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Sociology 1101 > Midterm 2 (Ch. 9-12) Lecture > Flashcards

Midterm 2 (Ch. 9-12) Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the functionalist perspective view inequality as?

A

A meritocratic model of class stratification

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2
Q

How does the health of the poor compare to the wealth of the wealthy?

A

The poor have worse health, die younger, and have worse survival rates

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3
Q

Attitudinal dimension of race/ethnic inequality

A

Prejudice and stereotypes

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4
Q

4 ways to test race/ethnic inequality

A
  1. survey research and large scale data
  2. racial testing and audits
  3. network analyses
  4. qualitative data and experiments
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5
Q

What is the functionalist view of gender?

A

See traditional gender and gender roles as providing and establishing stability and predictability as well as ensuring a functional division of labor. Men and women have different roles and both are important

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6
Q

What percent of urban dwellers in developing countries live in slums (no adequate plumbing or electric)?

A

40%

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7
Q

How are gender roles and expectations learned?

A

Via socialization, both early on and throughout life from family, media, education, etc

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8
Q

Group diffs exist and it is okay

A

Pluralism

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9
Q

This attribute of social stratification deals with society trying to make it seem okay and fair. It involves giving explanations for why the poor are poor, etc.

A

Belief systems in society usually try to justify it

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10
Q

How is race socially constructed?

A

Small variations in observable physical characteristics are granted importance by society with humans categorized into distinct subgroups despite little to no evidence of significant genetic, bio, intelligence diffs

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11
Q

What is one way Davis and Moore viewed societal sifting and sorting occurring?

A

Education. Placing kids in gifted, standardized tests, etc

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12
Q

Discrimination that is face to face

A

Interactional

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13
Q

How are surveys and large scale data used to study race/ethnic inequality?

A

Index of dissimilarity = 0-1 to see how segregated something is
Mobility data
Hate data
Etc.

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14
Q

Functionalist approach to race/ethnic inequality

A

Mostly concerned with tension/balance in society. The system will work itself out
Contact–>some conflict–>assimilation/amalgamation/pluralism

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15
Q

Internal/subjective identification. Relative to male, female, or one of a variety of other designations (trans, gender fluid, non-binary, gender-queer, etc)

A

Gender identity

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16
Q

What were historic costs of gender inequality (those who deviate from binary)?

A

They were deemed mentally ill

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17
Q

How has gender not always looked the same?

A

Changes in gender roles/assumptions over time and current generational shift in attitudes regarding gender fluidity and attitudes regarding LGBTQ+

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18
Q

How do structural factors regarding social class and structural mobility determine where you will land and how you can move?

A

Time and place influence this. Ex: being born in a bad economy hurts your chances of moving

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19
Q

What are the 5 reasons for why it is important to focus on social stratification?

A
  1. Where one falls shapes ones life in fundamental ways
  2. Can motivate or demoralize people
  3. Can create societal crises/conflicts
  4. Can have quite devastating consequences for human lives
  5. Shapes our identities and affiliations
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20
Q

How is wealth inequality changing and why?

A

It is increasing bc the large majority of the population has no wealth and the top is gaining more wealth

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21
Q

How is gender sociologically explained?

A

Gender is socially constructed. We are all biologically similar so gender differences arise due to behavioral differences learned via socialization and reified and magnified by cultural and institutional structures and processes

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22
Q

Conflict theory about global inequality that states the upper class countries keep relationships with lower class countries uneven

A

Wallerstein’s World System Theory Model

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23
Q

A process of increasing interconnectedness especially in terms of economics, politics, and culture

A

Globalization

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24
Q

4 parts of conflict theory on race/ethnic inequality that are important

A
  1. initial contact with majority (voluntary vs involuntary)
  2. institutional treatment (severity, duration, formality of exclusion and pervasiveness of prejudice)
  3. size of group and perceptions fo threat (tipping points)
  4. use of minorities as scapegoats (during tougher Econ times) and use of a divide/conquer strategy by upper class actors
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25
Q

Fighting to preserve higher status and/or impressions of higher status. Inc stress

A

The downwardly mobile

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26
Q

This attribute of social stratification provides a macro view about social stratification being a system of society people are placed in and it has consequences for individuals and groups

A

It is a trait of society

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27
Q

This attribute of social stratification deals with it being hard to change on only changing little bits over time

A

It persists over generations

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28
Q

The minority group

A

Intrargroup

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29
Q

This helps to form/shape peoples identities

A

Social class

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30
Q

This inequality tends to reproduce class inequality

A

Institutional inequality

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31
Q

How can social stratification shape our identities and affiliations?

A

Where we fall in a social hierarchy shapes many different aspects of our lives sometimes in non obvious ways like choosing a marriage partner

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32
Q

The majority of the worlds population is

A

Illiterate

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33
Q

How does income and wealth lead to increasing inequality?

A

The top is gaining more wealth and the bottom doesn’t change much

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34
Q

How are racial testing and audits used to study race/ethnic inequality?

A

Audited analyses = false resumes of two same people to see discrimination
Racial testing = sending out two exact same people despite race and seeing how they compare in various tasks

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35
Q

Conflict theorists approach to race/ethnic inequality

A

Not simply attributes of the minority group that matter for duration/severity of inequality/tension, but rather a number of other inter group factors

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36
Q

What is a macro view of social stratification?

A

It is a system of society people are placed and has consequences for individuals and groups

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37
Q

This attribute of social stratification deals with it being created and recreated in normal institutional operations

A

Institutions tend to reproduce it

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38
Q

What is the essentialist view of sex and gender?

A

Sex/gender are inevitable/natural, this justifies the inequality between men and women

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39
Q

Cultural dimension of race/ethnic inequality

A

Ethnocentrism

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40
Q

How are network analyses used to study race/ethnic inequality?

A

Look at peer networks to see how we stay within our own race

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41
Q

Upward or downward movement

A

Mobility

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42
Q

Orientation in terms of sexual attraction/partners (heterosexual, homo, bi, etc)

A

Sexual orientation

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43
Q

What were Davis and Moore’s 4 ideas about inequality (functionalist)?

A
  1. societal sifting and sorting, based on societal needs
  2. sorting is based largely on merit and ability (intelligence)
  3. individuals are placed into appropriate positions
  4. neutral reward structure, based on amount of work and effort put in as well as eh societal importance of the position
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44
Q

This division/divide looks at the narratives created by a society to explain inequality

A

The role of belief in culture

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45
Q

Behavioral/cultural proscriptions, socialization, and role typically tied to ones sex

A

Gender

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46
Q

What is racial steering?

A

Steering a person in a direction based on race without asking. Relators due this when helping people find a house

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47
Q

The structured inequality between groups

A

Social stratification

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48
Q

This system has no mobility

A

Cast system

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49
Q

The movement of people up or down the stratification system (vertical movement)

A

Social mobility

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50
Q

This essentialist assumption assumes men and women are the only genders and all people fall into one, ignores intersex population and people who don’t identify with either

A

Clear-cut binary distinction exists

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51
Q

Why do conflict theorists state the reward structure and rules are not necessarily neutral or driven by system needs?

A

Those in power often shape the reward structure, rules, and beliefs regarding inequality to their own benefit

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52
Q

An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth

A

Transgender

53
Q

This essentialist assumption deals with men and women being biologically different and is not really true

A

Biology is profoundly deterministic

54
Q

This essentialist view states men and women are valued for different things but it turns out that is actually evidence of inequality and a hierarchy exists

A

Equality of difference

55
Q

Inability or unwillingness to assimilate is perhaps due to subcultural tendencies and heavy pushes for assimilation leading to the discarding of cultural particulars

A

Interpretation of functionalist theorists

56
Q

How do functionalists view global inequality?

A

Modernization theories. Focuses on attitudes, geography, culture and diff histories of industrialization, has certain ethnocentric biases, and neglects power relations/interdependencies

57
Q

These are core status markers and stratifiers by which social closure (inclusion/exclusion) and inequality

A

Race/ethnicity

58
Q

What is the issue with categorizing people and the beliefs we apply to these race/ethnic breakdowns often based on bio assumptions

A

They are all myths

59
Q

How can social stratification create societal crises/conflicts?

A

Inequality can lead to large crises like revolution bc it creates an unstable environment

60
Q

Two diff groups marry and come together

A

Amalgamation

61
Q

What do Davis and Moore suggest about sifting and sorting?

