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Final Flashcards

1
Q

Steroid use

A

6% male, 2% female highschool students

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2
Q

Steroids 1930

A

Synthetic steroids increased use in sports

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3
Q

Hypogonadism

A

Testes dont produce enough testosterone fornormal growth

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4
Q

Medical use of steroids

A

Delayed puberty, impotence, wasting diseases like AIDS

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5
Q

Anabolic

A

Promote muscle growth. Subject to substantial first pass metabolism by liver

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6
Q

Steroid dose

A

Medical– 100mg/week

Abuse– 1g/week

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7
Q

Androgenic

A

Masculinizing effects

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8
Q

Priapsim

A

Painful erections

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9
Q

Gynecomastia

A

Breast enlargement when testosterone converted to estradiol

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10
Q

Steroid SA

A

No self-administration, not reinforcing

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11
Q

Steroid withdrawal

A

Fatigue, loss of appetite, depression, insomnia. Dignosable as drug dependant in DSM 4

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12
Q

Ma Huang

A

(Ephedra) Chinese herb from leafless desert horsetail. Pungent and yellow

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13
Q

Psychoactive ingredients in ephedra

A

Ephedrine

Pseudoephedrine

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14
Q

Legal ephedrine

A

Found in nasal decongestants and usd to make meth. Bronchodilators in asthma meds

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15
Q

Ma Huang uses

A

Fat burns from thermogenic effect, energy boosting, many ADRs

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16
Q

Khat

A

East Africa, used in tea or chew =ing leaves

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17
Q

Active ingredient in khat

A

Cathinone

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18
Q

Khat effects

A

Mild stimulation, contentment, excitation, anorexia

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19
Q

When was khat made illegal

A

1997 controlled drugs and substances act– produces psychological dependance

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20
Q

Methacathinone

A

Cat– synthesizd in soviet union for depression. Dopamine release in VTA causes euphoric effects similar to meth

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21
Q

Coca

A

South/ Central America. Leaves found with mummies and statues have cheek bulges

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22
Q

Cocaine

A

Alkaloid substance in coca

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23
Q

Coca leaves + alakaline

A

Increase buccal pH to aid absorption

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24
Q

Neimann

A

Isolated cocaine in 1955 and praised it alot

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25
Q

Freud

A

Noted formincation syndrome– white snakes

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26
Q

Vin Mariani

A

Popular wine containing 7mg/cocaine an ounce

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27
Q

John Pemperton

A

Made french wine cola, imitation of vin mariani, and then made coca cola in 1888

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28
Q

Cocaine products

A

Ax-ma-SYDE
Dr.Terchers
Ryno hay fever remedy

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29
Q

1900s drug attitudes

A

Major shift, concerned with minoroties

Labels of patent medicines must include ingredients

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30
Q

When was cocaine introduced to drug legislation

A

1911

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31
Q

1930s drug shift

A

From cocaine to amphetamines

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32
Q

When did cocaine resurge

A

1950s–80s

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33
Q

Cocaine production

A

Leaves put in chemical solvent to extract cocaine
Leaves removed, kerosene, acid and water added
Cocaine trapped by kerosene, floats to top

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34
Q

Coca Paste

A

Skimmed off, 60% purity when dry. Can be smoked

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35
Q

Cocaine Hydrochloride

A

Coca paste produced with oxidizing agents. 99% pure, can be injected or snorted

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36
Q

Crack

A

Cocaine treated with alkaline to free base from salt. Volatize at low enough temp to smoke. 75% purity

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37
Q

Smoking cocaine

A

Rapid intense effects for 10-20 min, must be repeatedly administered

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38
Q

Cocaine use

A

Lifetime 11%
Past year 2%
Highschool 3%

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39
Q

Amphetamines

A

Modifying ephedrine

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40
Q

When was the first amphet. made

A

1887

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41
Q

When was meth made

A

1919

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42
Q

Benzedrine inhalers for asthma and congestion

A

1932

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43
Q

Dexedrine

A

1937– for narcolepsy, weight loss and ADD

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44
Q

WW2 amphetamines

A

Given to soldiers to combat fatigue

Huge rise in Japan– first stimulant psychosis

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45
Q

1950s amphet.

A

Popular in canada and easily obtained from drug companies

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46
Q

When did you need a prescription for amphetm

A

1965

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47
Q

When was amphet. listed s a controlled substance

A

1971

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48
Q

Haight Ashbury

A

Alot of amphetamine injection in the 60s

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49
Q

Speedball

A

Mix of heroin and amphetamines. Doctors prescribed amphetamines to treat heroin addiction

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50
Q

Speed freak

A

Chronic use led to psychotic behaviour and aggression

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51
Q

Why did amphet. decline in the 70s

A

Return of the white goddess

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52
Q

Phenmatrazine

A

Atiobesity drug preludin (BAM) popular in the 70s

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53
Q

Crank

A

Powder amphet. for injection

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54
Q

Tina

A

Gay name for amphetamines

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55
Q

Amphetamine use

A

Lifetime 6% (2:1 male to female)
Past year 1%
10% undergrad for all amphetamines

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56
Q

Medical use of cocaine

A

Local anesthetic, profound vasoconstriction stops bleeding

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57
Q

Difference between coke and meth potency

A

Cocaine half life is 40 min, meth is 8 hours

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58
Q

Cocaethylene

A

Metabolite produced when alcohol and cociane are together. Increase cocaine half life and prolong action so risk of death increases by 25x. Stronger euphorgenic effects than cocaine

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59
Q

Neural effect of cocaethylene

A

Blocks reuptake but does not activate as much serotonin so dopamine is not reduced, and euphoria is not dampened

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60
Q

5 stages of robbins rating scale

A 
Hyperactive
Slow pattern
Fast pattern
In place Restricted
Dyskinetic convulsive
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61
Q

Stereotypies

A

Repetitive movement of head, legs and body

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62
Q

How to stop stimulant behaviour

A

Block dopamine receptors or sever dopaminergic pathways

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63
Q

LD cocaine

A

Injection– 700-800mg
Ingestion– 1-2 g
Inhalation- 80 mg

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64
Q

LD meth

A

150mg

Effective dose is 15 mg

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65
Q

Amount of kids with ADD

A

5%

1/2 continue to adulthood

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66
Q

George Fredirick

A

Noted ADD in children in 1902

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67
Q

Charles Bradly

A

1937– discovered benzedrine releived ADD symptoms

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68
Q

Methylphenidate

A

Ritalin and concerta

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69
Q

Amphetamine add

A

dexedrine and adderall

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70
Q

Meth add

A

Desoxyn

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71
Q

ADD med use

A

10% in university

2% in highschool

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72
Q

Stimulant SA and CPP

A

Yes and yes. Very consistent

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73
Q

SA pattern of stimulants

A

Increase dose for acouple days until there are behavioural disruptions, period of no response due to exhaustion, high dose pattern resumes

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74
Q

Tolerance

A

Occurs for rewarding effects so dose must be increased to maintain desired effects

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75
Q

Acute depletion of dopamine

A

Stimulants taken in short intervals, neurons can’t synthesize enough dopamine to keep up with release

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76
Q

Tolernace to Anorectic effect of stimulants

A

Contingent tolerance procedure. Drug, food and hunger must all be present for tolerance to develop

77
Q

Sensitization to stimulants

A

Behavioral effects increase over time. Shift to left in DRC. Pre drug cues contribute

78
Q

Stimulant physical dependance

A

Less evidence, but withdrawal symptoms occur

79
Q

Stimulant withdrawal

A

Irritability, lethargy, anxiety

Interefered REM sleep

80
Q

Reward system

A

Neural pathways extending from VTA to nucleus accumbens

81
Q

Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway

A

Increase dopamine in NAcc

82
Q

GABA

A

GABA neurons in VTA inhibit dopamine neruons projecting to VTA

83
Q

NTs released by meth

A

Norepinephrine

Serotonin

84
Q

Neural effect of amphetamines

A

Release more dopamine per action potential and cause leakage

85
Q

Neural effect of cocaine

A

Blocks dopamine reuptake

86
Q

Vanoxerine

A

Produced in 70s to treat depression. Blocks dopamine reuptake and inhibits release

87
Q

Gamma-vinyl-GABA

A

Vigabatrin– Impedes catabolism of GABA leading to greater inhibition of dopamine

88
Q

Stimulant vaccine

A

Reduce effects of cocaine by producing antibodies so it cant cross the blood-brain barrier

89
Q

Sedative hypnotics

A

Depress CNS activity, used for anxiety and inducing sleep

90
Q

% of people with anxiety disorder

91
Q

Potassium bromide

A

1800s– medical use discontinued because bromides are slowly excreted from kidneys

92
Q

Bromoseltzer

A

Hang over remedy

93
Q

Chloral hydrate

A

1832– abused by Marilyn monroe, early date rape drug, knockout drops/mickey finn

94
Q

Paraldehyde

A

Used for alcohol withdrawal but people like it even better. Tastes bad and expelled through lungs

95
Q

Adolph Von Baeyer

A

Synthesized barbirturic acid in 1864 from apple acid and urea

96
Q

Fischer/ Von mering

A

First modification of baributuric acid in 1903

97
Q

Barbitol/ Veornal

A

Two ethyl groups replace hydrogen at 5 position of barbituric acid. Prototypical barbiturate

98
Q

High lipid solubility

A

Get in and out of brain quickly by moving down concentration gradient

99
Q

Phenobarbital/Luminal

A

Long acting. Onset 1 hour, duration 6 hours.

