midterm 2 ch 8 Flashcards
Arteries
blood away from heart
Veins
blood towards the heart
Capillaries
where most exchange takes place
Pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
between heart and the rest of the body
Coronary arteries
supply the heart muscles with blood.
Cardiac veins
return blood from heart muscles.
Specific Blood Vessels (Systemic circulation):
___________: with highest blood pressure, so they need thick middle and outer layers. Elastic recoil helps move the blood forward.
__________: are small arteries.
__________: where exchange takes place. Only single layer of endothelium with flattened cells, to facilitate exchange.
__________: are small veins
________: with low blood pressure, and store lots of blood. Generally with thinner walls, but with high lumen diameter for blood storage.
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Blood vessels: arteries
_____________: smooth epithelial cells, reduces friction of flow
___________: smooth muscle can contract and relax for vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Also elastin connective tissue, produces stretching and recoil, which helps move the blood forward. You feel this stretching as your pulse.
____________: Connective tissue (collagen) anchors vessels in place and protects them
____________ have the highest blood pressure, so they have thick middle and outer layers.
Endothelium
Middle layer
Outer layer
Arteries
Blood vessels: arterioles
Arterioles are basically ___________.
With smooth muscle and ___________ layers.
______________ of arterioles: constricts (vasoconstriction) or widens (vasodilation) to regulate blood flow to capillaries
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ contract or relax to regulate blood flow to capillaries When does your blood circulation change?
small arteries
endothelium
Smooth muscle
Pre-capillary sphincters
?
Blood Vessels: capillaries
Capillaries are where almost all _________________ between blood vessels and living tissues takes place.
Only _______________: a single layer of squamous (flat) epithelial cells, which makes exchange easier
_________________ allow exchange of nutrients, gases, wastes, hormones, white blood cells between capillaries and tissues
exchange of materials
endothelium
Gaps and pores
Large things stay in capillary: RBC’s, platelets, large proteins like albumin
Supply all cells with material needed to survive, remove waste from all cells
Some blood plasma squeezed out of ____________ by blood pressure
capillaries
Proteins (like __________) / _____ blood cells stay in capillary
albumin, red
Fluid reuptake by __________ pressure (water movement from high => low concentration)
osmotic
Protein deficiency / starvation: less albumin proteins present => less fluid reuptake => water remains in tissues which results in swelling (_________)
edema
Not all fluid is taken back up by osmotic pressure. The excess fluid: returned to veins near the heart by the _________ system (one of its functions)
lymphatic
Blood vessels: venules / veins
With ____________ tissue outer layer, ___________ muscles middle layer and ____________ inner layer.
Carries blood _________ the heart.
Some exchange of materials occurs at __________
Stores ________. 50-60% of all of the blood in your body is in _______. To store this blood, veins tend to have a ______ lumen, (interior space) to increase the volume of blood they can store.
Blood pressure is _____, so veins do not need a thick middle and outer layer like arteries.
________ valves ensure blood flows back to heart
connective, smooth, endothelium
toward
venules
blood, veins
wide
low
One-way
Blood vessels: venules / veins
Mechanisms in blood return
-__________ (for veins above heart)
-__________ of ________ muscles (movement increases blood flow)
-__________ muscles surrounding veins _______
-__________ valves (works with muscle squeezing)
-__________ changes associated with breathing
Inhaling produces: low pressure _________, high pressure abdomen blood flows from ____________ pressure (towards heart)
Gravity
Contraction, skeletal
Smooth, contract
One-way
Pressure
thorax, high to low
Blood vessels: venules / veins
Mechanisms in blood return
It is important to exercise on long plane flights: avoid deep vein __________ and ____________________________
thrombosis, pulmonary embolisms
The heart (structure)
4 Chambers: two ______, two __________
(left ventricle: very _______, to pump to the ___________)
Two ______________ valves, two ___________ valves: (pulmonary and aortic)
(blood flows in one direction only, __________ tissue prevents valve flaps from opening the wrong way)
atria, ventricles
muscular, whole body
atrioventricular (AV), semilunar
connective
Cardiac cycle
Blood flow follows
________________________.
_________ do not allow
back flow.
pressure differences
Valves
“lub-DUB” heart sounds:
lub: _________________ valves close
DUB: ___________ valves close
atrioventricular (AV)
semilunar
Heart Sounds and heart Valves
Lub-DUB: sounds of the heart are due to heart __________ closing
Heart murmurs: ___________ heart sounds (swishing noises) indicating _________ through valves.
__________ heart valves can be used to replace faulty valves
valves
unusual, backflow
Artificial
Heart muscles contractions
__________ node: cardiac pacemaker is modified cardiac muscle that generates an electrical signal
_____ junctions: carry electrical impulses between cells: many cardiac muscle cells contract at once.
___________________: receives impulse
___________________: carry impulse to lower ventricles first, then upper
Sinoatrial (SA)
Gap
Atrioventricular node (AV)
AV bundle / Purkinje fibers
Controlling the heart rate
-Heart can beat by itself, at about ______ beats / minute
-At rest, the _______________ (part of the brain) dampens the _________ node, and your heart beats slower.
-_________, _________: (more oxygen needed) heart stimulated to beat faster by medulla oblongata, and heart rate increases.
Heart rate can exceed 100 beats / minute due to ________ stimulation by the medulla oblongata.
100
medulla oblongata, sinoatrial
Stress, exercise
nervous
Maintaining homeostasis of blood pressure
Blood pressure: monitored by _____________ (stretch receptors) in ______ and _______ arteries, message goes to ______________.