A

It is relatively neutral

62
Q

Not neutral to status attributes

A

Non-meritocratic processes

63
Q

This is used to describe the overall pattern of class mobility. No matter the system, people are held down by their class and don’t move, 40-50% don’t move relative to parents

A

Intergenerational class resiliency

64
Q

There can exist conflict between these two things involving gender

A

Sexual orientation and gender identity

65
Q

What is social stratification also known as?

A

Inequality

66
Q

Behavioral dimension of race/ethnic inequality

A

Discrimination

67
Q

What is the conflict theorists view of gender?

A

Suggest significant inequalities emerge via sex and gender binaries, via sexual orientation, and from deviators from the norm. Has costs to individuals and to society

68
Q

How do conflict theorists view global inequality?

A

Dependency and world system theories. Diff countries are diff classes relative to each other and it causes uneven relations. Leads to debt, capital flight, deindustrialization, sweatshops, etc

69
Q

How do Davis and Moore define appropriate positions?

A

People receive positions to match intellect, work ethic, merit, etc.

70
Q

Can race and ethnicity be the same?

A

Yes

71
Q

Outdated and out of step gender term

A

Transexual

72
Q

Does a biological race exist?

A

No, but race is still important bc it is defined and believed to be real and individuals/institutions treat it as real

73
Q

How are qualitative data and experiments used to study race/ethnic inequality?

A

See interactional bias and psych consequences.

Doll test = showing black and white dolls to kids and asking questions

74
Q

Refers to the distinct cultural norms and values of a social group

A

Ethnicity

75
Q

When all 5 parts to the objective method for empirically capturing social class (income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence) align

A

Status consistency

76
Q

Inequality within as well as between countries

A

Global inequality

77
Q

How does depression and anxiety impact those who deviate from binary?

A

Feelings of isolation and exclusion lead to these feelings

78
Q

3 parts of prejudice/stereotypes

A
  1. negative
  2. rigid
  3. generalization
79
Q

4 problems in gender inequality for men

A
  1. constraint in life choices
  2. drive toward competitiveness
  3. stress, anxiety, and pressure in fulfilling the male role
  4. toxic masculinity and violence
80
Q

Exclusion, segregation, inequality, and discrimination can reify/feed prejudicial/stereotypical views about group difference

A

Self fulfilling prophecy

81
Q

How do conflict theorists say gender causes consequences for individuals and society?

A 
Individuals = stressors for non binary and to conform
Society = losing talent from certain genders not pursuing certain careers
82
Q

How has first gen and non first gen student college completion changed?

A

It hasn’t really changed at all

83
Q

How does where one falls on the stratification hierarchy shape ones life in fundamental ways?

A

It shapes the literal chances of living/surviving as well as the options we are given in life like going to college

84
Q

This attribute of social stratification deals with it looking different in different areas but it still being present everywhere

A

It is universal

85
Q

What percent of the worlds population is undernourished

A

1/3

86
Q

What are the conflict theorists 3 ideas about inequality?

A
  1. reward structure and rules are not necessarily neutral or driven by system needs
  2. non-meritocratic processes remain influential
  3. status, uneven institutional access and treatment, and structural vulnerabilities play an important part in shaping where one ends up
87
Q

Inequality in these two things can be observed in income/employment, political representation, residential/educational segregation, criminal justice system, and health and wellness just like other inequalities

A

Race/ethnicity inequality

88
Q

This implies movement is possible within a society while this implies movement is not possible

A 
Achievement = can move
Ascription = cant move
89
Q

Groups conform to the whole. Melting pot

A

Assimilation

90
Q

Two functionalists in the US focused on inequality

A

Davis and Moore

91
Q

What are the 5 attributes of social stratification (inequality)?

A
  1. it is a trait of a society
  2. it persists over generations
  3. it is universal
  4. institutions tend to reproduce it
  5. belief systems in society usually try to justify it
92
Q

Prejudice and stereotype are tied to this

A

Ethnocentrism

93
Q

How can social stratification have devastating consequences for human lives?

A

For those on the bad end of the stratification, they have no access to healthcare, dental care, etc

94
Q

The biological distinction between male and female

A

Sex

95
Q

This sociologist believed inequality was created due to class and economics and inequality in class/economics was fundamental to a society

A

Marx

96
Q

This system involves lots of mobility for all people

A

Pure meritocratic system

97
Q

Totally neutral to status attributes

A

Meritocratic processes

98
Q

How has historical, structural, and institutional prodding influenced gender?

