midterm 2 ch 7 Flashcards
various substances transported throughout the body.
Transportation
body temperature (heat in blood is transported near our skin’s surface when we are hot), pH of body fluids (blood contains a buffering system, including ion buffers and hemoglobin that bind to excess hydrogen ions.)
homeostasis
various white blood cells and antibodies against infection
Defense
platelets and fibrinogen proteins prevent excessive loss of blood
Clotting
_____ blood cells: transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide.
red
_______ blood cells: defend against viral, bacterial, protist, animal invaders as well as virus-infected cells and cancerous cells
White
critical for blood clotting
Platelets
Source of all: stem cells of ____
bone marrow
red
Plasma (55% of volume)
_______: primary constituent (90%), biological solvent
______: pH buffers, for cell function and volume, needed for excitable cells like muscles and nerves
_____________: messages released by endocrine glands into the blood
_______: oxygen (a little) and carbon dioxide (most) dissolved in plasma
__________: such as amino acids, glucose and lipids. Lipids are often bound to special globulin transport proteins, since they do not dissolve in blood plasma
________: ammonia, urea and uric acid, removed from blood at kidneys
Water
Ions
Hormones
Gases
Nutrients
Wastes
Examples of plasma proteins, dissolved in blood plasma:
__________: produced by liver, maintain osmotic balance between blood and extracellular fluid (maintains fluid volume of blood).
_________: produced by white blood cells, bind to foreign substances (like bacteria / viruses),
____________: produced by liver, convert to fibrin network for blood clotting
Albumins
Antibodies
Fibrinogen
red blood cell Structure: no _________, no __________, __________ (allows flexibility).
Limited life span: only 120 days on average.
Old cells broken into components in liver and spleen: _______ recycled to red bone marrow, amino acids used, heme groups becomes part of bile.
Control of red blood cell production:
_____________ hormone
nucleus, organelles, flattened disks
iron, erythropoietin
Oxygen decrease detected by cells of kidneys, which secretes erythropoietin to increase red blood cell production by stem cells in the red bone marrow.
Increased _______ levels result in reduced __________________________.
oxygen, erythropoietin secretion
Each red blood cell with _______________ hemoglobin molecules that carry ____________ oxygen molecules!
300 million, 1.2 billion
Four polypeptide chains, two types: alpha and beta, each with 1 heme group that includes iron (Fe) to bind oxygen. Each hemoglobin molecule binds ________________.
4 oxygen molecules
Hemoglobin ________ to oxygen: _________ pH (less acid), __________ blood oxygen concentration, __________ temperature (like in lungs)
binds, higher, high, lower
Hemoglobin _________ oxygen: ________ pH (more acidic), ____ blood oxygen concentration, _________ temperatures (like in active tissues, like exercising muscles)
CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3- Carbon dioxide + Water Carbonic acid Hydrogen ion + Bicarbonate ion
releases, lower, low, higher
Stopping loss of blood:
1) ______________: smooth muscle constricts blood vessels to reduce, or completely stop blood flow
2) ___________ formation: seal the ruptured blood vessel. Collagen proteins in damaged blood vessel = change in platelets: get stickier, bigger and “spiky” to stick together. Platelets contract, to bring wound together.
3) ___________: formation of a blood clot. Chemical signals from cells and platelets converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, forms a clot with trapped red blood cells and platelets.
Vascular spasm, Platelet plug, Coagulation
What can you do to help stop the bleeding if someone is badly cut?
First aid for severe bleeding:
Apply constant direct pressure
Raise the arm or leg above the heart
Put pressure on the artery supplying the arm or leg, to reduce blood loss
proteins/glycoproteins in cell membrane
Antigens
____________ produce protein antibodies.
Antibodies bind to foreign __________
B lymphocytes
antigens
Wrong blood type results in _____________: clumps of wrong red blood cells and antibodies can get stuck in small blood vessels, damaging organs due to lack of blood supply, and possibly leading to death.
agglutination
Rh antigen
Rh positive means you have the Rh antigen or negative means you don’t have it.
Rh negative people can receive Rh positive blood once, but Rh antibodies are produced that will cause agglutination the 2nd time they receive Rh positive blood.
.
A-like and B-like antigens occur naturally, so humans usually have the __________ already.
antibodies
Rh like antigens do not occur naturally, so a _______________ is needed to produce antibodies.
first exposure
Rh negative women pregnant with 1st Rh positive baby
baby is fine, but anti Rh antibodies are formed in the mother.
Rh negative women pregnant with 2nd Rh positive baby
antbodies cross placenta and child’s blood will be destroyed possibly resulting in hemolytic disease of the newborn (baby with severe anemia, jaundice, possible death).
carbon monoxide poisoning: Carbon monoxide competes with ___________
It is produced by _________ (motor exhaust), burning wood, charcoal and tobacco.
CO binds with hemoglobin, and stays bound for a long time. Oxygen cannot bind under these circumstances.
Motor exhaust and fires should never be in a closed room, you will feel faint, pass out and die without fresh air.
oxygen
burning fuel
anemia: Reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity
weakness, fatigue
anemia: low iron = not enough heme groups formed
Iron deficiency
anemia: bone marrow does not produce enough red blood cells
Aplastic
anemia: extreme blood loss (from injuries, malaria that bursts red blood cells)
Hemmorhagic
anemia: red blood cell sickle shaped, destroyed early by body (genetic)
Sickle cell
anemia: insufficient alpha or beta protein chains of hemoglobin produced = decreased oxygen carrying capacity. Blood transfusions may be necessary = treatment to remove excess iron from transfusions (genetic).
Thalassemia
leukemia: Cancer of
white blood cells, white blood cell division becomes uncontrolled
Abnormal white blood cells crowd out normal white and red blood cell production, and huge numbers of white blood cells interfere with normal organ function.
Aplastic anemia results, wounds are slow to clot (inadequate platelets), white blood cells may not work. Eventual death by internal bleeding or infection.
Hemophilia
uncontrolled bleeding
Hemophilia potentially due to:
Insufficient _________ (leukemia)
________ diseases, as clotting proteins are not produced
Vitamin _ deficiency
___________, as defective or no clotting proteins are produced
platelets
Liver
K
Inheritence
