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Drugs and Behavior > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Caffeine in coffee tea and soda

A

100 mg
50
40

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2
Q

Lethal dose of caffeine

A

200mg/kg – 100 cups

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3
Q

Methylxanthines

A

Found in 60 plants– caffeine. In coffee, tea and cocao

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4
Q

Yerba mate and guarana

A

South american drinks. Yerba–steep leaves. Guarana bre berries (2x stronger than coffee)

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5
Q

Dimethylxanthines

A

Theophylline
Theobromine – 1/10 the potency of caffeine
- Found in combination with caffeine

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6
Q

Main source of theobromine

A

Chocolate

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7
Q

Neural action of caffeine and methylxanthines

A

Competitive antagonists at adenosine receptors

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8
Q

Adenosine

A

Reduce release of other NTs and suppress neural activity. Caffeine occupies receptors and produces the opposite effect

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9
Q

Octopamine

A

Excitatory NT that increases in production and kills insects when they eat xanthines

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10
Q

Metabolism of caffeine

A

Readily absorbed by GI tract and peak effects occur within 2 hours. Metabolized 90% to completion by liver

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11
Q

CYP1A2

A

Enzyme that metabolizes caffeine, inhibited by SSRIs

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12
Q

Who metabolizes caffeine faster and slower

A

Smokers– 2x faster

Pregnancy and contraception makes it slower

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13
Q

4 negative effects of caffeine

A

Decrease appetite and quality of sleep
Relaxation of esophageal sphincters causes heart burn
Osteoperosis
Reduced fertility, more miscarriage, lower birth weight, SIDS

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14
Q

Caffeinism

A

Acute intoxication at 600mg, substance induced disorder

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15
Q

What % of pregnant women drink coffee

A

75%

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16
Q

What does teas contain

A

Caffeine and theophylline

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17
Q

Polyphenols

A

In green tea, prevents heart disease and cancer

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18
Q

Samovar

A

Russian tea urn

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19
Q

What does coffee contain

A

Only caffeiene

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20
Q

First methods of drinking coffee

A

Ethiopian goat herder– chew berries or drink fermented juice

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21
Q

Sultan Murad

A

Closed down coffee houses and threatened to toss people in rivers

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22
Q

Kola nut

A

Contains guarana and a little caffeine– 95% of caffeine is added

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23
Q

What does red bull contain

A

Taurine and caffeine

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24
Q

Red bull student use

A

12% in last week

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25
Q

Caffeine SA/CPP

A

No SA
CPP at low doses, high doses create an aversion
*NOT VERY REINFORCING

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26
Q

Caffeine tolerance

A

Tolerance shown to many effects

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27
Q

Dreisbach and Pfeiffer

A

Showed withdrawal effects of caffeine

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28
Q

Where did tobacco originate

A

Mayans

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29
Q

Bonsack

A

Invented the cigarette rolling machine in 1881

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30
Q

King James

A

Counterblaste to tobacco, refuted medical benefits of smoking

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31
Q

Pope urban

A

Banned catholics from smoking

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32
Q

Ibrahaim

A

Followed Murad, said tobacco, coffee, wine and opium were the 4 cushions on the sofa of pleasure

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33
Q

Czar Michael

A

Enforced tobacco ban with whippings

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34
Q

Lucy Gatson

A

Anti-cigarette league, Republican candidate 1920

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35
Q

Tobacco peak use

A

1964– 40% – then surgeon linked it to caner

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36
Q

Canadian tobacco use

A

Has fallen from 70-19%

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37
Q

Annual costs of tobacco

A

$17 billion in healthcare

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38
Q

How much earlier do smokers die

A

12 years younger

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39
Q

Incidence of smoking in people with mental disorders

A

41%

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40
Q

Posselt and Reimann

A

Produced nicotine in France in 1828

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41
Q

Pure nicotine

A

Oily, slightly brown or colorless, bad smell

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42
Q

Nicotine absorption

A

Absorbed 90% to completion through inhalation, only 20% of nicotine in tobacco is absorbed

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43
Q

Contine

A

Metabolite of nicotine that can be found in urine

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44
Q

Nicotine and urine

A

Diets high in alkaline reduce smoking– more basic urine
Stress increases smoking– acidic urine
– Making urine more basic increases renal absorption

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45
Q

Lethal dose of nicotine

A

60mg

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46
Q

Mesolimbic dopamine system

A

Projecting from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens in pre-frontal cortex

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47
Q

Cholinergic receptors

A

Located on dopaminergic receptors, activated by nicotine

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48
Q

What NT does nicotine interfere with

A

Interferes with GABA inhibition

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49
Q

Cholinergic nervous system

A

Learning and memory in hippocampus. Rich in cannabinoid receptors

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50
Q

Neural action of nicotine

A

Reduces interference from irrelevant stimuli, improving cognition and concentration

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51
Q

Who has low cholinergic activity

A

Alzheimers

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52
Q

How many compounds are in a cigarette

A

4000

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53
Q

Cellular hypoxia

A

CO preferentially binds ot hemoglobin

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54
Q

Nicotine CPP and SA

A

Both

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55
Q

Nicotine tolerance

A

For mood effects

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56
Q

Mecamyaline

A

Blocks nicotine receptors

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57
Q

Rimonabant

A

Blocks cannabinoid recpetors

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58
Q

Naloxone

A

Blocks opiate receptors

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59
Q

Nicotine treatment

A

95% of people quit on their own but 80% relapse

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60
Q

NRT

A

Nicotine replacement therapy gets rid of withdrawal symptoms but people dont just smoke for the nicotine

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61
Q

Buproprion

A

Nicotine receptor antagonist blocks dopamine reuptake . Originally an antidepressant, 2x more effective than placebo

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62
Q

Varenecline

A

Partial nicotine agonist. Reduce stimulation and dopamine release . Most effective

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63
Q

Cannabinoids

A

60-80 chemical agents in plant. Very lipid soluble and easily passes barriers. Deposited in organs and fatty tissue

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64
Q

Hot/dry climate for weed

A

Weak fibre content and a lot of resin

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65
Q

Hashish (Chara)

A

Dried resin– THC content is 8-14%

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66
Q

Hash oil

A

Boiling hashish in a solvent– 40% THC

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67
Q

How did weed get to Europe

A

1800s– through colonization in middle east

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68
Q

De Tours

A

Noted medical uses of weed, said he fenced a bowl pf fruit

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69
Q

Harry Aslinger

A

Protested weed in the US because it was used by racial minorities

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70
Q

1929, 1936, 1937

A

Canadians made legislation and classified weed as narcotic
All states had laws
Marijuana tax act

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71
Q

Incidence of weed use

A

45% of pop

54% of undergrads

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72
Q

THC

A

Isolated and synthesized in 1964

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73
Q

THC absorption

A

Less than 50% of THC in weed can be absorbed– 5-10mg. Only 20% is absorbed by GI tract– ingested dose is 3x

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74
Q

THC and testosterone

A

Increases at low doses, impotence at high doses

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75
Q

Sativex

A

Oral THC spray for MS

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76
Q

Antiemetic

A

Reduces vomitting

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77
Q

THC time for effects

A

Peak effects in 30-60 min

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78
Q

Delayed matching to sample

A

Showed weed smokers have working memory problems

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79
Q

8 arm maze WM problem

A

Revisiting a previously baited arm– increases with weed use

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80
Q

8 arm maze RM problem

A

Visiting an arm that was never baited– forgot rules for all sessions

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81
Q

THC neural action

A

Reduces cholinergic NS activity. Damages hippocampus with reduces acetylcholine. Crucially involved in spatial learning

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82
Q

Substitution procedure in THC

A

Test drug is switched to see if it will maintain an already established drug response. THC will maintain a response, doesnt work as initial reinforcer

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83
Q

SA and CPP in THC

A

Neither

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84
Q

Tolerance in THC

A

Evidence of tolerance in animals– extreme doses required to produce it in humans.

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85
Q

Euphorigenic Effects

A

Increased firing rates of cells in VTA

86
Q

Withdrawal in THC

A

Withdrawal in chronic use. Giving a THC antagonist or terminating use. Lasts 7-10 days

87
Q

Cannabinoid Antagonists

A

Used to precipitate withdrawals and block rewarding effects to end self-administration

88
Q

Rimonabant

A

Most widely used cannabinoid antagonist, originally used for obesity. Trade name Acomplia but it caused depression and anxiety

89
Q

Endogenous Cannabinoid receptor system

A

Appetite, pain, mood, memory.

90
Q

Anandamide

A

Cannabinoid ligand that activates the endogenous cannabinoid receptor system. Pre-synaptic and regulates release of other NT

91
Q

What is THC

A

Exogenous cannabinoid agonist

92
Q

What NTs does weed increase

A

Acetylcholine in hippocampus

Dopamine in VTA

93
Q

What NTs do weed reduce

A

Glutamate

GABA

94
Q

Two kinds of cannabinoid receptors

A

CB1–most important

CB2

95
Q

What 3 places are cannabinoid receptors concentrated

A

Basal ganglia and cerebellum– effects movement
Frontal cortex– the high
Hippocampus– memory effects

96
Q

Harmful products in weed

A

5x the CO
4x the tar
10x the microscopic damage

97
Q

% of pregnant women that use illicit drugs

A

3%

– 75% of that is weed

98
Q

% of people in rehab that are there for weed

A

16%

– 9% of recreational users become dependant

99
Q

Opiate antagonists

A

Help treat weed addiction by reducing dopamine releasing effects – naloxone/naltrexone reduced SA

100
Q

Alucinere

A

Wandering mid

101
Q

Psychotogenics

A

Cause psychosis

102
Q

Psychomimetics

A

Mimic psychosis

103
Q

Psychodysleptics

A

Mind disrupting

104
Q

Psycholytics

A

Mind dissolving

105
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Found in 6000 plants. 4 categories

106
Q

Cholinergics

A

Can be used for effects, or as a poison (protective role for plants). Cholinergic agonists and antagonists

107
Q

Cholinergic NS

A

Learning and memory

108
Q

Cholinergic agonists

A

Stimulate cholinergic receptors and increase activity. Amanita muscaria and ibogaine

109
Q

Amanita Muscaria (Fly Agaric Mushroom)

A 
Northern hemisphere
Bright red cap with white dots
Vikings
Flies in milk
Drink pee to get high
Many unpleasant side effects
110
Q

What does the amanita muscaria contain

A

Ibotenic acid

Muscimole

111
Q

Ibotenic acid

A

Metabolized to muscazone

112
Q

Ibogaine

A

Gabon hunters chew yellow root for stimulating effect that lasts up to 30 hours

113
Q

Street cure

A

Ibogaine was sold over the counter for fatigue, people realized you could take a lot and trip out and heroin addicts thought it was healing– ibogaine treatment centres

114
Q

Schedule 1 drug

A

High potential for abuse, lack of safety, no medical use

115
Q

Cholinergic antagonists

A

Block cholinergic receptors to reduce activity. Atropa belladonna, Datura stramonium, Henbane, Mandrake

116
Q

Atropa Belladonna

A

Potato in Europe, north africa and asia. Bell shaped purple flower with berries produces atropine. No repeated recreational use

117
Q

Atropine

A

Alkaloid thought to be an aphrodisiac– 1831

118
Q

Side effects of atropine

A

Rapid heart beat, loss of balance, uncontrollable movements

119
Q

Atropine doses

A

Low– arousal
High– Sedative effects, pleasant trip
Really high– Bad trips– line is very thin

120
Q

Datura Stramonium

A

Jamestown weed, stink weed. White/purple trumpet flower with thorny fruit pod with seeds. Used to fortify weed and opium in far east

121
Q

3 cholinergic blockers in Datura Stramonium

A

Atropine
Scopolamine
Hyoscyamine

122
Q

Datura stramonium and witches

A

Atropine and scopolamine produce sensation of flying

123
Q

Datura/atropa cigarettes

A

Legal in Canada until the 60s for bronchodilation

124
Q

Datura dose

A

Moderate– 10-20 seeds

50 seeds to hallucinate

125
Q

Henbane

A

Strong smelling herb in northern hemisphere with purple veined yellow flowers and hairy leaves. Medieval orgies

126
Q

2 components of henbane

A

Scopolamine

Hyoscyamine

127
Q

Mandragora Officinarum

A

Potato from europe, africa, asia. Used in potions and as an aphrodisiac. Low doses it is a depressant, higher doses cause hallucination

128
Q

2 components of mandrake

A

Atropine

Scopolamine

129
Q

5 Seratogenic hallucinogens

A 
LSD
Psilocybin
DMT
Bufotenine
Foxy
130
Q

LSD synthesized

A

Hoffman in 1938

131
Q

Lysergic acid derived from…

A

Ergot: Parasitic fungus on grains. Causes vasoconstriction and uterus tone

132
Q

Minimal dose of LSD

A

50 micrograms

133
Q

Osmond

A

Canadian coined term psychadelic

134
Q

Leary/Alpert

A

Did research at Harvard and gave out LSD to students

135
Q

LSD legal until

A

1966 when it was classified as schedule 1

136
Q

LSD use

A

Peak in 60s– 18%

now lifetime use for taking any hallucinogen is 15%

137
Q

LSD metabolism

A

Readily absorbed by GI tract, easily crosses blood-brain and placental barriers. Results last 5-12 hours

138
Q

First effects of LSD

A

Caused by activation of sympathetic NS

139
Q

Object trials

A

Perceptual residue of objects moving across vision

140
Q

Form constants

A

Close eyes and see shapes and patterns

141
Q

LSD flashbacks

A

33% of users, possibly response to drug cues

142
Q

Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder

A

Recurrent and distressing flashbacks in 4% of users

143
Q

LSD brain changes

A

Enduring neuroplastic change in occipital cortex

144
Q

LD50 of LSD

A

14mg– 300x the minimal dose

145
Q

LSD tolerance

A

All seratogenics produce tolerance in a couple days. Cross-tolerance for psilocybin and mescaline

146
Q

LSD neural action

A

Agonist to pre-synaptic seratogenic receptors. Supress firing of neurons in raphe nuclei. AND blocks post-synaptic receptors and antagonizes effects

147
Q

ARAS

A

Ascending Reticular Activation System– LSD interferes with filtering sensory information, end up with distortions

148
Q

Lysergic Acid Amide

A

1/10 the potency of LSD but naturally occuring– ergot, hawaiian woodrose, sleepy grass, acemonium fungus

149
Q

Psilocybin

A

Shrooms native to central america. Eat them or drink brew. More euphoric and visual, less emotional and less bd trips

150
Q

Isolated shrooms

A

Hoffman in 1958

151
Q

Shrooms doses

A

4-8mg for effect, 15 for hallucinations. Lasts 2-6 hours

152
Q

Psilocin

A

Converted in body, more lipid soluble. active agent in shrooms

153
Q

Shrooms tolerance

A

Tolerance and cross-tolerance displayed

154
Q

Dimethyltryptamine

A

Virola or pergrina plants of South America. Reddish bark is inhaled, injected or eaten

155
Q

DMT synthesized

A

1931– hallucinogenic effects found in 1956

156
Q

Business Mans psychadelic

A

DMT only lasts 10-60 min

157
Q

Harmaline

A

Drink it with DMT when taken orally to block MAO metabolism

158
Q

Bufotenine

A

Fish,plants and toads. Snuff containing DMT. Strong sympathetic arousal limits atractiveness

159
Q

Cyanosis

A

Skin turns blue when you trip on toads

160
Q

5-MeO-DIPT

A

Foxy/Fake ecstasy. Tryptamine type, lasts 3-6 hours

161
Q

Seratogenic SA

A

Seratogenics do not produce SA, some will actually try and prevent dose

162
Q

Phenethylamine Hallucinogens

A

Norepinephrine and methylated amphetamines cause sympatheic arousal

163
Q

Mescaline

A

Norepinephrine type alkaloid in peyote cactus. Causes un pleasant hangovers after. Exert effects similarly to seratogenics

