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Drugs and Behavior > Alcohol > Flashcards

Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

BAC 0.03

A

Slight euphoria

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2
Q

0.06

A

warmth
relaxation
euphoria

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3
Q

0.09

A

Noticeable behaviour impairment

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4
Q

0.12

A

Substantial impairment

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5
Q

0.19

A

Gross motor impairment

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6
Q

0.2

A

Vomiting

Trouble walking

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7
Q

0.25

A

Blackouts

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8
Q

0.3

A

Passed out

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9
Q

0.35

A

Coma

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10
Q

0.45

A

death

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11
Q

How is alcohol formed

A

Conversions of sugar into cellular energy

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12
Q

Fermentation

A

One molecule of glucose acted on by yeast in the presence of heat and the absence of oxygen – produces 2 ethanol and 2 carbon dioxide molecules

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13
Q

When were beer jugs found earliest

A

10000 BC

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14
Q

Mead

A

First intentionally produced drink– fermented honey

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15
Q

Code of Hammrabi 1790

A

Specified standards of quality of alcohol, hours of wine shops, shop employees and penalties for disobedience

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16
Q

Cult of Dioysus

A

Devoted to heavy drinking because it brought them closer to the gods

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17
Q

When was drinking a part of greek culture

A

2000 BC

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18
Q

Seneca

A

Defined excessive drinking characteristics including loss of control

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19
Q

Ulpan

A

Suggested the addictive nature of alcohol and though it was a disease

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20
Q

Distillation

A

Boiling a fermented beverage so that the steam has greater alcohol content– 700AD in Arabia

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21
Q

Highest % naturally fermented alcohol

A

14% before alcohol kills yeast and stops

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22
Q

Gin

A

Potatoes and flavoured with juniper berry

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23
Q

Gin Epidemic

A

1720– Period of excessive gin consumption in London

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24
Q

Who spoke out against alcohol in NA

A

Benjamin Rush- Signer of the declaration of independence

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25
Q

Benjamin Rush

A

Said alcohol was a disease and abstinence the only cure

– Inebriometer

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26
Q

American Society for Promotion of temperance

A

1826– at first was just about moderatipn but changed to the American Temperance Union in 1836 and promoted abstinence

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27
Q

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

A

1873– Carrie Nation

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28
Q

Prohibition in Canada

A

1918-1919

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29
Q

When was the volstead act rpealed

A

1933

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30
Q

% of Canadians who are current drinkers

A

80%

–20% drink problematically

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31
Q

% of deaths that are alcohol related

A

10%

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32
Q

AWOL

A

Alcohol without liquid

- Fine mist of alcohol is inhaled and absorbs very rapidly

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33
Q

Where is alcohol absorbed

A

20% in the stomach

80% in small intestine and colon

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34
Q

What enzyme break down alcohol in the stomach

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

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35
Q

How much does food lower BAC peak

A

50%– delayed emptying into intestines allows for more enzyme breakdown

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36
Q

Carbonation

A

Speeds gastric emptying and absorption

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37
Q

Do lean people have a higher or lower BAC

A

Lower because they have more water to distribute the alcohol into

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38
Q

% of alcohol metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase

A

15%– Women have 50% less in their bodies

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39
Q

What does the liver breakdown alcohol into

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase turns it into acetaldehyde

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40
Q

How is acetaldehyde broken down

A

By acetaldehyde dehydrogenase to acetic acid, CO2 and water

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41
Q

% of alcohol escaping through sweat and lungs

A

5% sweat

15% lungs

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42
Q

Standard drink

A

1 beer
150mL of wine
45 mL of spirits
—- all contain 13.5 g of alcohol

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43
Q

BAC curve

A

Amount of alcohol in blood as a function of time since ingestion– 0.05= 0.05%

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44
Q

Alcohol diffusion

A

Diffuses steadily across capillary walls including the blood brain barrier

45
Q

Alcohol effects

A

Behavioural ataxia and motor coordination
Lowers Body temperature
increases vasodilation

46
Q

Disinhibition Theory

A

Alcohol lowers inhibitions that normally keep aggressive behaviour in check

47
Q

What NT is associated with impulsivity and violence

A

Low serotonin

48
Q

When do hangovers occur

A

4-12 hours after cessation– acute withdrawals

49
Q

Steatosis

A

Acute fatty liver syndrome occurs whenever alcohol is consumed

50
Q

Alcohol Hepatitis

A

Caused by heavy drinking– low appetite, fever, enlargement of liver, tenderness

51
Q

Ascites

A

Fluid accumulation in abdominal cavity

52
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Degeneration of liver cells and thickening of surrounding tissue with a consequent decrease in hepatic blood flow
– Liver is unable to metabolize toxins

53
Q

What % of alcoholics experience cirrhosis

A

10%

54
Q

What % of people who drink get hepatitis or fatty liver

A

90%

55
Q

Do women or men develop cirrhosis more rapidly?

