Midterm 2 Digestive System

Question 1

Hematemesis

Answer 1

Vomiting blood

Question 2

Dysphagia

Answer 2

Difficulty swallowing

Question 3

Dysuria

Answer 3

Burning, tingling, or stinging of the urethra and meatus associated with voiding.

Question 4

Hematochezia

Answer 4

Fresh rectal blood (e.g. hemorrhoids, colon/rectal bleeding)

Question 5

Atresia in esophagus

Answer 5

interrupted esophagus (i. e. atresia = lack of lumen)

Question 6

Atresia in intestines

Answer 6

Partial/complete obstruction, or loss of a portion of the lumen

Question 7

Barrett’s esophagus

Answer 7

neoplasia
RF/E: chronic exposure to acid from the stomach
Sx: frequent, long bouts of heartburn, dysphagia, vomiting blood (hematemesis), retrosternal pain

Question 8

What is the change in terms of esophageal cell transformation?

Answer 8

Stratified squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium (pre-cancerous)

Question 9

What is cirrhosis

Answer 9

End stage liver disease
Chronic liver disease is characterized by a loss of normal liver structure and function. Irreversible and incurable (except liver transplant)

Question 10

Clinical features of cirrhosis

Answer 10

fatigue, weight loss, jaundice, ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity), edema, purpura (when small blood vessels burst, causing blood to pool just under the skin) / spider nevi (collection of small, dilated arterioles (blood vessels) clustered very close to the surface of the skin) / facial telangiectasia (“spider veins”) are dilated or broken blood vessels located near the surface of the skin or mucous membranes.), splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)

Question 11

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 11

insulin dependent; juvenile onset
- absolute deficiency of insulin production and secretion
- autoimmune reaction against beta-cells. fibrosis and hyalinization
- prone to ketoacidosis and metabolic derangements

Question 12

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 12

non-insulin dependent; adult-onset
- cellular resistance to insulin
- normal beta cells
- not normally prone to ketoacidosis or metabolic problems

Question 13

What is diabetes insipidus

Answer 13

A disease in which the secretion of or response to the pituitary hormone Vasopressin is impaired – resulting in the production of very large quantities of dilute urine, often w/ dehydration and insatiable thirst

Question 14

What is diverticulosis

Answer 14

disease characterized by formation of diverticula (i.e. outpouchings of the intestinal wall)
Most commonly in the sigmoid colon
Sx: Usually asymptomatic, increased urge to defecate

Question 15

What is pancreatic cancer

Answer 15

Adenocarcinoma (95% of the pancreatic tumors)
Px: incurable - nearly all pts die within 12-24 months of Dx. 5yr survival rate is less than 5%.

Question 16

Main features of acute pancreatitis

Answer 16

Acute response to tissue necrosis caused by digestive enzymes released from exocrine pancreatic cells.
most common causes are alcohol and gallstones
Sx: sudden onset - often in pts with a history of gallstones or alcoholism.
- abdominal pain and distension
- nausea vomiting
- apprehensiveness, great distress, profuse sweating

Question 17

What is Cholelithiasis

Answer 17

AKA gallstones
Concretions composed of chemicals normally formed in bile. two types: cholesterol and pigmentary. 3x higher in women than in men

Question 18

What is GERD

Answer 18

Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Sx: burning sensation in the chest (heartburn), sometimes spreading to the throat with a sour taste in mouth. chest pain, dysphagia, regurgitation of food or sour liquid (acid reflux), usually worse if lying supine after a large meal, dry cough, hoarseness or sore throat, sensation of lump in throat

Question 19

Peptic ulcer

Answer 19

Chronic ulceration of the mucosa
most common in stomach and duodenum
Sx: pain immediately after food (stomach ulcer), pain 1-3 hours after a meal (duodenal ulcer), night pain; gnawing pain w/ cramping in epigastrium radiating to back, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, hematemesis or melena, iron deficiency anemia

Question 20

Crohn’s disease

Answer 20

Recurrent, chronic inflammation of the intestines

Question 21

Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis

Answer 21

diarrhea, bleeding, pain

Question 22

Crohn’s disease and irritable bowel syndrome

Answer 22

chronic non-inflammatory motility disorder affecting the entire GI tract
Sx: abdominal pain or cramping, diarrhea/constipation, bloated feeling; mucus in stool

Question 23

What is hepatitis

Answer 23

Liver disease/ inflammation of the liver

Question 24

Chronic hepatitis

Answer 24

Chronic inflammation of liver due to viruses (HBV, HCV, HDV) drugs, alcohol, immune, or metabolic disorders
asymptomatic 75% of the time

Question 25

Which hepatitis viruses never leads to liver circulation?

Answer 25

HAV (Hep A) **
- HEV (Hep E) **

Question 26

Hepatitis infections that go together (co-infection?)

Answer 26

D can only occur after B has