch

A

thigmotropism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the closing of a venus fly trap occurs in response to _____

A

electrical signals moving across cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the closing of a venus fly trap is mediated by __________

A

water moving into some cells and out of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is ethylene (3 things)

A
  • a gas
  • can affect other plants
    -promotes ripening of fruits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is abscisic acid (2 things)

A
  • inhibits seed germination
  • promotes closing of stomata in dry conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is gibberellins? (2 things)

A
  • promotes seed germination
  • promotes growth of stems and fruit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is brassosteroids? (1 thing)

A
  • promotes growth in stems and leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is auxin?
produced by ____ in _____ system
promotes growth in _____ system
inhibits growth in ______ system
promotes _______ ______

A

-produced by apical meristems in shoot system
- promotes growth in shoot system
- inhibits growth in root system
- promotes apical dominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

fungi are _______

A

decomposers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

fungi form ____ relationships between ____ and ____

A

symbiotic, plants and algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

TRUE or FALSE
most species of fungus cause disease and most human diseases are caused by fungi

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

fungi are important in the ______ industry

A

food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

one of the main ways that fungi have adverse effects on humans is by ______

A

spoiling food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

fungi are more closely related to ______ and ______

A

animals and chanoflagellates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

common ancestor of fungi probably an _________ with ______ flagellum

A

aquatic unicellular organism, singular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

fungi and animals are _____trophic

A

heterotrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what groups has chitin as a structural polysaccharide
(plants, fungi, animals)

A

fungi and animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what group has cellulose as a structural polysaccharide

(plants, fungi, animals)

A

plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what group has a cell wall

(plants, fungi, animals)

A

plants and fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what group stores glucose as glycogen?

(plants, fungi, animals)

A

fungi and animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what group has a single flagellum on gametes

(plants, fungi, animals)

A

fungi and animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what group has multiple flagella on gametes?

(plants, fungi, animals)

think germination

A

plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

fungi have _____ feeding

A

absorptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

a ____ is a decomposers that feeds on dead plant organisms

A

saprophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

_______ _____ is an enzyme that breaks down lignin in wood

A

lignin peroxidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

_____ is an enzyme that breaks down cellulose in wood

A

cellulase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

_____ is not a good food source for fungi, but breaking down ______ increases acccess to cellulose

(the two blanks are the same term)

A

lignin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

yeasts are ______ fungi

A

unicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

_____ are thin filaments that make up the body of a fungus

A

hyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

hyphae
thin filiments that make up ___________
_____ surface area for absorption
vulnerable to ______

A

body of fungus, increase surface area for absorption,
desiccation (drying out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

coenocytic
cells in hyphae _____ to form a _______

A

join, large multinucleate “supercell”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

septate

cells in hyphae are _____ by partitions that allows _______

A

seperated, material to move from cell to cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

fungi have ____ vascular system for long distance transport

A

no

56
Q

______ in a fungus is a mass of hyphae that acts as a feeding structure

A

mycelium

57
Q

the mycelium of a fungus is usually _____ or _______

A

underground, inside the food source

58
Q

the fruiting body of a fungus is a ________ structure and produces ______

A

reproductive, spores

59
Q

the reproductive structures of a fungus are usually found _______ or ________

A

usually above ground, on the surface of the food source

60
Q

_____ is a relationship between individuals of different species

A

symbiosis

61
Q

parasitism

A

one species benefits from the relationship and the other is harmed

62
Q

mutualism

A

both of the species benefit from the relationship

63
Q

commensalism

A

one species benefits relationship and neither is harmed

64
Q

ectomycorrhizal fungi

hyphae __________

A

form sheath around root

65
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

hyphae penetrate ______, branch and come in contact with ________

A

cell well, root cell membrane

66
Q

what is common in trees in temperate regions, provides plant with phosphorus and nitrogen, receives carbon from plant

A

ectomycorrhizal fungi

67
Q

common in grasslands and tropical regions, provide plant mainly with phosphorus, and receive carbon from plant

A

arbuscular mycorrhizal

68
Q

______ provide chemical defences for plants, help increase the drought tolerance of plants, receive carbon from plants, may form commensal relationship with plants

A

endophytes

69
Q

_____ are found in the above- ground parts of plants

A

endophytes

70
Q

endophytes may provide ___________ for plants

A

chemical defences

71
Q

endophytes may increase the _______ of plants

A

drought tolerance

72
Q

endophytes may recieve ______ from plants. may form ______ relationships with plants

A

carbon, commensal

73
Q

a heterokaryotic cell has distinct __________

A

haploid nuclei from different parents

74
Q

a diploid nucleus has how many copies of each chromosome?

A

two copies

75
Q

a haploid nucleus has how many copies of each chromosome?

