midterm 2 lectures 8 & 9 Flashcards
plant sensory systems detect environmental stimuli such as (4 things)
light, pressure, gravity, and airborne molecules
_____ initiate responses to environmental stimuli
plant sensory systems
_____ is the growth of a plant toward light
phototropism
in phototropism, greater elongation of cells occur on what side of the stem
the shaded side of the stem
phototropism occurs in response to what color light
blue light
a ____ is a receptor protein on a receptor cell membrane that responds to light
phototropin
what is auxin?
a hormone that promotes growth in the stem of a plant
within phototropism, auxin moves from the _____ side of the stem to the _____ side of the stem
illuminated, shaded
____ produced at the tip of a stem and transported from the tip down to the zone of cellular elongation
auxin
if the entire plant is illuminated, this means that (2 things)
- there is an equal transport of auxin down both sides of the stem
- the stem does not bend
in phototropism, more ___ is transported down the shaded side of the stem
auxin
in phototropism, greater elongation of cells on the shaded side of the stem causes what?
the stem bend towards the light
a _____ is a chemical signal circulated throughout the plant
hormone
hormones such as _____ must be released in _____ amounts to generate an effect
auxin, large
auxin is produced by _____ in the ____ system
apical meristems, shoot system
______ promotes growth in the shoot system of plants
auxin
______ helps shoots grow upward and roots grow downward even if a seed germinated upside down
gravitropism
what happens when there is a negative gravitropism?
the shoot grows upward against gravity
what happens when there is a positive gravitropism?
shoot grows downward in the direction of gravity
____ involves responses of an individual to the environmental factors it experiences
phenotypic plasticity
a tree trunk growing in a windy area would tend to have what kind of trunk?
short and thicker, cell walls become stiffer
TRUE OR FALSE
a tree trunk growing in an area without would tend to have a shorter and thicker trunk
false
______ is the movement of a part of a plant in response to touch
thigmotropism
the closing of a venus fly trap occurs in response to _____
electrical signals moving across cells
the closing of a venus fly trap is mediated by __________
water moving into some cells and out of others
what is ethylene (3 things)
- a gas
- can affect other plants
-promotes ripening of fruits
what is abscisic acid (2 things)
- inhibits seed germination
- promotes closing of stomata in dry conditions
what is gibberellins? (2 things)
- promotes seed germination
- promotes growth of stems and fruit
what is brassosteroids? (1 thing)
- promotes growth in stems and leaves
what is auxin?
produced by ____ in _____ system
promotes growth in _____ system
inhibits growth in ______ system
promotes _______ ______
-produced by apical meristems in shoot system
- promotes growth in shoot system
- inhibits growth in root system
- promotes apical dominance
fungi are _______
decomposers
fungi form ____ relationships between ____ and ____
symbiotic, plants and algae
TRUE or FALSE
most species of fungus cause disease and most human diseases are caused by fungi
false
fungi are important in the ______ industry
food
one of the main ways that fungi have adverse effects on humans is by ______
spoiling food
fungi are more closely related to ______ and ______
animals and chanoflagellates
common ancestor of fungi probably an _________ with ______ flagellum
aquatic unicellular organism, singular
fungi and animals are _____trophic
heterotrophic
what groups has chitin as a structural polysaccharide
(plants, fungi, animals)
fungi and animals
what group has cellulose as a structural polysaccharide
(plants, fungi, animals)
plants
what group has a cell wall
(plants, fungi, animals)
plants and fungi
what group stores glucose as glycogen?
(plants, fungi, animals)
fungi and animals
what group has a single flagellum on gametes
(plants, fungi, animals)
fungi and animals
what group has multiple flagella on gametes?
(plants, fungi, animals)
think germination
plants
fungi have _____ feeding
absorptive
a ____ is a decomposers that feeds on dead plant organisms
saprophyte
_______ _____ is an enzyme that breaks down lignin in wood
lignin peroxidase
_____ is an enzyme that breaks down cellulose in wood
cellulase
_____ is not a good food source for fungi, but breaking down ______ increases acccess to cellulose
(the two blanks are the same term)
lignin
yeasts are ______ fungi
unicellular
_____ are thin filaments that make up the body of a fungus
hyphae
hyphae
thin filiments that make up ___________
_____ surface area for absorption
vulnerable to ______
body of fungus, increase surface area for absorption,
desiccation (drying out)
coenocytic
cells in hyphae _____ to form a _______
join, large multinucleate “supercell”
septate
cells in hyphae are _____ by partitions that allows _______
seperated, material to move from cell to cell
fungi have ____ vascular system for long distance transport
no
______ in a fungus is a mass of hyphae that acts as a feeding structure
mycelium
the mycelium of a fungus is usually _____ or _______
underground, inside the food source
the fruiting body of a fungus is a ________ structure and produces ______
reproductive, spores
the reproductive structures of a fungus are usually found _______ or ________
usually above ground, on the surface of the food source
_____ is a relationship between individuals of different species
symbiosis
parasitism
one species benefits from the relationship and the other is harmed
mutualism
both of the species benefit from the relationship
commensalism
one species benefits relationship and neither is harmed
ectomycorrhizal fungi
hyphae __________
form sheath around root
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
hyphae penetrate ______, branch and come in contact with ________
cell well, root cell membrane
what is common in trees in temperate regions, provides plant with phosphorus and nitrogen, receives carbon from plant
ectomycorrhizal fungi
common in grasslands and tropical regions, provide plant mainly with phosphorus, and receive carbon from plant
arbuscular mycorrhizal
______ provide chemical defences for plants, help increase the drought tolerance of plants, receive carbon from plants, may form commensal relationship with plants
endophytes
_____ are found in the above- ground parts of plants
endophytes
endophytes may provide ___________ for plants
chemical defences
endophytes may increase the _______ of plants
drought tolerance
endophytes may recieve ______ from plants. may form ______ relationships with plants
carbon, commensal
a heterokaryotic cell has distinct __________
haploid nuclei from different parents
a diploid nucleus has how many copies of each chromosome?
two copies
a haploid nucleus has how many copies of each chromosome?
one copy
a heterokaryotic cell has ___ copies of each chromosome with ____ copy in ____ haploid nucleus and the other copy in the other _____ nucleus
two, one, one, haploid
in _____ haploid hyphae join to form a heterokaryotic hypha with two distinct haploid nuclei
plasmogamy
TRUE OR FALSE
only hyphae of different mating types can undergo plasmogamy
true
heterokaryotic hyphae produce the _______ for sexual reproduction
reproductive structure
in _____ two haploid nuclei in a heterokaryotic hypha join to form a diploid zygote
karyogamy
plasmogamy or karyogamy
haploid cells join to form a heterokaryotic cell, with distinct nuclei
plasmogamy
plasmogamy or karyogamy
haploid nuclei in a heterokaryotic cell join to form a diploid nucleus, which undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores
karyogamy
in sexual production within fungi, ____ spores are produced by _____
haploid, meiosis
spores can be dispersed by _____
wind
spores can remain dormant for example _____
environmental conditions are inhospitable
spores may eventually germinate to form new _______
individual fungus
some mushrooms are attracted to ___ to attract insects to help _____
light, disperse spores
in bioluminescence mushrooms what molecule reacts w oxygen to produce light?
luciferin
most bioluminescent species are found in the _____ because of the limited amount of external light there
water
In 2008, the Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded for the development of
bioluminescent molecules that can be used in research to tag and trace other molecules.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
must fungi have what two types of cycles?
sexual and asexual cycles
how many lineages of fungi has an alternation of generations
one lineage
asexual reproduction in fungi
spores are produced by _____ and by _____
spores are haploid or diploid?
spores are produced by meiosis or mitosis?
____ are usually elevated to aid in spore dispersal
haploid fungus, sporangia
haploid
mitosis
sporangia
____ are asexually reproducing fungi and can be found in different lineages of fungi
molds
TRUE OR FALSE
Some species of Chytrids have reproduction with alternation of generations.
true
true or false
Chytrids live only in hot and dry habitats.
false
true or false
Some chytrids can digest cellulose and form mutualistic relationships with mammalian
herbivores.
true
Parasitic Chytrids have caused mass mortality in which group of animals?
Amphibians
in chytrids ____ have a flagellum
in chytrids ____ have a flagellum
in chytrids ____ have a flagellum
spores, egg cells, sperm
true of false
glomeromycota is easy to study in the lab, and much is known about this lineage of fungi
false
Most fungi in Glomeromycota form ectomycorrhizal associations with plant roots.
true or false
false
true or false
Most fungi in Glomeromycota from arbuscular mycorrhizal associations with plant roots.
true
Fungi in Glomeromycota are common in grasslands and tropical forests.
true or false
true
plasmogamy forms a ball- like ______
zygosporangium
Karyogamy occurs in the zygosporangium.
true or false
true
Karyogamy produces a diploid zygote.
true or false
true
The zygote undergoes meiosis to produce haploid ____
spores
true or false
Spores are produced in bulb-like sporangia.
true
true or false
Many fungi in Zygomycota are saprophytes and many cause crop damage.
true
Zygomycota includes fungi with asexual mold forms that grow on bread and fruit.
true or false
true
true or false
Plasmogamy produces a heterokaryote.
true
The heterokaryote develops into an above-ground structure (basidiocarp).
true or false
true
Karyogamy occurs in ___ in the above-ground structure.
basidia
Karyogamy produces a diploid zygote.
true or false
true
Karyogamy produces a diploid zygote. ________
spores, basdiospores
Basidiomycota includes most ectomycorrhizal fungi.
true or false
true
Basidiomycota includes most arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
true or false
false
Some fungi in Basidiomycota have lignin peroxidase and are good at decomposing
wood.
true or false
true
Some fungi in Basidiomycota are parasitic.
true or false
true
Basidiomycota includes bioluminescent species.
true
Plasmogamy produces a heterokaryote.
true or false
true
The heterokaryote develops into an above-ground structure (ascocarp).
true or false
true
Karyogamy occurs in sac-like ____ in the above-ground structure.
asci
Karyogamy produces a diploid zygote.
true or false
true
The zygote undergoes meiosis to produce _____
spores ascospores
Haploid spores are sometimes called ____
conidia
The conidia are produced by structures called
conidiophores
The conidiophores have finger-like projections.
true or false
true
Ascomycota includes baker’s and brewer’s yeast.
true or false
true
Ascomycota includes the mold that produces penicillin.
true or false
true
Ascomycota includes predatory species that snare prey with looped hyphae.
true or false
true
Ascomycota includes species that form lichens.
true or false
true
Lichens are formed by symbiotic relationships between a fungus and cyanobacteria or
eukaryotic algae.
true or false
true
In a lichen, the fungus protects the cyanobacteria or algae against desiccation.
true or false
true
In a lichen, the cyanobacteria or algae provides sugars to the fungus. true or false
true
