Midterm 2 Kidneys And Urinary System

Question 1

Kidney stones

Answer 1

Renal calculi/urolithiasis/nephrolithiasis
D: hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the urinary tract.

Question 2

Acute Glomerulonephritis

Answer 2

Immune-mediated inflammatory glomerulopathy that occurs as a complication of a throat or skin infection E: typically affects children; 1-2 wks after an acute infection
RF/E: infectious (e.g. streptococcal bacterial infection - strep throat)
Rheumatic fever is related to this and strep throat
Most common type of glomerular disease

Question 3

Polycystic kidney disease

Answer 3

Developmental disorder
D: hereditary (autosomal dominant) disorder in which fluid filled sacs (cysts) form in kidneys
P: enlarged kidneys (20x) with cysts derived from obstructed tubules *easily palpable through abdomen
Sx: asymptomatic or microscopic hematuria (macroscopic hematuria if cysts rupture), pain (abdominal or flank), hypertension + or - fever, nausea (in chronic kidney disease)

Question 4

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 4

Metabolic disease
D: (DM) Chronic systemic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, and disruption of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
common; affecting 2% of people worldwide

Question 5

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Answer 5

(5-10% of all pts)
viral infections - measles/coxsackievirus B

Question 6

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Answer 6

(90-95% of all pts)
obesity

Question 7

Diabetic neuropathy

Answer 7

serious kidney-related complication of Type 1 and 2 Diabetes mellitus
E: DM responsible for 30-40% of all end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Sx: no overt symptoms for years. Proteinuria develops 10-20 years after the onset of diabetes, massive proteinuria >3g/day causes nephrotic syndrome (body passing too much protein in urine), hypertension

Question 8

Renal cell carcinoma

Answer 8

malignant cells found in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubules
E: most common kidney neoplasm (85%; adults >50yrs, males)

Question 9

Prerenal failure

Answer 9

caused by factors that compromise renal perfusion. (i.e. before the kidney; sudden and severe decrease in renal perfusion)

Question 10

Intrarenal failure

Answer 10

direct damage to the kidneys (i.e. intrinsic kidney disorder; direct damage)

Question 11

Postrenal failure

Answer 11

inadequate drainage of urine distal to the kidneys (i.e obstruction of urine flow - stones, enlarged prostate, tumors)

Question 12

What is acute pyelonephritis? Features? Signs and symptoms?

Answer 12

Infection of the upper urinary tract
Sx: back and/or flank pain. High fever/chills, nausea and vomiting. costovertebral tenderness. hematuria, pyuria, cloudy, and/or foul-smelling urine
Most common in women and elderly

Question 13

What is acute tubular necrosis? Is it common? Features?

Answer 13

caused by sudden decrease in arterial pressure and acute hypoperfusion of the kidneys
- often after myocardial infarction, massive bleeding
- affects the kidney cortex more than the medulla
- proximal tubules most affected
- renal cortical necrosis

Question 14

What is Wilms’ tumor (nephroblastoma)? Who is most affected?

Answer 14

kidney neoplasm that typically occurs in children
E: 1/10,000 children; present at birth but discovered - 2-4 yrs old

Question 15

What is Wilson’s disease?

Answer 15

Autosomal recessive disorder of COPPER metabolism § Excessive copper storage in liver
· Produces lesions of liver, brain, and eye
Sx: Kayser-Fleischer ring of the eye

Question 16

What is Cystitis?

Answer 16

infection of the urinary bladder
Sx: increased urinary frequency and/or urgency; nocturia, dysuria (burning with urination); possible hematuria, suprarapubic pain but also low back, pelvis, and abdomen pain

Question 17

Typical symptoms of Nephrotic Syndrome?

Answer 17

Kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine
Sx: Generalized edema, massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia/ lipiduria (too many lipids in blood and urine)