A

one copy

76
Q

a heterokaryotic cell has ___ copies of each chromosome with ____ copy in ____ haploid nucleus and the other copy in the other _____ nucleus

A

two, one, one, haploid

77
Q

in _____ haploid hyphae join to form a heterokaryotic hypha with two distinct haploid nuclei

A

plasmogamy

78
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
only hyphae of different mating types can undergo plasmogamy

A

true

79
Q

heterokaryotic hyphae produce the _______ for sexual reproduction

A

reproductive structure

80
Q

in _____ two haploid nuclei in a heterokaryotic hypha join to form a diploid zygote

A

karyogamy

81
Q

plasmogamy or karyogamy
haploid cells join to form a heterokaryotic cell, with distinct nuclei

A

plasmogamy

82
Q

plasmogamy or karyogamy
haploid nuclei in a heterokaryotic cell join to form a diploid nucleus, which undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores

A

karyogamy

83
Q

in sexual production within fungi, ____ spores are produced by _____

A

haploid, meiosis

84
Q

spores can be dispersed by _____

A

wind

85
Q

spores can remain dormant for example _____

A

environmental conditions are inhospitable

86
Q

spores may eventually germinate to form new _______

A

individual fungus

87
Q

some mushrooms are attracted to ___ to attract insects to help _____

A

light, disperse spores

88
Q

in bioluminescence mushrooms what molecule reacts w oxygen to produce light?

A

luciferin

89
Q

most bioluminescent species are found in the _____ because of the limited amount of external light there

A

water

90
Q

In 2008, the Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded for the development of
bioluminescent molecules that can be used in research to tag and trace other molecules.

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

91
Q

must fungi have what two types of cycles?

A

sexual and asexual cycles

92
Q

how many lineages of fungi has an alternation of generations

A

one lineage

93
Q

asexual reproduction in fungi
spores are produced by _____ and by _____
spores are haploid or diploid?
spores are produced by meiosis or mitosis?
____ are usually elevated to aid in spore dispersal

A

haploid fungus, sporangia
haploid
mitosis
sporangia

94
Q

____ are asexually reproducing fungi and can be found in different lineages of fungi

A

molds

95
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Some species of Chytrids have reproduction with alternation of generations.

A

true

96
Q

true or false

Chytrids live only in hot and dry habitats.

A

false

97
Q

true or false

​Some chytrids can digest cellulose and form mutualistic relationships with mammalian
herbivores.

A

true

98
Q

Parasitic Chytrids have caused mass mortality in which group of animals?

A

Amphibians

99
Q

in chytrids ____ have a flagellum
in chytrids ____ have a flagellum
in chytrids ____ have a flagellum

A

spores, egg cells, sperm

100
Q

true of false
glomeromycota is easy to study in the lab, and much is known about this lineage of fungi

A

false

101
Q

Most fungi in Glomeromycota form ectomycorrhizal associations with plant roots.

true or false

A

false

102
Q

​true or false

Most fungi in Glomeromycota from arbuscular mycorrhizal associations with plant roots.

A

true

103
Q

​Fungi in Glomeromycota are common in grasslands and tropical forests.

true or false

A

true

104
Q

plasmogamy forms a ball- like ______

A

zygosporangium

105
Q

Karyogamy occurs in the zygosporangium.
true or false

A

true

106
Q

​Karyogamy produces a diploid zygote.
true or false

A

true

107
Q

The zygote undergoes meiosis to produce haploid ____

A

spores

108
Q

true or false
Spores are produced in bulb-like sporangia.

A

true

109
Q

true or false
Many fungi in Zygomycota are saprophytes and many cause crop damage.

A

true

110
Q

​Zygomycota includes fungi with asexual mold forms that grow on bread and fruit.

true or false

A

true

111
Q

true or false
Plasmogamy produces a heterokaryote.

A

true

112
Q

​The heterokaryote develops into an above-ground structure (basidiocarp).

true or false

A

true

113
Q

​Karyogamy occurs in ___ in the above-ground structure.

A

basidia

114
Q

Karyogamy produces a diploid zygote.

true or false

A

true

115
Q

Karyogamy produces a diploid zygote. ________

A

spores, basdiospores

116
Q

​Basidiomycota includes most ectomycorrhizal fungi.

true or false

A

true

117
Q

​Basidiomycota includes most arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

true or false

A

false

118
Q

​Some fungi in Basidiomycota have lignin peroxidase and are good at decomposing
wood.

true or false

A

true

119
Q

Some fungi in Basidiomycota are parasitic.

true or false

A

true

120
Q

Basidiomycota includes bioluminescent species.

A

true

121
Q

Plasmogamy produces a heterokaryote.
true or false

A

true

122
Q

The heterokaryote develops into an above-ground structure (ascocarp).

true or false

A

true

123
Q

Karyogamy occurs in sac-like ​​____ in the above-ground structure.

A

asci​​​

124
Q

Karyogamy produces a diploid zygote.
true or false

A

true

125
Q

​The zygote undergoes meiosis to produce _____

A

spores ascospores

126
Q

Haploid spores are sometimes called ____

A

conidia

127
Q

The conidia are produced by structures called ​​

A

conidiophores

128
Q

The conidiophores have finger-like projections.
true or false

A

true

129
Q

Ascomycota includes baker’s and brewer’s yeast.
true or false

A

true

130
Q

Ascomycota includes the mold that produces penicillin.
true or false

A

true

131
Q

​Ascomycota includes predatory species that snare prey with looped hyphae.
true or false

A

true

132
Q

Ascomycota includes species that form lichens.
true or false

A

true

133
Q

​Lichens are formed by symbiotic relationships between a fungus and cyanobacteria or
eukaryotic algae.

true or false

A

true

134
Q

In a lichen, the fungus protects the cyanobacteria or algae against desiccation.

true or false

A

true

135
Q

In a lichen, the cyanobacteria or algae provides sugars to the fungus. true or false

A

true

gen bio 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions