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Drugs and Behavior > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Drug

A

Chemical compound that may produce physiological, behavioural and physiological effects

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2
Q

Psychoactive effects

A

Alterations to cognition, behaviour and motor processes

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3
Q

4 drug names

A

Chemical
Generic (Non-proprietary)
Trade (Proprietary
Street

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4
Q

Heroin

A

Diacetylmorphine– morphine with 2 acetyl groups so it enters the brain quicker

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5
Q

Pharmokinetics

A 
Administration
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination
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6
Q

Pharmodynamics

A

Interaction between drug and receptors at site of action

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7
Q

Path of oral administration

A

Stomach
Small intestine
Blood stream

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8
Q

Alkaline Drugs

A

Bases– Become ionized in stomach acid and can’t pass into bloodstream– go to small intestine which is a more alkaline environment

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9
Q

How do drugs pass into the blood stream in the small inetstine

A

Passive diffusion following the alkaline concentration gradient

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10
Q

First Pass metabolism

A

Drugs are routed to the liver where most is metabolized

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11
Q

Cytochrome P-450

A

Very large group of enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells

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12
Q

Inducible

A

Activity may be potentiated

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13
Q

Mucous membrane administration

A

Snorting or absorbing through skin

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14
Q

How fast does inhalation get drugs to the brain?

A

5-8 seconds

– faster than intravenous

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15
Q

Regions in order of blood supply

A

Peritoneal cavity
Muscles
Under the skin

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16
Q

What injection site absorbs the quickest

A

Intraperitoneal– the most blood

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17
Q

Mainlining

A

Intravenous injection– blood flow in region is irrelevant

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18
Q

Skin popping

A

Subcutaneous injection

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19
Q

Where do drugs given by injection or pulmonary routes distribute to?

A

Diffuse through pores in capillary walls and into bloodstream

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20
Q

Oral distribution

A

Must be lipid soluble to be absorbed by digestive system beacause there are no pores in GI tract lining

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21
Q

How often is total blood volume circulated

A

Once a minute

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22
Q

Ionization

A

Weak acids readily ionize in alkaline environments and become less ionized in acidic environments – Reverse is true for bases

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23
Q

Are ionized molecules readily absorbed?

A

No

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24
Q

What determines rate of absorption

A

% of non-ionized molecules

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25
Q

What part of the GI tract absorbs drugs better

A

Further away from stomach where its less acidic

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26
Q

Lipid Solubility

A

Lipid soluble compounds penetrate cell membranes more readily

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27
Q

What types of molecules does the blood brain barrier limit

A

Water soluble

Ionized

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28
Q

Fetal blood supply

A

75-100% of mothers blood concentration in 5 minutes

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29
Q

Receptor binding

A

Drugs interact with receptors at relevant targets – receptors are oppositely charged from groups on drugs

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30
Q

Agonist

A

Mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter

– bind to receptors, block reuptake, inhibit breakdown

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31
Q

Antagonist

A

Reduce the effects of a receptor agonist by binding to active receptors but producing no effect

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32
Q

Dose response curve

A

Vertical axis– % of subjects exhibiting measured effect

– Allows comparison of potency of drugs

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33
Q

Are the DRC of more potent drugs to the left or the right?

A

Left– Smaller dose is required to produce the same effect

34
Q

ED50

A

Dose of drug that produces a response in 50% of the subjects

35
Q

LD50

A

Dose that kills 50% of subjects (lethal dose)

36
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Ratio of LD50/ED50 for a given drug effect

– the higher the ratio, the less chance that lethal effects will occur

37
Q

Margin of safety

A

More conservative measure of safety

LD1/ED99

38
Q

Tolerance

A

Progressive attenuation of a drug effect

39
Q

Which way does tolerance shift DRC

A

Right– more dose needed to produce the same effect

40
Q

Sensitization

A

Drug effects are augmented over time

41
Q

Which way does sensitization shift DRC

A

Left– Less dose needed to produce the same effect

42
Q

Routes of elimination

A

Skin
Lungs
Kidneys
Sweat/Exhalation

43
Q

Major site for enzymatic breakdown

A

Liver– Cytochrome P-450

44
Q

Which drug inhibits Cythochrome p450 activity

A

SSRI

45
Q

What is renal absorption dependant on?