164
Q

Mescaline isolation

A

Heffer in 1896, Synthesized by Spath in 1918

165
Q

Mescaline metabolism

A

Readily absorbed by GI tract but passes poorly through blood-brain barrier

166
Q

Mescaline dose

A

3mg/kg for stimulation

5mg/kg for hallucinations

167
Q

3 appropriate doses that are undistinguishable

A

Peyote, shrooms and acid

168
Q

Mescaline tolerance

A

Tolerance and cross tolerance

169
Q

Peyote use

A

Dropped from 17% -4%

170
Q

DOM/STP

A

Synthesized as an appetite suppressant . Associated with more bad trips

171
Q

DOM/STP dose

A

10 mg produces hallucinations lasting 16-25 hours

172
Q

MDA

A

Metabolite of MDMA. Street name EVE. Originally made in 1910 for appetite suppression, anti-depressant and parkinson. More like a hallucinogen than an amphetamine

173
Q

MDA dose

A

60-160 mg lasts 8-12 hours

174
Q

Merck

A

Made MDMA as an appetite suppressant in 1914

175
Q

MDMA dose

A

50-200 mg lasts 4-6 hours – well absorbed by GI tract

176
Q

Sasafras tree

A

Contains safrole which can easily be converted to MDA

177
Q

Neural action of MDMA

A

Release serotonin and block reuptake, release dopamine

178
Q

Myristicin/Elemicin

A

Found in fruit of myristica fragrans. Nut meg is the dried sees, mace is the seed coat. Weak even at high doses so you vommit for 2 hours then get a little high

179
Q

SA and CPP in methylated amphetamines

A

Both

180
Q

PCP/K

A

Dissociative anesthetics causing detachment at low doses and anesthesia at high doses. Bind to sigma opiate receptors

181
Q

Neural action of PCP/K

A

Act as antagonists on NMDA glutamate receptors. Glutamate opens ion channel and drug attaches inside to suppress glutamate activity and increase dopamine

182
Q

PCP/K SA and CPP

A

SA but no CPP

183
Q

PCP dose

A

1-10mg lasts 4-6 hours– LD50 is 2-5x that

184
Q

PCP bad trips

A

80% of users

185
Q

PCP tolernace

A

No tolerance or physical dependance

186
Q

Ketamine

A

Less side effects than PCP and only lasts 2 hours– more useful model of schizophrenia

187
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

Cough syrup– stimulates sigma opiate receptors and blocks NMDA receptors. Same action as PCP/K but less potent

188
Q

Cough syrup dose

A

400 mg for hallucinations

189
Q

Salvia Divinorum

A

Mint plant in Mexico. Equal potency to shrooms. Chew smoke or make tea

190
Q

Ethenogens

A

Plants that produce a religious experience

191
Q

Salvinorin A

A

Active ingredient exerts agonistic action on opiate receptors

192
Q

Thujone

A

Found in sage and wormwood and used to make absinthe in france

193
Q

Thujone neural action

A

GABA antagonist and acts on serotonin receptors

194
Q

Volatile hydrocarbons

A

Solvents with medical use – 20% use in mexican street kids, 1% here

195
Q

Anesthetic gas

A

Increase GABA inhbition and glycine, reduce effectiveness of NMDA receptors for glutamate

196
Q

Glycine

A

Inhibitory NT

197
Q

Gas SA and CPP

A

Some SA but no CPP

198
Q

Ether

A

Lullius distilled alcohol and sulphuric acid together – sweet vitrol

199
Q

Hoffman drops

A

3 parts alcohol, 1 ether

200
Q

Chloroform

A

Synthesized in 1831, similar effects but more potent than ether

201
Q

Nitrous Oxide

A

Discovered by Priestly in 1776. Peak use in 60s but use is increasing now.

202
Q

NO gas damage

A

Hypoxia and inactivation of B12 dependant enzyme

203
Q

System involved with analgeisc effects of gas

A

Endrogenous Opiate system– opiate antagonists block effects

204
Q

Solvent

A

Toluene has greatest risk. Correlated with APP

205
Q

Neural Action of solvents

A

Activates mesolimbic dopamine reward system

206
Q

CPP and SA in solvents

A

Both– no tolerance or withdrawal

207
Q

3 nitrites

A

Amyl
Butyl
Isobutyl

208
Q

Nitrites

A

Yellow, flammable liquid with fruity odour

209
Q

When were nitrites synethesized for medical use

A

1867

210
Q

Amyl

A

Angina pain, antidote to cyanide poisoning

211
Q

Poppers

A

Butyl and isobutyl in sex drug

Drugs and Behavior (4 decks)

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