100
Q

Amobarbital

A

Intermediate acting. Truth serum. Blue

101
Q

Phenobarbital

A

Short acting. Nemmies or yellow

102
Q

Secobarbital

A

Short acting. red

103
Q

Hexobarbital/ Thiopental

A

Ultra short acting. Intravenous

104
Q

Tunial

A

Secobarbital and amobarbital. Red and blue

105
Q

Hygeia magazine

A

Raised awareness of barbiturate abuse in the 40s

106
Q

Barbiturate abuse

A

High in the 50s, decline after introduction of benzodiazepines

107
Q

Barbiturate use

A

Lifetime 4%

Past year 2%

108
Q

Barbiturate effects

A

Euphoria at low doses, sleep, respiratory depression

109
Q

Synergistic

A

Effects of barbiturates and alcohol are multiplicative

110
Q

Valley of the dolls

A

Movie about barbiturates

111
Q

Neural effect of barbs

A

Depress neuronal activity by enhancing GABA. Bind to GABA receptors and increase affinity. Attenuate glutamate transmission

112
Q

Barb tolerance

A

Almost every effect. Quicker for rewarding

113
Q

Most reinforcing barbs

A

Seconal

Tuinal

114
Q

SA and CPP of barbs

A

High breaking points, no CPP

115
Q

Methaqualone

A

Ludes, disco biscuit – Made in India for malaria, introdcued in 1965 for anxiety. Jimmy hendrix and elvis

116
Q

Propanediols

A

Modified disinfectant to kill penicillin resistant bacteria

117
Q

Mephensin Carbamate

A

Used in 1940s for anxiety. Rapid metabolism so frequent doses are required

118
Q

Meprobromate

A

1955 tranquilizer without suppresison of CNS excitation. Most widely prescribed drug of 50s and 60s. LD is way bigger than therapeutic dose

119
Q

Sternbach

A

Synthesized benzos in poland in the 30s

120
Q

RO-5-0690

A

Librium: First marketed benzo found in 1957 after sternbach shelved it

121
Q

Valium

A

Second marketed benzo. Metabolite of the other one

122
Q

Elevated puls maze

A

Anxiolytics cause rats to spend more time in unwalled arms

123
Q

Geller Seifer procedure

A

Multiple schedule of reinforcement. Skinner box with two levers on the wall

124
Q

VI 2 minutes

A

Reinforcer becomes available every 2 min, animal must press lever to recieve reward

125
Q

FR1 with shock

A

Every bar press results in food but also a shock

126
Q

Release from punishment

A

Anxiolytics make rats press the lever all the time no matter what schedule is on

127
Q

Long acting benzo

A

Metabolized into long acting, active metabolites. Valium, librium, dalmane, tranxene

128
Q

Intermediate acting benzo

A

Klonopin and roofies. Pupular with heroin addicts

129
Q

Nordiazepam

A

Metabolite of diazepam with 60 hour half life

130
Q

Short acting benzo

A

Versed, serax and xanax. Sleep inducing agents

131
Q

Halcion

A

Most prescribed sleeping pill in world until rage reactions made manufacturers reduce dose

132
Q

Benzo abusers

A

Mothers little helper, opiate and alcohol addicts

133
Q

Ambien

A

Sleep aid without anxiolytic effects. Bind to GABA receptors

134
Q

Long term potentiation

A

Storage of new information. Benzos lower acadmeic performace

135
Q

Benzo medical use

A

Reduce neuronal excitability. Useful in alcohol withdrawal and epilepsy

136
Q

Benzo neuronal action

A

Benzo occupies sattelite receptors on GABA receptors, switch it to a high affinity bindng state

137
Q

Flumazenil

A

Benzo antagonist bind to GABA receptors but dont produce any action

138
Q

Benzo tolerance

A

Rapidly to most effects except anxiolytic

139
Q

Benzo dependance and withdrawal

A

Yes and yes. Short ating most likely to produce dependance

140
Q

Benzo CPP and SA

A

No SA but there is CPP

141
Q

GHB

A

Liquid e, natures lude, synthesized by combo of cleaners. Produce anxiolytic action like benzos