A

Influence people to conform with gender normative/binary pathways

99
Q

Ethnocentrism pervades both of these

A

Race and ethnicity

100
Q

Why do conflict theorists state non-meritocratic processes remain influential?

A

People who come from elite backgrounds have better chances to get better opportunities (like tutors)

101
Q

What are the 3 ways we do gender (symbolic interactionist view, micro)?

A
  1. conversation and interaction
  2. expectations, appearance, rewards, and sanctions
  3. gender policing
102
Q

4 basic markers of inequality and deprivation within or between societies

A

Literacy
nutrition
housing
health

103
Q

Refers to an externally imposed system of social categorization and stratification. Has nothing to do with bio

A

Race

104
Q

Stranger in a strange land, imposter syndrome, and a state of limbo stuck between two worlds. Inc stress

A

The upwardly mobile

105
Q

What are the key theoretical divisions/divides for social stratification?

A

Achievement vs ascription, meritocratic vs non-meritocratic processes, and the role of belief in culture

106
Q

This sociologists research on gender differing across cultures showed significant variation among 3 tribes of New Guinea in the 1930s (favor men, neutral, and favor women)

A

Margaret Mead

107
Q

How can social stratification motivate or demoralize people?

A

More motivation = more open systems

More demoralization = more closed systems

108
Q

How is social class meaningful in obvious and non obvious ways?

A

Obvious = life chances, tangible things, like health, daily life and consumption
Non obvious = Identity, social connections/interactions, exclusions, opportunities, and boundaries

109
Q

What is the symbolic interactionist (micro) view of gender?

A

We all actively “do gender”, we have gendered expectations imposed on us and impose them on others in everyday interactions

110
Q

Micro interactionist (experimental) approaches to race/ethnic inequality

A

Contact, in small groups, especially when asked to engage in cooperative tasks, reduced prejudices

111
Q

This division/divide looks at if things are done based on merit alone without any consideration of status attributes

A

Meritocratic vs non-meritocratic processes

112
Q

These are more open and allow for more movement than caste systems but it is still difficult to achieve upward movement

A

Class systems

113
Q

What were Weber’s 3 key aspects of inequality?

A

Class, status, and power

114
Q

Studied mobility in the US, found half of people don’t move relative to parents, the movement that does occur is very small

A

Michael Hout

115
Q

This division/divide looks at if the society has an open or closed system. Is your movement dependent upon how smart/hardworking you are or you stay where you’re born

A

Achievement vs ascription

116
Q

Underlying or explicit class tensions

A

Social divisions

117
Q

5 problems in gender inequality for women

A
  1. constraint and patterning of educational, occupational, and behavioral choices
  2. double burden of second shift
  3. very disproportionately victims of spousal battery and certain forms of violence
  4. group level political and economic inequalities
  5. stress, anxiety, sickness, and pressure in trying to meet the ideal (beauty myth)
118
Q

How would a functionalist describe the neutral reward structure in terms of a position like a teacher?

A

They would say their position is important but they aren’t compensated well bc many people have teaching degrees

119
Q

Despite being more open, it is still difficult to achieve this is class systems

A

Upward, intergenerational social mobility

120
Q

This included things of value that aren’t income

A

Wealth

121
Q

What are the 5 parts to the objective method for empirically capturing social class?

A
  1. income
  2. wealth
  3. occupation
  4. education
  5. place of residence
122
Q

How do prejudice/stereotypes and discrimination influence each other?

A

Attitudinal inc behavioral and behavioral also inc attitudinal

123
Q

What are the 3 assumptions made by essentialist views?

A
  1. biology is profoundly deterministic
  2. clear-cut binary distinction exists
  3. equality of difference
124
Q

What two things prove gender to be fluid in time and space?

A
  1. gender has not always looked the same

2. gender does not look the same across cultures

125
Q

Discrimination that is institutionalized

A

Structural

126
Q

What is the contemporary cost of gender inequality (those who deviate from binary)?

A

Those who deviate are disproportionately victims of violence, stigma, and gender policing

127
Q

How can inequality between countries be studied?

A

In the same way as within a country, looking at wealth, upper class countries, etc

128
Q

External display of gender

A

Gender expression

129
Q

This sociologist expanded upon Marx’s inequality view and said it included more than just class (class, status, and power)

A

Weber

Sociology 1101 (8 decks)

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