midterm 2 ch 7

Question 1

various substances transported throughout the body.

Answer 1

Transportation

Question 2

body temperature (heat in blood is transported near our skin’s surface when we are hot), pH of body fluids (blood contains a buffering system, including ion buffers and hemoglobin that bind to excess hydrogen ions.)

Answer 2

homeostasis

Question 3

various white blood cells and antibodies against infection

Answer 3

Defense

Question 4

platelets and fibrinogen proteins prevent excessive loss of blood

Answer 4

Clotting

Question 5

_____ blood cells: transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide.

Answer 5

red

Question 6

_______ blood cells: defend against viral, bacterial, protist, animal invaders as well as virus-infected cells and cancerous cells

Answer 6

White

Question 7

critical for blood clotting

Answer 7

Platelets

Question 8

Source of all: stem cells of ____
bone marrow

Answer 8

red

Question 9

Plasma (55% of volume)
_______: primary constituent (90%), biological solvent
______: pH buffers, for cell function and volume, needed for excitable cells like muscles and nerves
_____________: messages released by endocrine glands into the blood
_______: oxygen (a little) and carbon dioxide (most) dissolved in plasma
__________: such as amino acids, glucose and lipids. Lipids are often bound to special globulin transport proteins, since they do not dissolve in blood plasma
________: ammonia, urea and uric acid, removed from blood at kidneys

Answer 9

Water
Ions
Hormones
Gases
Nutrients
Wastes

Question 10

Examples of plasma proteins, dissolved in blood plasma:
__________: produced by liver, maintain osmotic balance between blood and extracellular fluid (maintains fluid volume of blood).

_________: produced by white blood cells, bind to foreign substances (like bacteria / viruses),

____________: produced by liver, convert to fibrin network for blood clotting

Answer 10

Albumins
Antibodies
Fibrinogen

Question 11

red blood cell Structure: no _________, no __________, __________ (allows flexibility).
Limited life span: only 120 days on average.
Old cells broken into components in liver and spleen: _______ recycled to red bone marrow, amino acids used, heme groups becomes part of bile.
Control of red blood cell production:
_____________ hormone

Answer 11

nucleus, organelles, flattened disks
iron, erythropoietin

Question 12

Oxygen decrease detected by cells of kidneys, which secretes erythropoietin to increase red blood cell production by stem cells in the red bone marrow.
Increased _______ levels result in reduced __________________________.

Answer 12

oxygen, erythropoietin secretion

Question 13

Each red blood cell with _______________ hemoglobin molecules that carry ____________ oxygen molecules!

Answer 13

300 million, 1.2 billion

Question 14

Four polypeptide chains, two types: alpha and beta, each with 1 heme group that includes iron (Fe) to bind oxygen. Each hemoglobin molecule binds ________________.

Answer 14

4 oxygen molecules

Question 15

Hemoglobin ________ to oxygen: _________ pH (less acid), __________ blood oxygen concentration, __________ temperature (like in lungs)

Answer 15

binds, higher, high, lower

Question 16

Hemoglobin _________ oxygen: ________ pH (more acidic), ____ blood oxygen concentration, _________ temperatures (like in active tissues, like exercising muscles)

CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3-

Carbon dioxide + Water    Carbonic acid     Hydrogen ion + Bicarbonate ion

Answer 16

releases, lower, low, higher

Question 17

Stopping loss of blood:
1) ______________: smooth muscle constricts blood vessels to reduce, or completely stop blood flow
2) ___________ formation: seal the ruptured blood vessel. Collagen proteins in damaged blood vessel = change in platelets: get stickier, bigger and “spiky” to stick together. Platelets contract, to bring wound together.
3) ___________: formation of a blood clot. Chemical signals from cells and platelets converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, forms a clot with trapped red blood cells and platelets.

Answer 17

Vascular spasm, Platelet plug, Coagulation

Question 18

What can you do to help stop the bleeding if someone is badly cut?

Answer 18

First aid for severe bleeding:
Apply constant direct pressure
Raise the arm or leg above the heart
Put pressure on the artery supplying the arm or leg, to reduce blood loss

Question 19

proteins/glycoproteins in cell membrane

Answer 19

Antigens

Question 20

____________ produce protein antibodies.
Antibodies bind to foreign __________

Answer 20

B lymphocytes
antigens

Question 21

Wrong blood type results in _____________: clumps of wrong red blood cells and antibodies can get stuck in small blood vessels, damaging organs due to lack of blood supply, and possibly leading to death.

Answer 21

agglutination

Question 22

Rh antigen

Answer 22

Rh positive means you have the Rh antigen or negative means you don’t have it.

Question 23

Rh negative people can receive Rh positive blood once, but Rh antibodies are produced that will cause agglutination the 2nd time they receive Rh positive blood.

Answer 23

.

Question 24

A-like and B-like antigens occur naturally, so humans usually have the __________ already.

Answer 24

antibodies

Question 25

Rh like antigens do not occur naturally, so a _______________ is needed to produce antibodies.

Answer 25

first exposure

Question 26

Rh negative women pregnant with 1st Rh positive baby

Answer 26

baby is fine, but anti Rh antibodies are formed in the mother.

Question 27

Rh negative women pregnant with 2nd Rh positive baby

Answer 27

antbodies cross placenta and child’s blood will be destroyed possibly resulting in hemolytic disease of the newborn (baby with severe anemia, jaundice, possible death).

Question 28

carbon monoxide poisoning: Carbon monoxide competes with ___________ It is produced by _________ (motor exhaust), burning wood, charcoal and tobacco. CO binds with hemoglobin, and stays bound for a long time. Oxygen cannot bind under these circumstances. Motor exhaust and fires should never be in a closed room, you will feel faint, pass out and die without fresh air.

Answer 28

oxygen burning fuel

Question 29

anemia: Reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity

Answer 29

weakness, fatigue

Question 30

anemia: low iron = not enough heme groups formed

Answer 30

Iron deficiency

Question 31

anemia: bone marrow does not produce enough red blood cells

Answer 31

Aplastic

Question 32

anemia: extreme blood loss (from injuries, malaria that bursts red blood cells)

Answer 32

Hemmorhagic

Question 33

anemia: red blood cell sickle shaped, destroyed early by body (genetic)

Answer 33

Sickle cell

Question 34

anemia: insufficient alpha or beta protein chains of hemoglobin produced = decreased oxygen carrying capacity. Blood transfusions may be necessary = treatment to remove excess iron from transfusions (genetic).

Answer 34

Thalassemia

Question 35

leukemia: Cancer of

Answer 35

white blood cells, white blood cell division becomes uncontrolled Abnormal white blood cells crowd out normal white and red blood cell production, and huge numbers of white blood cells interfere with normal organ function. Aplastic anemia results, wounds are slow to clot (inadequate platelets), white blood cells may not work. Eventual death by internal bleeding or infection.

Question 36

Hemophilia

Answer 36

uncontrolled bleeding

Question 37

Hemophilia potentially due to: Insufficient _________ (leukemia) ________ diseases, as clotting proteins are not produced Vitamin _ deficiency ___________, as defective or no clotting proteins are produced

Answer 37

platelets Liver K Inheritence