142
Q

GBL

A

Converted to GHB in body so dealers buy alot of it

143
Q

Opiates

A

Alkaloid of poppy plant. Used as analgesic in Asia, Europe and Egypt

144
Q

Laudanam

A

1520– doctor made drink of opium, wine and spices

145
Q

Serturner

A

German isolated morphium in 1803

146
Q

Alexander wood

A

Invented needle and syringe in 1856

147
Q

Soldiers disease

A

Morphine syrup addiction after civil war

148
Q

Opium 1800s

A

Popular in patent medicines for women who were forbidden to drink alcohol. Godfrey. Pennyworth. Mrs.Winslows

149
Q

Medical use of opium

A

Cough suppression and diarrhea

150
Q

Harrison narcotics act of 1914

A

Required doctors prescribing opiates keep record and pay a small fee. Did not outlaw it

151
Q

Harry Anslinger

A

Said opiate addiction was not a medical condition and it should not be prescribed

152
Q

Chinese immigration act 1885

A

Empolyment started to decline after railraods and laws were passed to limit immigration

153
Q

Mackenzie King

A

Suggested opium be banned because it goes against christian ideals, chinese were making profits and use increasing among white people

154
Q

1908 opium act

A

First drug legislation in canada. Illegal to manufacture, import or sell opium

155
Q

1911 opium act

A

Made possession a crime, cociane was illegal, expanded police power

156
Q

1920s drugs

A

Very antidrug .Racially charged messages to jail all users

157
Q

Emily Murphy

A

First anti drug book called black candle

158
Q

1929 opium and narcotics act

A

Maintenance doses no longer accepted, canabis included, illegal to even be in the prescence of opium

159
Q

Writ of assistance

A

Life-long open ended search warrant for police officers that cant be refused by a judge

160
Q

Opium content

A

25 alkaloids make up 1/4 of contents
Morphine 10%
Codeine 0.5%
Thebaine 0.2%

161
Q

Codeine

A

Less action than morphine, isolated in 1833

162
Q

Thebaine

A

Opiate derivative of oxycodone– percocets

163
Q

CR Adler Wright

A

Found heroin in 1874 by adding to acetyl groups to morphine.

164
Q

Heroin

A

More lipid soluble, less ionized than morphine, quick access to CNS

165
Q

Bayer Heroin

A

1898– Non addictive analgesic for cough and chest pain

166
Q

Oxycodone

A

From thebaine in opium. Long acting. Hillbilly heroin

167
Q

Percodan

A

Oxycodone and aspirin

168
Q

Percocet

A

Oxycodone and acetaminophen

169
Q

Oxymorphone

A

Opana– most abused prescription opiate

170
Q

Hydrocodone

A

Vicadin– combined with acetaminophen. high abuse

171
Q

Methadone

A

Developed in WW2 Germany due to morphine shortages

172
Q

Buprenorphine

A

Suboxone when combined with naloxone– partial opiate agonist

173
Q

Fentanyl

A

Synthetic and much more potent than heroin. Used by anetshesiologists. High rates of overdose

174
Q

Hydromorphone

A

Dilaudid– Highly abused morphine derivative

175
Q

Pentacone

A

Ts and blues– high abuse in combination with antihistamines

176
Q

Butorphanol

A

Nasal spray analgesic increasing in abuse

177
Q

Narcan

A

Naloxone given by injection, used in hospitals to treat overdose

178
Q

Street heroin

A

100mg of white powder, 60% purity

179
Q

DM

A

OTC cough suppressant used for robocopping

180
Q

Opiate SA and CPP

A

yes and yes

181
Q

Opiate neural effects

A

Release dopamine in VTA

182
Q

Mu receptors

A

Occupation leads to GABA inhibition. Alot of dopamine released in NACc`

183
Q

Sigma receptors

A

Mediate dysphoria and hallucinations

184
Q

Siegel at Mcmaster

A

Rats were given heroin in presence of pre drug cues and sometimes without. Rats who developed tolerance with pre drug cues did not die from substantial dose

185
Q

Chippers

A

People who control use and only take drugs occaisonally

186
Q

Opiate withdrawal

A

not lethal, flue like symptoms

187
Q

Dole and Nyswander

A

Methadone maintenance in 1958

188
Q

Opiate addiction treatment

A

Cannabinoid receptors block cravings

Drugs and Behavior (4 decks)

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