Medulla _________ heart rate and _______ of arterioles:
Increased heart rate + vasoconstriction = ________ blood pressure
Decreased heart rate + vasodilation = ____________ blood pressure
baroreceptors, aorta, carotid, medulla oblongata
controls, width
raised
decreased
Blood Pressure
Definitions:
-________ pressure (high)
-_______ pressure (low)
-Measurement: _______________
Systolic
Diastolic
sphygmomanometer
Cardiovascular disorders: high blood pressure
Hypertension: (> ___________)
You should start to become concerned if blood pressure is (> ________)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pressure leads to stiff, scarred arteries which leads to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to blood flow (heart must work harder). Scarred areas may have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ plaques deposited (atherosclerosis).
140 / 90
120 / 80
Higher, resistance
cholesterol
Cardiovascular disorders: high blood pressure
-The silent killer: many don’t know they have it, as there are no obvious signs (except heart attacks and stroke, and then it’s too late).
-It may cause:
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________ damage and failure
Arteriosclerosis
Embolism
Heart attack
Stroke
Aneurysm
Kidney
Risks:
_________
_________ (Africans have a greater risk)
_________ (blood pressure increases as you age)
_________ (males have a greater risk)
_________
_________
Lack of _________
_________ intake
_________
_________ (nicotine increases heart rate and hardens arteries)
_________ (epinephrine increases heart rate)
_________ (if not properly controlled)
Heredity
Race
Age
Sex
Arteriosclerosis
Obesity
exercise
Salt
Alcohol
Smoking
Stress
Diabetes
Cardiovascular disorders: atherosclerosis
A disease characterized by __________ plaque deposits and _________ arteries.
cholesterol, narrowed
Cardiovascular disorders: embolism
___________ of blood vessels
Usually caused by blood ________ that have broken off.
Can also be formed by _________ fragments, ________ cells, __________ clumps, __________ clumps, __________ (SCUBA)
Blood flow past the embolism ________ or is _________.
Embolisms in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ arteries can cause heart attacks. Embolisms in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that supply the brain can cause strokes.
Blockage
clots
tissue, cancer, cholesterol, bacterial, air bubbles
stops, restricted
coronary
arteries
Cardiovascular disorders: angina pectoris
These are ________ pains and feeling of tightness in the chest, and they are a warning of worse things to come.
Atherosclerosis limits blood flow to _______ muscles, leads to pain in chest, shortness of breath, sensation of suffocating.
If left untreated, a heart attack may follow days, weeks, months or years later.
chest
heart
Cardiovascular disorders: heart attack
Results in permanent damage to _________ muscles.
Blocked _________ arteries leads to oxygen cut off from _________ muscles, which causes heart tissue death.
Intense chest pain, pain or numbness in ___________ (often for men), jaw and upper back pain (often for women) sweating, nausea, feeling of a heavy weight on chest, making it hard to breath.
Get medical help as soon as possible. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ may dissolve a blood clot.
heart
coronary, cardiac
left arm
Aspirin
Cardiovascular disorders: ventricle fibrillation
Most heart attack deaths are due to __________ fibrillation, irregular heart beats when the ____________ node loses control of heart rhythm.
Disorganized, “quivering” contractions result, leading to sudden \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can hopefully shock the heart back to beating normally CPR can hopefully keep a person alive until professional help arrives. \_\_ compressions, \_\_ breaths.
ventricle, sinoatrial
unconsciousness
Defibrillation
30, 2
Preventing more heart attacks
Treat with ________________ that lower blood pressure and reduce blood ___________ levels
__________ once / day helps prevent blood clots
__________ surgery: Veins or arteries grafted onto _______ and __________ arteries to “bypass” blocked areas
____________ angioplasty: flattening _________ so blood can flow.
_________ angioplasty: vaporizing plaque
________: wire / plastic cylinder inserted to keep _________ artery open
medications, cholesterol
Aspirin
Bypass, aorta, coronary
Balloon, plaque
Laser
Stent
coronary
Cardiovascular disorders: stroke
Stroke:
Lack of blood flow to parts of the __________
Due to: blocked blood flow to some areas (________), or blood vessel rupture (_______) in brain
_________ blood pressure / atherosclerosis = worse risk
_________ tissue dies permanently
Effects of stroke depend upon area of brain that dies: death, trouble speaking, numbness / paralysation of certain areas of the body, comprehending speech, loss of coordination.
Recovery involves “____________” nerves to take over function from damaged areas
brain
embolism, aneurysm
High
Brain
retraining
Cardiovascular disorders: aneurysm
Weakening of ________ and ballooning outward lead to arteries bursting.
Can lead to death due to massive _________ bleeding
Often caused by a combination of ___________ and ______ blood pressure, ________ of arteries can be caused by genetic factors and injuries too.
arteries
internal
atherosclerosis, high
weakening
Reducing risk of cardiovascular disease
Smoking: ____________________
Alcohol: ___________
_________ and maintain a healthy weight (regular exercise)
Reduce __________ levels (exercise, back rubs, meditate, bubble baths, yoga, etc.)
Cut back on ________, it may cause high blood pressure
Diet should be low in _____________ / cholesterol.
Diet should be low in _____. _____ causes liver to make more cholesterol
Eat _______________ (apples, bananas, carrots, barley, oats) they block cholesterol uptake.
___________ removes cholesterol from blood.
Control of __________: early diagnosis and treatment is important
Monitor ____________, treat high blood pressure
Don’t!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
also don’t
Exercise
stress
salt
saturated fat
sugar, Sugar
soluble fiber
Fish oil
diabetes
blood pressure
Benefits of exercise to your heart
Reduced ______________
Lower ___________ levels
Less ____________ in blood
Greater number of ___________ cells
Greater ______________ (more blood vessels) supplying the heart itself
Stronger heart leads to __________________ (heart does not work as hard over time)
blood pressure
stress
cholesterol
red blood
blood circulation
reduced heart rate