A

Women

56
Q

Anemia

A

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

57
Q

Alcohol dementia

A

Cognitive impairments caused by heavy drinking

– partly caused by B1 deficiency and malnutrition

58
Q

Feminization

A

Reduction in testosterone and increase in estrogen causing breast enlargement, testicular atrophy
– Alcohol diverts testes functioning

59
Q

What is the LD50 for humans

A

BAC of 0.45

60
Q

Antidote for heroin overdose

A

Naloxone

61
Q

GABA

A

Benzodiazepine and GABA receptors create a chloride ion channel that is receptive to hypnotics
– Alcohol keeps the channel open longer allowing more ions and harder to generate action potential

62
Q

Effects of GABA

A

Sedative, muscle relaxant, behaviour impairments

– reinforcing effects due to increase in dopamine activity in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens

63
Q

NMDA glutamate recpetors

A

Alcohol dampens neurotransmission– uprated glutamate receptors cause withdrawal symptoms, responding to a sudden absence of alcohol

64
Q

Alcohol effect on acteylcholine

A

Inhibits release– involved with learning and memory

65
Q

Blocking what receptors reduces alcohol consumption

A

Cannabinoid

66
Q

Dispositional/ Metabolic tolerance

A

Capacity of liver to metabolize alcohol increases with repeated administration– reduced alcohol entering blood stream and less available to brain

67
Q

Acute/Within Session Tolerance

A

Blood concentration follows a bell shape following administration

68
Q

Mellanby Effect

A

Less of an effect on the descending curve

69
Q

Chronic/ Functional Tolerance

A

Long lasting adaptive changes to CNS

  • Causes a shift to the right in DRC
  • Motor ataxia, hypothermia
70
Q

Alcohol abuse

A

3 criteria

71
Q

Alcohol dependence

A

3 criteria and display signs of withdrawal or tolerance

72
Q

% of alcoholics with a comorbid psychiatric conditon

A

40%

73
Q

Delirium Tremens

A

Alcohol withdrawal due to a rebound increase in glutamate excitation and decrease in GABA inhibition

74
Q

How can withdrawal be treated

A

Benzodiazepines and barbiturates

75
Q

% of people who need help for drinking

A

10%– but 85% of people never seek treatment

76
Q

Antabusw

A

Alcohol is metabolized to acetaldehyde which is metabolized further and excreted in urine– aversion therapy caused by buildup of acetaldehyde

77
Q

Naltrexone

A

Opiate antagonist that blocks receptors so there is no increase in dopamine when drinking

78
Q

Ancamprosate

A

Composite of excitatory NT acting in the glutaminergic system – diminishes excitability of glutamate receptors to reduce intensity of withdrawal

79
Q

Jellinek

A

Disease concept of alcoholism 1960

80
Q

Gamma drinker

A

True alcoholic– Suffers loss of control, abstinence is the only treatment
– No such thing as a recovered alcoholic

81
Q

Washingtonian Temperance Society 1840

A

Alcoholics are reclaimed by former users with love– abstinence

82
Q

Emmanuel Movement

A

Worcester 1900s– Alcoholism is a result of physical, spiritual and mental causes

83
Q

3 guidelines of the emmanuel movement

A

Members must be volunteers
Abstinence is the goal
Patient had to be drug free before acceptance

84
Q

AA

A

Founded by Richard peabody, Dr.Bob and Bill W

85
Q

Minnesota Model

A

28 day long inpatient program

86
Q

4 benefits of the reduced drinking model as opposed to abstinence

A

Many people avoid treatment if the goal is abstinence
People who don’t drink are weird
Abstinence is often confused with cure
can set people up for failure

87
Q

Mello and Mendelson

A

Consumption habits can be altered using rewards and punishments — monetary reward

88
Q

What is the cause of loss of control

A

Physiological response due to expectancies of alcohol effect– telling people they are drinking alcohol leeds to more consumption

89
Q

Mark and Lisa Sobell

A

Ground breaking research in controlled drinking

- Gamma alcoholics went to a bar where staff are therapists and were given shocks if they didnt control themselves

90
Q

Freud

A

Alcoholism due to unconscious homosexual instincts

91
Q

3 different mice strain

A

C57BL
DBA
BALB

92
Q

C57BL mice

A

Less effected by alcohol and consume more

93
Q

Alcoholic sweet tooth

A

Rats bred to prefer alcohol, also show a preference for sugar

94
Q

Knockout mice

A

Knockout a gene in a mouse to see if it effects how the mice reacts to alcohol

95
Q

Low number of what recpetor causes mice to drink less and be less effcedted

A

Fewer serotonin

Fewer Cannabinoid receptors reduces reinforcement

96
Q

Heritability measure

A

2 (Difference between identical and fraternal twins)

97
Q

Heritability for alcoholism

A

70%

98
Q

Concordance for MZ and DZ twins

A

MZ– 60%

DZ– 25%

99
Q

Type 1 Alcoholism

A

Equal consequence of genetics and environment

  • occurs in males and females
  • Onset after age 25
  • Associated with comorbid psychiatric disorders
100
Q

Type 2 Alcoholism

A

Largely inherited and primarily in males – Gamma alcoholic
- FH+
Age of onset before 25
Associated with Antisocial Personality disorder and impulsivity

101
Q

FH+

A

Higher blood actaldehyde levels following ingestion
- Slower breakdown causes flushing reaction
Greater stress dampening
Lower MAO activity
Faster P300 recovery times

102
Q

Stress Dampening

A

Alcohol reduces stress reaction

103
Q

Monoamine Oxidase

A

Enzyme that catabolizes neurotransmitters

104
Q

P300

A

Positive voltage change following presentation of a stimulus

- oddball effcet

105
Q

Who commented on the dangers of fetal exposure to alcohol

A

Plato and Aristotle

106
Q

Abel

A

Infant death rate 2.5x higher when mother drinks

– Causes feeble memory, inability to learn

107
Q

Teratogenic Effects

A

2 standard deviations below birth weight
Withdrawal symptoms after birth
Hyperactivity and inhibition problems

108
Q

When do CNS abnormalities occur

A

During the 1st trimester

109
Q

At what consumption rate does the risk for FAS increase

A

6 standard drinks a day

– cognitive effects at as little as 2 drinks a day

Drugs and Behavior (4 decks)

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