A

pH— acids are excreted easier when urine basic

46
Q

Elimination half-life

A

Time needed for half of a drug dose to be eliminated

47
Q

How many half lives for a drug to be eliminated?

A

6

48
Q

Steady stae concentration

A

Steady blood concentration needed for best therapeutic results

49
Q

Interneuronal Synaptic junction

A

Presynaptic element and post-synaptic receptor area

50
Q

Autoreceptors

A

Presynaptic receptors play a negative feedback role in regulating release of NT

51
Q

Precursor substances

A

Amino acids from diet are building blocks of neurotransmitters

52
Q

Synthesis of Neurotransmitters

A

Precursor + synthesizing agents– sent to presynaptic terminal for storage, release and bind to recptors

53
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Broken down by acetylcholinesterase

Responsible for learning and memory

54
Q

Dopamine

A

Broken down by MAO

Pleasure, movement, schizophrenia

55
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Broken down by catechol-o-methyl-transferase

– Mood and affect

56
Q

Serotonin

A

Broken down by MAO and aldehyde dehydrogenase

– Mood, appetite, sex, sleep, aggression, hallucinations

57
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory NT involved in neural plasticity

58
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory NT involved in anxiety

59
Q

Opioid Peptides

A

Endorphins and enkephalins interacting with mu, kappa, delta and sigma receptors

60
Q

Behavioural pharmacology paradigms

A

Specific experimental procedures designed to provide standardized data about certain aspects of drug effect

61
Q

Withdrawal symptoms

A

Exact opposite of drug effects

62
Q

Reactive Adaptation

A

Body anticipates changes from drug and homeostatic processes take place in advance

63
Q

Classic Conditioning

A

Uncontrolled stimulus does not elicit a response of interest in the beginning, is paired with another controlled stimulus that does elicit response of interest

64
Q

What does CS elicit

A

CR

65
Q

Situational specificity of drug tolerance

A

Predrug cues must be present to show tolerance– CS must be present for CR to occur

66
Q

Placebo CR Test

A

See the drug compensatory CR when the CS drug cues are presented but no drug is administered

67
Q

How does a placebo test differ from a SSDT test?

A

In a placebo test, all animals receive saline injections during the test phase (no drug is administered)

68
Q

How long does withdrawallast

A

7-10 days

69
Q

Priming Effect

A

Returning to same environment after treatment can produce subclinical withdrawal symptoms

70
Q

Subclinical Withdrawal Symptoms

A

Presence of pre drug cues with no drug produces a compensatory CR and some withdrawal symptoms

71
Q

Extinction

A

Presenting the CS and not following it with the expected UCS – Can’t just withhold UCS

72
Q

How is self administration maintained

A

Positive and negative reinforcement

73
Q

Operant Self-Administration Paradigm

A

See if animals will press a lever to be rewarded with drug injections– gage reinforcement properties of drugs against other natural reinforcers like food and sex

74
Q

Breaking point

A

The largest number of responses an animal will make to obtain a drug

75
Q

Which type of drugs have the highest breaking points

A

Stimulants

76
Q

Which drugs have the lowest breaking point

A

Hallucinogens

77
Q

What NT system is important for positive reinforcement

A

Dopaminergic activity in ventral tegmental and in nucleus accumbens

78
Q

Disadvantages of Operant SA

A

Requires surgical preparation of animals and is expensive

- Difficult to determine aversive effects

79
Q

Advantages of operant SA

A

Allows for more obvious comparisons of reinforcing effects an shows patterns of self-administration

80
Q

Conditioned Place-Preference Paradigm

A

Uses two boxes differing in tactile and visual stimulation
- If drug is positively reinforced , rats will spend more time in that box as opposed to where they received a saline injection

Drugs and Behavior (4 decks)

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