Midterm 1 Questions

Question 1

What are risk factors for hypertension?

Answer 1

Genetics, lifestyle, diet, occupation

Question 2

What is hypertension?

Answer 2

Persistent elevation of BP, measured 2 separate times at least 2 weeks apart

Question 3

What are normal values?

Answer 3

120/80

Question 4

What organs are highly vulnerable to hypertension

Answer 4

kidneys, heart, lungs, brain

Question 5

What is intermittent claudication?

Answer 5

symptom of peripheral arterial disease. Intermittent claudication is a tight, aching, or squeezing pain in the calf, foot, thigh, or buttock that occurs during exercise, such as walking up a steep hill or a flight of stairs

Question 6

What is angina pectoris (AP)?

Answer 6

Episodic chest pain (or discomfort) which occurs when the cardiac workload exceeds the oxygen supply to the heart and ischemia occurs

Question 7

Typical characteristics of AP?

Answer 7

Pain and discomfort in the chest, thrombosis, spasm. Stable (classic) AP occurs on exhaustion (mental /emotional stress), unstable AP (preinfarction) – occurs with less than usual effort and at rest, Variant AP – occurs idiopathically

Question 8

What are the main signs and symptomes of AP?

Answer 8

Pain , discomfort in chest, mild to moderate, 1- 3 min, but can last longer.

Question 9

What are the 3 forms of AP?

Answer 9

Stable, Unstable, Variant

Question 10

What medications is usually given to people with angina pectoris?

Answer 10

Nitroglycerin

Question 11

What is heart failure?

Answer 11

Chronic progressive condition that affects the pumping power of heart muscles.

Question 12

What disturbances in heart rhythm shows a healthy well-functioning heart?

Answer 12

Sinus arrhythmia, change in HR etc during activity

Question 13

What is the difference between an embolus and a thrombus?

Answer 13

A thrombus is a blood clot that
forms within a blood vessel. If a thrombus breaks free and travels through the bloodstream, it
has become an embolus.

Question 14

What is the diference between transudate and exudate?

Answer 14

Fluid accumulating in tissues: Transudate – low protein content and few blood cells (typical for hypertension, kidney disease), Exudate – rich in proteins and blood cells – typical for inflammation

Question 15

What is rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease?

Answer 15

Rheumatic fever is systemic immunologically mediated disease related to streptococcal infections. RHD is RF affecting the heart.

Question 16

What is the difference between tachycardia and bradycardia?

Answer 16

Give numbers in beats per minute (bpm). Tachy increase of HR (over 100bpm), Brady decrease (under 60 bpm)

Question 17

Different types of necrosis. Which one most common and typical for solid organs?

Answer 17

Coagulative (most common), liquefactive

Question 18

Which coronary artery is most commonly affected by a sudden occlusion?

Answer 18

anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery

Question 19

What is thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s Disease)?

Answer 19

Progressive recurrent inflammation and thrombosis of arteries and veins of the hands and feet

Question 20

What is Raynaud’s disease? Common triggers?

Answer 20

Contraction of smooth muscle cells in muscular arteries and arterioles. Cold temperatures, stress

Question 21

What are varicose veins? Who is prone to it?

Answer 21

Varicose veins is when valves in the veins malfunction and the flow goes backward creating congestion. This results in enlarged and twisted veins. Genetic, long hours standing, pregnancy

Question 22

Define endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis?

Answer 22

Inflammation of heart layers

Question 23

What micro-organisms are responsible for causing infective endocarditis?

Answer 23

Staph and Strep +
Fungal

Question 24

What is familiar hypercholesterolemia?

Answer 24

Genetically predisposed atherosclerosis

Question 25

numbers related to hypertension, serum cholesterol and blood glucose levels

Answer 25

o HT stage 1 – 130-139/80-89
o HT stage 2 – 140/90
o Blood Serum – 34-54 g/L
o Blood Glucose▪ 7.8 mmol/L ▪ 140 mg/dL

Question 26

What is the difference between left and right-sided congestive heart failure?

Answer 26

Right sided will affect the body and peripheral arteries etc. Left sided will affect lungs.