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bio103 > midterm 2 ch 6 > Flashcards

midterm 2 ch 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle tissue % of body weight

A

40% (males) 32% (females)

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

produces movement, generally under voluntary control

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3
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

the heart

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4
Q

Smooth muscle

A

involuntary. (Food through digestive tract, diameter of blood vessels, etc.)

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5
Q

Muscles contract

A

distance shortened between bones (for skeletal muscles), then relax

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6
Q

Skeletal muscle moves bone, attached by

A

tendons

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7
Q

Synergistic

A

different muscles work together for a movement (turning the head)

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8
Q

Antagonistic

A

different muscles produce opposite motion. (reciprocal innervation: antagonistic groups do not contract at the same time)

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9
Q

triceps and biceps attached to bones by

A

tendons

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10
Q

when flexing, you bring tip of ulna closer to

A

shoulder

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11
Q

A muscle

A

all cells with the same insertation and origin are part of the same muscle.

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12
Q

Fascicles

A

bundles of cells, connective tissue surrounding each bundle joins, forming tendons.

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13
Q

single muscle cell

A

fiber

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14
Q

in each fiber there is

A

myofibril

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15
Q

in each myofibril there is

A

sacromere

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are

A

multinucleic

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17
Q

Thick filaments

A

myosin

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18
Q

when we flex

A

sacromeres shorten, muscle shortens

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19
Q

skeletal muscle

A

is as long as the muscle itself

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20
Q

Thin filaments

A

strands of actin molecules

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21
Q

Contraction

A

formation of cross bridges between myosin and actin filaments

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22
Q

Relaxation

A

no more cross bridges, filaments passively slide back into place

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23
Q

important proteins of muscle contraction

A

Actin and myosin

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24
Q

Z lines

A

attachment points for actin. Muscle contraction: shortening many sarcomeres

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25
Q

Signal for muscle contraction begins in

A

frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex

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26
Q

_________________ take the message from the brain, down the spinal cord and to the muscles

A

Motor neurons

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27
Q

Motor neurons release ______________, (a neurotransmitter) which diffuses to the muscle cell membrane and binds to protein receptors

A

Acetylcholine A

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28
Q

______________________ is generated

A

Muscle electrical impulse

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29
Q

Electrical impulse stimulates release of calcium ions into the cell cytoplasm, from the ___________reticulum

A

sarcoplasmic

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30
Q

Steps of muscle contraction: Calcium binds with __________. Tropomyosin protein moves, exposing actin binding sites to myosin.

A

troponin

31
Q

Energized myosin heads bind with actin, forming ______________. After binding, the myosin head bends, bringing Z-lines _______________. Next ADP + P released.

A

cross-bridges, closer together

32
Q

ATP binds to __________ heads, causing them to release the actin filament.

A

myosin

33
Q

Myosin heads split ATP into ___________ and the head becomes energized. It can now attach to actin again if the muscle is still being stimulated to contract (back to step 6 above).

A

ADP + P

34
Q

Nervous stimulation causes release of

A

calcium ions

35
Q

Nervous stimulation ends =

A

no more calcium ions released

36
Q

Calcium is pumped back into the ___________________.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

Calcium removed from _________

A

troponin

38
Q

Actin-binding site covered by ________________, myosin no longer can bind with actin

A

tropomyosin

39
Q

Sarcomere ____________ as z-lines move further apart

A

relaxes

40
Q

No nervous stimulation = no calcium ions =

A

muscle relaxation

41
Q

One motor neuron stimulates _________ muscle cell.

A

more than one

42
Q

A motor neuron + all muscle cells it stimulates are a _________

A

motor unit

43
Q

All muscle cells in a motor unit _________ when nerve signal arrives.

A

contract

44
Q

Skeletal muscles do not contract without ______________.

A

nerve input

45
Q

Source of energy: ATP
1) ATP stored in cell used first by muscles (_____ sec)

A

10

46
Q

ATP replenished by variety of means:
2) _______________________ (stored, transfers phosphate to ADP) (25 more sec)

A

Creatine phosphate

47
Q

3) _______________ (in muscles, broken down anaerobically or aerobically) (5 - 10 more min.)

A

Stored glycogen

48
Q

4) ______________________ with glucose, triglycerides, proteins. Increased heart rate / breathing rate takes a few minutes: anaerobic respiration and oxygen debt often occur before that

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

49
Q

Muscle fatigue:

A

muscles cannot contract, even when stimulated by motor neurons to do so.

50
Q

Why?
_________________ + __________ that accumulates in muscle cells can lead to muscle fatigue.

A

Low ATP supply, lactic acid

51
Q

How do you stop fatigue?
________________________ and ________ (breaks down lactic acid and allows ATP to be replenished in muscle cells) Exercising aerobically only in the future.

