Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anthropology 101 > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

a testable statement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the scientific method

A 
observation 
question 
hypothesis 
prediction
test 
result
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what happens once an archaeological site is opened up?

A
  • Once opened up or exposed, they deteriorate quickly

* Ex. Pompeii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what happens with a habitation site?

A
  • Archaeologists will spend time mapping out ring of stones- location and placement may lead to how different sites are connected
    • Tells you something about the environment ex. Door placement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is founded in a bison kill site? example?

A
  • Lots of bison bone found (prairies)
    • May find tools/projectile points
    • Trauma on the bones
    • Head-smashed-in buffalo jump site
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why are historical sites used? how are they found?

A
  • We have documents
    • More recent in time
    • How are sites found?
    • Pedestrian survey
    • Test pits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does proton magnetometry pick up?

A

• Pick up disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is space archaeology?

A

Satellite imagery (space archaeology)
• Dr. Sarah parcak
• Used satellite to find sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is ground penetrating radar?

A

• Detector that picks up on reflected waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a feature?

A

Feature
• Evidence you don’t pickup
• a collection of one or more contexts representing some human non-portable activity that generally has a vertical characteristic to it in relation to site stratigraphy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is an artifact?

A

Artifact
• Evidence you pick up and analyze
• Spatial context is important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are ecofacts?

A 
Ecofacts 
	• Connected with environment 
	• Animal bones 
	• Pollen
	• Phytoliths
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is zooarchaeology?

A
  • Recognize what animal was utilized in that area

* Need knowledge on animal bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is taphonomy?

A

• Look for tooth marks etc… Spend more time on items

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

add dating techniques from textbook

A

• Pg 194-200 in text

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is relative data?

A

• What’s present around area of interest
• Contextual info maintained as you dig down by keeping walls smooth bc you see stratigraphy-
the analysis of the order and position of layers of archaeological remains.
• Law of superposition- lower down is older, on top is newer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is dendrochronology? (based on biology.)

A
  • Dendrochronology
    • Analyzing tree rings
    • Has to be in an area with seasons; moisture change + growth
    • Rings match up with years
    • Might need to remove a piece of wood
    • Need trees at site- especially ones used in a cultural context
    • Calculating a master sequence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe K-Ar dating

A

radioactive decay
• Around 60,000 years
• Review- does it take us back to paleolithic?
• Radiometric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe C-14 dating

A
  • Ratio of carbon atoms in fossil used
    • C-14 is unstable, so it decays after death
    • Ratio of carbon 14 and carbon 12 (Which does not decay) is used to date
    • If near a body of water you need a marine
    • Results must be calibrated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

half-life of C-14? importance?

A

Half life = 5730 years remember this number, bc of half life we can only use this on sites 60,000 years or younger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is subsistence?

A

• Collectors vs producers
• Neolithic 10,000 BP, animal and plant domestication
anthropologists categorize societies based on how they organize themselves

22
Q

describe a band society

A
  • Common social organization of foragers
    • No more than 50 people
    • Equal access to material and social valuables (egalitarian)
23
Q

describe chiefdom

A
  • A leader has privileged access to power, wealth, and prestige
    • Other people share roughly the same status and access to material and social valuables
    • Greater degree of craft production
24
Q

describe states

A
  • A stratified society with unequal access to material or social valuables
    • A defined territory and a centralized govt
    • Led by an elite with the power to tax and a monopoly on using force
25
Q

describe feminist archaeology

A

• Feminist archaeology: recognizes that traditional approaches have often ignored the presence of women (seeks new ways to include them)

26
Q

describe gender archaeology

A
  • Gender archaeology: questions the binary male-female distinction
    • Investigates variation in sex, gender, and other human differences by focusing on detailed contextual features of archaeological sites
27
Q

stewardship

A

stewardship- respect for archaeological remains
access to knowledge from the past
conservation preferred
when it isnt possible

28
Q

principles of ethical conduct

A

stewardship
aboriginal relationships
professional responsibility
public education and outreach

29
Q

what is domestication? ex?

A
  • The sunflower was domesticated in north america

* Domestication: human involvement in growing and development of plants

30
Q

what is niche construction? what does it buffer?

A
  • Natural selection traditionally sees organisms as adapting to the environment
    • However, organisms actively engage in niche construction to modify their environments
    • Niche construction buffers against selection for morphological changes.
31
Q

what is neolithic?

A

era of farming

• Evidence of dependence on domesticated animals and plants

32
Q

what is the neolithic revolution?

A

the transition from hunting and gathering to a farm based economy
• Paleo diet- doesn’t exist, every area had different resources- not just one paleo diet- local variety

33
Q

describe natufian culture

A

(14,000-9800 BP). Southwestern Asia
• Evidence of agriculture: grinding stones, food storage pits, polished stone blades
• Pits- no evidence of food storage previously
• Grinding stones: grains, corns, spices,

34
Q

what is cultivation?

A
  • For the domestication of plants and animals, careful modification of the environment must occur
    • Cultivation: activities of preparing fields (sowing, weeding, harvesting and storing products)
35
Q

what is agriculture?

A

systematically modifying environment in which crops are cultivated and animals maintained

36
Q

3 hypotheses to explain origin of agriculture

A

readiness, demographic, and multistrand

37
Q

describe the readiness hypothesis

A

people lived where wild plants and animals that could be domesticated were found

38
Q

describe the demographic hypothesis

A

agriculture became necessary because of an increase in population

39
Q

describe the multiple strands theory

A

that include influences of climate, environment, population, technology, social organization, and diet on the emergence of domestication are not appropriate.

40
Q

3 ways to recognize domesticated plants

A

• Seed size - larger with domestication
• Seed coat thickness- thinner with domestication
Seed dispersal mechanisms

41
Q

what is horticulture?

A
  • Growing crops with simple tools and methods

* Small scale

42
Q

what is intensive agriculture?

A

• Techniques are used to cultivate the fields permanently

43
Q

how can we recognize domesticated animals?

A
  • Geographic distribution
    • Population characteristics
    • Osteological changes
    • Limited use of muscles in domesticated animals when compared to wild animals
44
Q

how does domestication occur? ex?

A

• Domestication can happen multiple times
• Can have a gap between domestication events
Paw prints were found in a 2000 yr old site in the UK

45
Q

new world domestication?

A
  • Squash seeds found from
    • Maize from tehuacan valley, Mexico
    • 5,000-6,000 years ago
    • Sites found variation in cob size that showed how domestication occurred
    • Teosinte plant was bred into maize
46
Q

why are certain animals domesticated in certain areas?

A

ex llamas alpacas

environmental aspects

47
Q

why was sumpweed domesticated and where?

A

north america

• Climate patterns- what was and wasn't being used
48
Q

what are the advantages of food production?

A
  • More abundant, support more people
    • Creation of a surplus- access to food resources
    • Long term storage, less of a need to shift around to different locations.
49
Q

disadvantages of food production?

A
  • Demand on environment
    • Conflict between populations over land control
    • Health costs- less variety
50
Q

what is the neolithic demographic transition?

A

• Population growth after agricultural revolution

Anthropology 101 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions