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Anthropology 101 > chapter 6 (human origins) > Flashcards

chapter 6 (human origins) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are Sahelanthropus tchadensis

A

oldest known species in human family tree
6-7 mya
bipedalism
foramen magnum at base if skull

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2
Q

what is v Ardipithecus ramidus

A

ardi fossil

bipedal living in forested environment

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3
Q

where were hominids focused?

A

south + east Africa

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4
Q

span of australopithecines?

A

4-1 mya

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5
Q

name the gracile australopithecines

A

A. anamnesis (4.2-4 Mya)
v – A. afarensis (3.6-3.0 Mya)
v – A. africanus (3.0-2.0 Mya)

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6
Q

robust review (dont have to memorize but look over)

A

Paranthropus aethiopicus (2.5 mya)
v – Paranthropus boisei (2.3-1.2 mya)
v – Paranthropus robustus (2.0-1.5 mya)

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7
Q

describe the lucy skeleton

A

Australopithecine
3.5 mya, bipedal, small, 40% of her skeleton retrieved, so bigger picture
• Small brained, bipedal

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8
Q

describe Australopithecus Afarensis and Australopithecus Africanus

A

ustralopithecus africanus was nearly identical in body and brain size to A. afarensis. Like A. afarensis, A. africanus also showed marked differences in size between males and females. … The pelvis is far more humanlike than apelike and is strong evidence that A. africanus was bipedal.

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9
Q

describe homo habilis

A

first classified as homo, 2.5 million mark- start of tool usage, increase in cranial capacity
still in africa

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10
Q

what tool tradition did homo habilis use?

A

oldwan tool tradition- associated with homo habilis, percussion flaking (banging together to make an edge)

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11
Q

describe pleistocene

A

The Pleistocene Epoch is typically defined as the time period that began about 2.6 million years ago and lasted until about 11,700 years ago. The most recent Ice Age occurred then, as glaciers covered huge parts of the planet Earth.
The Pleistocene Epoch is the first in which Homo sapiens evolved, and by the end of the epoch humans could be found in nearly every part of the planet. The Pleistocene Epoch was the first epoch in the Quaternary Period and the sixth in the Cenozoic Era. It was followed by the current stage, called the Holocene Epoch.

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12
Q

describe homo erectus

A

oldest specimen 1.8 mya Kenya,
v widest part of skull was bottom
v Left Africa
v Fossil recovered in dmanisi dated 1.77 mya (in africa, rest 1.8)

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13
Q

who is the nariokotome boy?

A
  • would’ve grown to 6’8, most likely died bc of tooth infection. Found in lakebed so well preserved
    homo erectus
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14
Q

describe java man

A

homo erectus
v Eugene dubois- found Java Man -severe thigh injury- calcified but lived long after
v Water craft - experimental archaeology

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15
Q

what is the paleolithic era?

A

v The period of human history where humans have created stone tools 2.5mya-10,000 years)

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16
Q

describe lower paleolithic and the hominids found during

A

2.5 mya - 200,000 yrs

v Homo Habilis, homo erectus, pre-modern Homo sapiens

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17
Q

describe middle paleolithic

A

200,000 yrs - 45000 yrs

v Homo sapiens, homo floresienisis

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18
Q

describe upper paleolithic

A 
45,000 yrs - 10,000 yrs
Davidson Black (Canadian anthropologist)
• Wasnt the one who found all the fossils
Pei Wenzhong (Chinese anthropologist)
• DID do the work in finding fossils
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19
Q

what tool tradition did homo erectus use?

A

• Acheulean tool tradition- tear drop shape, utilized for millions of years, both sides altered. Takes 60 hits to make (10 times more than oldwan)

20
Q

how do we know hominids were involved in creating fire? site?

A
  • Fire: know humans are involved because of hearth
  • Wonderwerk cave, SA: found hearth + layers of sediment that have not been disturbed for about a million years. Also had tools and evidence of bones
21
Q

describe neandertals

A
  • Did not necessarily come after other hominins but are recent.
  • Premodern homo sapiens
  • 300,000 years ago - 30,000 years ago
  • Neandertal genome used to determine relation to humans (??)
  • Depicted as brutish in art, looked more human than depicted
  • Had little or no chin based on need for more space for teeth and connection to upper facial area.
  • Different cranium bones - occipital bun
  • Wider joints - more robust
22
Q

neandertal sites

A
  • Feldhofer cave
  • Neander valley, Germany - original fossils found 1850s
  • Sites in Europe and Asia
  • Most sites found in cold regions of Europe
  • Kebara cave, Israel
  • Sanidar, Iraq- found lots of pollen and thought it might be a burial site where they used flowers, but later discredited bc found pollen everywhere. Found skeletal evidence of an individual with an eye injury bc of a fractured cranium, arm amputation, and a foot with arthritis
  • La Chapelle-aux-Saints
  • Original Neanderthal drawings based on scientific analysis of this individual (was old)
23
Q

why do we have the neandertal dna

A
  • We have the Neanderthal genome. Humans have it bc of interbreeding.
  • Homo neanderthalensis or homo sapiens neanderthalensis
  • Gene for red hair (mutation) so they may have had red hair
24
Q

describe neandertal art

A
  • Very little indication of art
  • 8 lines cut into rock
  • 40,000 yrs ago
  • Gibraltar
  • Feathers +bones (especially wings) evidence of cut marks
25
Q

what tool tradition did neandertals use?

A 
Mousterian tool tradition 
§  Europe and Asia 
• Fewer large core tools, more small flake tools 
• Levallois method 
• 100 hits
26
Q

what is chatelperronian?

A

• Transitional tool industry from France and Spain
• Bone tools with prominent holes in the end
• Some decorative tools
Unclear who created them

27
Q

did neandertals talk?

A
  • Unsure
  • Same hyoid bone that humans have (helps with speech)
  • Higher pitch
  • Slightly different shaped thorax (bell shaped) more power to push air through= higher pitched, maybe louder
28
Q

describe homo floresiensis

A
  • Island of flores- 15 yrs ago skeletal remains found in cave
  • Significantly smaller than modern day homo sapiens- first indicator about whether it was a child- teeth
  • Found to be an adult
  • LV1- type specimen
  • Example of a population who have reduced in size
  • Found around 9 individuals
  • 50,000-100,000 years old
29
Q

why were homo floresiensis hard to date?

A
  • Hard to date bc of proximity to ocean (carbon dating)
  • Hard to estimate sex if using data off of modern populations
  • Tools were found
  • Lots of similarities with Australopithecines (morphology)
30
Q

describe homo naledi

A

• Rising star expedition
• Lee Berger
• South Africa
• Designated homo out in field- they had a forehead
• 300,000 yrs
• Didn’t find any other animal bone in cave- could be for burial
Homo naledi
Found within the last 5 years
Recovery team used social media for recovery and analysis
Found in SA
Forehead fragment was used to recognize it wasn’t a australopithecine

31
Q

homo sapien fossil and site

A
  • Le Farrassie Neanderthal and the Cro-Magnon fossil from France
  • Not many sites that have modern homo sapiens
32
Q

replacement model theory on homo sapien evolution

A

o One subpopulation of Homo erectus in Africa rapidly developed into Homo sapiens.
o Homo sapiens appeared as early as 200,000 years ago. (more evidence found that pushes it back)
o Homo sapiens moved out of Africa and replaced any remaining populations of Homo erectus.
This model does not work bc it leaves out populations coming after homo sapiens (Neanderthal mixing w homo sapiens)

33
Q

regional continuity model

A
  • Each regional population of homo erectus evolved gradually into homo sapiens.
  • Distinct characteristics were retained in each population
  • Gene flow between populations were retained in each population
34
Q

most likely model?

A

a combo of both

35
Q

describe upper paleolithic art and sites

A
  • Upper paleolithic time frame
  • 40,000 yrs
  • Chauvet cave, France- 30,000 BP (years before present), red dots panel (creating an image from dots/handprints)
  • Age of paintings determined by residue on top of pigment
  • Maros-Pangkep caves, Indonesia- 40,000 years ago- locations in Indonesia (not just focused on France and Spain)
  • Easy to damage what is in caves bc of temperature etc. Solution- one of the caves was recreated
36
Q

upper paleolithic tool tradition? describe venus figures

A 
Gravettian tradition
• 27,000-21,000 BP
• Smaller blades 
• Knownn for figurines 
Venus Figurine  
• Europe (not just localized) 
• Relatively small 
• Not many facial features 
• May have been a pendant 
• Some may represent pregnancy (view from a women looking down)
37
Q

late upper paleolithic tool tradition?

A
  • Magdalenian tradition
  • 16,000-11,000 BP
  • Micro blades
  • Bones and antler
38
Q

describe magdalenian woman

A
  • Discovered in France
  • Recovered in1911
  • Skull hit with a pick
  • First recorded impacted wisdom teeth
39
Q

magdelian art

A

• Individual found in Russia (older than Magdalenian) with decorative garments
Pottery (20,000 BP)
• Xianren cave, china
• May have been used as cooking devices

40
Q

peopling of the world

what is beringia?

A

stretch of land between Siberia and Alaska, archaeologists are interested in it to study movement
• Melting of ice, underwater sites. Approx. 20,000 yrs ago.

41
Q

peopling of the world

describe the last glacial maximum

A
  • Glaciers were at their max 20,000 years ago.
  • Nothings been found yet
  • Focus on coast to see evidence of movement
  • Glacial erratics are evidence
  • Boulders get shifted around depending on how powerful the ice is
42
Q

describe clovis

A
  • 13,000 BP
  • Several sites around North America
  • Clovis fluted spear points found in Siberia
  • Tied onto spear
  • Widespread
43
Q

monte verde site and debra site

A

Monte Verde, Chile
• 14,800 BP
• Older than Clovis

Debra L. Friedkin Site, Texas
• 15,500 BP
• Oldest known

44
Q

cause of megafaunal extinction at end of pleistocene

A
  • Environment, human predation, or acombo of the two?

* 11,000 BP

45
Q

describe the kennewick man

A
  • Found 22 years ago in Washington on the bank of the river
  • Called in by people who found skull
  • Jim Chatters was the first to do analysis on it
  • Cultural resource management- moves faster
  • Fragment of the fifth left metacarpal
  • 8410 + / - 60 BP
  • Imaging studies
  • Projectile point found in pelvis- healing so happened before death
  • Initial reconstruction - Solutrean Hypothesis - Western Europe moved to New World (18,000) fringe idea that has been disproven and lacks evidence ,Connected to different cultures in the upper Paleolithic’s, more so western Europe
  • Had their own tool technology
46
Q

what is nagpra? values?

A

• United States - Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990)
○ Repatriation of remains and funerary artifacts to lineal descendants
○ Eventually successfully used DNA testing to prove Native American lineage
○ To aid the process of community these questions are asked:
○ How will community benefit from the paleo genomic research?
○ DNA test is destructive
○ When community members participate
○ Will they coauthor
○ What happens after the project ends? Who will have access to the data generated?
○ How will remaining samples from ancestors be handled, stored, returned, or reburied?

47
Q

timeline

A

4mya - 1mya robust and gracile australopithecines

Ardi 4.4 mya
Australopithecus afarensis 3.2 mya, lucy
Homo habilus 2.5 mya
Homo erectus 1.8 mya
Premodern homosapiens
Neandertals 300,000 BP - 30,000 BP within this timeframe
Homo sapiens 300,000 BP within this timeframe
Homo naledi within this time frame
Homo floresiensis within this time frame

Anthropology 101 (10 decks)

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