A

Taking deep breaths, resting

52
Q

______________: break down ATP slowly, sarcoplasmic reticulum not as close to myofibrils = contract slowly.
For endurance: more mitochondria, well supplied with blood (for oxygen / nutrient supply), stores oxygen in myoglobin
(“red” muscle), low glycogen, low creatine phosphate.
Better at long term, aerobic respiration.

A

Slow twitch fibers

53
Q

___________________: break down ATP quickly,
sarcoplasmic reticulum close to myofibrils
For power: more glycogen and creatine phosphate
for generating ATP anaerobically, less mitochondria,
less blood vessels, no myoglobin (“white” muscle).
Better at short, anaerobic bursts of power.

A

Fast twitch fibers

54
Q

Muscles have both types, in different relative amounts.

A

.

55
Q

Muscles of back contracting for your posture: more _______ twitch fibers.

A

slow

56
Q

Muscles of the fingers: more ______ twitch fibers.

A

fast

57
Q

There are differences between people too, due to their _________ and the ________________ they have done in their life.

A

genetics, athletic training

58
Q

_____ twitch (red muscle): endurance, long duration contraction. (Running marathons, long-distance swimming and biking)

A

Slow

59
Q

____ twitch (white muscle): strength, short duration contraction. (Sprinting, weight lifting)

A

Fast

60
Q

____ twitch muscle for quick bursts of power / strength
Strength training / Resistance training
_______, _________ workouts
Builds: more fast-twitch myofibrils, stores more glycogen and creatine phosphate
Builds more muscle mass / power

A

Fast, Short, intense

61
Q

Well developed fast twitch muscle = more muscle mass = ____________, better ability to manufacture ATP anaerobically

A

more power

62
Q

_____ twitch muscles for endurance.
Aerobic training / Endurance training
_____, ____________ work-outs
Increases blood vessels to muscle cells, more mitochondria, more myoglobin created in slow-twitch muscles
Builds endurance
Well developed slow twitch muscles = efficient creation of ATP aerobically for long time periods.

A

Slow, Long, sustained

63
Q

Benefits of exercise for muscles:

Builds \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Strength training)
Boosts \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Endurance training)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: regular exercise slows muscle deterioration (some cells lost, other cells lose myofibrils as you age, starting at about age 30). 
Muscle tissue burns up calories (like fat), and more muscle mass means it is easier to control your weight.
A

muscle mass
endurance
Slows aging

64
Q

______________ mimic testosterone, and cause more muscle protein synthesis.
This results in larger, more-powerful muscles.
Disadvantages to steroid use (men and women):
______ tumors / cancer, _________ tumors, _________, ________
(men): breast development, rage, shrinking testes, infertility
(women): facial hair, deepened voice, menstrual cycle change
(adolescents): premature halting of growth (loss of cartilage growth plate) = very short for the rest of their lives.

A

Anabolic steroids
Liver, kidney, severe acne, baldness

65
Q

Location / function:
Skeletal: attached to _______ with tendons for voluntary movement
Smooth: ________ walls, _____ walls, _________ system, ____________ system, _________ system.
Involuntarily controls blood vessel diameter and hollow organ movements
Cardiac: heart, involuntarily pumps blood

A

bones
artery, vein, digestive, reproductive, urinary

66
Q

Structure:
Skeletal: ______, _______ and ______________
Cardiac: _____, with blunt ends connected by gap junctions
Smooth: _____________ joined with gap junctions

A

Long, cylindrical, multinucleated
Short
Small spindle cells

67
Q

_______________ allow contraction signals to move between cells quickly, such that large numbers of cells (joined together) basically contract simultaneously.

A

Gap junctions

68
Q

__________ arrangement of actin and myosin shortens and fattens smooth muscle cells.
Always partially contracted, but do not fatigue, as they contract slowly and do not use up all their ATP

A

net-like

69
Q

___________ muscles: some muscle cells pulled apart, if muscle becomes stretched too far

A

Pulled

70
Q

____________ muscles: underused sarcomeres are damaged during exercise. Deteriorate and replaced, but hurt while this occurs

A

Sore

71
Q

Muscle cramps: muscles contract uncontrollably. Usually after heavy exercise, caused by a combination of factors including: ___ depletion, __________, _____ imbalances and ___________ build up.

A

ATP, dehydration, ion, lactic acid

72
Q

bacterial toxins over-stimulates nerves to muscles, resulting in constant contraction. Death by exhaustion or respiratory failure

A

Tetanus

73
Q

sex-linked genetic disease in which muscles waste away. Death may occur as heart muscle or muscles for inhalation die, usually in the 20’s. The person is in a wheelchair in their teens.

A

Duchenne Muscular dystrophy

bio103 (4 decks)

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