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exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what domain of life are closely related to eukaryotes

A

archaea

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2
Q

bacteria and archaea are both ___ because they lack a ___

A

prokaryotes, nucleus

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3
Q

prokaryotic cells have a nucleus T or F

A

false, prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus

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4
Q

which domains of life are able to exploit a wide range of habitats?

A

bacteria and archaea

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5
Q

what domains of life have high diversity in metabolism and morphology

A

bacteria and archaea

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6
Q

bacteria
- size
- nuclear envelope?
- chromosomes
- organelles
-cell wall material

A

small
no
circular
no
peptidoglycan

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7
Q

archaea

  • size
  • nuclear envelope?
  • chromosomes
  • organelles
    -cell wall material
A

small
no
circular
no
lacks peptidoglycan

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8
Q

eukaryotes

  • size
  • nuclear envelope?
  • chromosomes
  • organelles
    -cell wall material
A

large
yes
linear
yes
when present, cellulose or chitin

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9
Q

thin peptidoglycan layer in cell wall is gram…

A

negative

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10
Q

thick peptidoglycan layer is gram

A

positive

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11
Q

second outer membrane is gram

A

negative

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12
Q

stain pink is gram

A

negative

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13
Q

stain purple is gram

A

positive

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14
Q

what inhibits growth of bacteria and NOT viruses

A

antibiotics

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15
Q

antibiotics disrupt what

A

maintenance of the bacterial cell wall and protein synthesis

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16
Q

what part of the membrane within a gram negative bacteria protects against antibiotics?

A

the outer membrane

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17
Q

more effective against gram positive bacteria

A

antibiotics that disrupt cell wall maintenance

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18
Q

antibiotics that disrupt protein synthesis

A

equally affective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria

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19
Q

what shape are bacillus

A

rod shaped cells

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20
Q

shape of coccus

A

spherical

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21
Q

spirillum shape

A

spiral/ helical cell

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22
Q

strepto

A

chain or string of cells

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23
Q

staphylo

A

clump or cluster of cell s

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24
Q

autotroph producer does what

A

fix carbon to make organic building blocks

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25
Q

heterotroph consumer does what

A

acquire organic building blocks from other organisms

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26
Q

phototroph does what

A

use light to make ATP

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27
Q

chemoorgabnotroph

A

use energy from organic molecules to make ATP

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28
Q

chemolithotroph

A

uses energy from inorganic molecules to make ATP

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29
Q

how many basic metabolic classes of eukaryotes

A

2

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30
Q

______ are metabolically very diverse

A

prokaryotes

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31
Q

ATP production by phototropism using light every that produces oxygen

A

oxygenic

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32
Q

ATP by phototropism that doesnt produce oxygen

A

anoxygenic

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33
Q

ATP production using chemical energy that does not require oxygen

A

anaerobic

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34
Q

autotrophs are

A

primary producers

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35
Q

heterotrophs are

A

consumers

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36
Q

_____can produce ATP within oxygen by the process of fermentation

A

aerobic organisms

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37
Q

parenchyma cells characteristics & functions (3)

A

some carry out photosynthesis
some store starch
some are totipotent

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38
Q

cholenchyma cell characteristics (1)

A

provide flexible support for parts of the plant that are still growing

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39
Q

sclerenchyma cell characteristics (2)

A

provide ridged support for parts of the plant that are NO LONGER growing

include fibers and sclerids

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40
Q

within the vascular system

does the phloem transport water and minerals & xylem transports sugars ?

A

no, false

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41
Q

vascular tissue is present where

A

leaves, stems, roots

42
Q

what is true about xylem?

it transports materials from the shoot to the roots and also from the roots to the shoot

it is dead at maturity

it consists of sieve tubes and companion cells

A

it is dead at maturity

43
Q

inner part of cell wall; comprised of lignin

what type of cell wall?

A

secondary cell wall

44
Q

outer part of cell wall; comprised of cellulose
which cell wall is this

A

primary cell wall

45
Q

characteristics and functions of tracheids (4)

A

long and narrow
slower water flow
have pits in secondary cell, no perforations at ends
present in all vascular plants

46
Q

characteristics of vessel elements (4)

A

short and wide
have pits in secondary cell wall and perforations at ends
present in angiosperms and some gymnosperms

47
Q

phloem transports sugars

A

from the shoot to the roots and also from the roots to the shoot

2 way system

48
Q

leaf cells

A

produces sugars

49
Q

sieve tube

A

transports sugars between shoot and root systems

50
Q

companion cells

A

transports sugars between leaf and sieve tube

51
Q

primary growth in plant characteristics (3)

A

lengthening of the trunk, branches, and roots
occurs at primary meristems
occurs throughout the life of the plant

52
Q

procambium

A

produces new vascular tissue during primary growth in plants

53
Q

what is osmosis

A

movement of water from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration

low —> high

54
Q

what is passive transport

A

movement along solute along gradient from high to low concentration, no ATP

high —> low
NO ATP REQUIRED

55
Q

what is active transport

A

movement of solutes against concentration low to high, requires ATP

low —> high
REQUIRES ATP

56
Q

what is transpiration

A

the loss of water from the shoot system of the plant by evaporation

57
Q

what are the root hairs (2)

A

extend from epidermal cells
increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals

58
Q

endodermis (2)

A

surrounds vascular bundle, water tight

59
Q

vascular bundle includes what

A

phloem, xylem, located in inner part of root

60
Q

symplastic route

A

water moves from cell to cell through plasmodesmata

61
Q

transmembrane route

A

water moves from cell to cell across cell membranes

62
Q

apoplastic route

A

water moves around cells through cell walls

63
Q

apoplastic route of water into a plant root (3)

A

water is blocked at the endodermis by the Casparian strip

Water must move into cells to get to the xylem

as water moves into cells, it is filtered by the cell membrane

64
Q

does movement of water through the xylem require energy from ATP?

A

yes

65
Q

what happens when water is transported through the xylem (3)

A

water molecules in xylem are held together in chains by hydrogen bonds

water molecules in xylem are held together in chains by hydrogen bonds

as water molecules evaporate from leaves, new water molecules are pulled up through xylem to replace water molecules that have evaporated

66
Q

what is phloem loading in sugar transport in plants

A

sugars move into companion cells by active transport

67
Q

what happens within bulk flow in sugar transport in plants?

A

water moves from xylem to the sieve tube by osmosis

water pressure increases in the sieve tube

increased water pressure moves water and sugar through the sieve tube

68
Q

Phloem unloading in sugar transport in plants involves

A

movement of sugars from the sieve tube to the sink.

69
Q

green plants characteristics (3)

A

have chloroplasts with a double membrane

have the pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotene

store glucose as starch

70
Q

plants are (3)

A

primary producers
important in ecosystems
can be used for food, clothing, building materials, and medicine

71
Q

what is the cuticle of a plant

A

waxy covering of a plant that helps reduce water loss

72
Q

what is the stomata of a plant

A

pores that can open and close to let H2O or CO2 enter or leave a plant

73
Q

what do all land plants have in common?

A

they all have alternation of generations

74
Q

what is the advantage of living on land over living in water?

A

greater access to CO2 and light

75
Q

Vascular tissue in plants transports

A

water and provides support against gravity.

76
Q

mosses and liverworts are

A

non vascular, seedless
have sperm with flagella

77
Q

Ferns, horsetails, and club mosses

A

vascular, seedless
have sperm with flagella

78
Q

Conifers and ginkgoes

A

vascular and produce seeds
have pollen

79
Q

archegonia

A

produces eggs, part of the gametophyte

80
Q

antheridia

A

produce sperm, part of the gametophyte

81
Q

sporangia

A

produces spores, part of sporophyte

82
Q

T or F:
In mosses the sporophyte is the dominant generation, and the gametophyte grows out of the antheridium on the sporophyte.

A

false

83
Q

Non-vascular plants and seedless vascular plants are found primarily in dry habitats.

A

false, found in moist environments

84
Q

flowering plants have

A

pollen

85
Q

what happens within the fern life cycle

A
  • the egg is fertilized in the archegonium
  • the sporophyte begins developing in the archegonium
  • the gametophyte dies and the sporophyte grows large
86
Q

angiosperms

A

seed developed within ovule
ovule is surrounded by ovary

87
Q

gymnosperms

A

seed develops within ovule
ovule is NOT surrounded by the ovary

88
Q

what has heterospory

A

angiosperms and gymnosperms have heterospory

89
Q

In angiosperms and gymnosperms,_________ is the dominant generation.

A

the sporophyte

90
Q

what happens within the pine life cycle

A

the male gametophyte is the pollen

the pollen disperses, usually by wind

the female gametophyte and egg stay on the parent plant, and the egg is fertilized on the parent plant

91
Q

T OR F

Asexual reproduction can produce offspring more quickly than sexual reproduction, but there is less genetic diversity among offspring in asexual reproduction.

A

true

92
Q

T OR F

In angiosperms, flowers attract pollinators such as birds and insects.

A

true

93
Q

stigma

A

has moist tip, catches pollen

94
Q

style

A

stalk leading to ovary

95
Q

ovary

A

surrounds ovules produces fruit

96
Q

ovule

A

produces female gametophyte which produces egg

97
Q

what happens within the carpel of a flower

A

the megasporocyte produces one megaspore

the megaspore develops into the female gametophyte (embryo sac) which produces the egg
the megaspore develops into the female

gametophyte (embryo sac) which produces two haploid polar nuclei

98
Q

what happens within the anther of a flower

A

the microsporocyte produces four microspores

each microspore develops into a male gametophyte (pollen grain) that has a tube cell and generative cell

the generative cell eventually will produce two sperm cells

99
Q

one sperm fertilizes the egg to form the zygote, which develops into an embryo

one sperm joins with the two polar nuclei to form endosperm

the embryo and endosperm are packaged into a seed

this is what?

A

double fertilization

100
Q

fruits turn into a bright color when

A

they are mature and they need to attract animals to disperse seeds

101
Q

what is the cotyledon

A

embryonic leaf in a seed

gen bio 2 (9 decks)

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