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PSYCH 104 > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Sensation

A

The stimulation (activation) of the sense organs

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2
Q

Perception

A

The selection, Organization and interpretation of that sensory input

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3
Q

Transduction

A

physical stimuli from the environment are TRANSLATED to electrochemical signals that can be sent to CNS (lightbulb, eye, brain)

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4
Q

Stimulus

A

Any detectable sensory input from the environment

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5
Q

Sensitivity

A

How responsive an individual is to detecting stimuli

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6
Q

Very sensitive

A

Can detect low intensity Stimuli

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7
Q

Not sensitive

A

Stimuli need to be higher intensity for detection

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8
Q

Absolute Threshhold

A

For a specific type of sensory input, The MINIMUM amount of stimulation that an organism can detect (50% of time)
(Arbitrarily)

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9
Q

Arbitrarily

A

Stimulus intensity detected 50% of the time

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10
Q

Difference vs Absolute Threshold: How are they similar

A

Similar: Both involve detection of stimuli

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11
Q

Difference Threshold (JND)

A

Smallest possible different in the amount of stimulation that a specific sense can detect (2 stimuli aren’t the same)

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12
Q

Difference vs Absolute Threshold: How does perception vary with intensity?

A

Perception varies with stimulus intensity A HIGHER absolute threshold means a person needs MORE INTENSE stimuli to detect it. Differences in thresholds result in varying sensitivity to stimuli between individuals.

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13
Q

Signal Detection Theory (SDT)

A

Response to a stimulus dependent on a person’s sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a person’s decision criterion

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14
Q

Signal Detection: What are the four types of responses?

A
  • Hit: Correct detection of a stimulus.
  • Miss: Failure to detect a present stimulus.
  • False Alarm: Detecting a stimulus that isn’t present.
  • Correct Rejection: Correctly identifying the absence of a stimulus.
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15
Q

Signal Detection: Can you describe a situation for HIT response

A

Hit: Hearing a phone ring and answering it.

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16
Q

Signal Detection: Can you describe a situation for MISS response

A

Miss: Not hearing the phone ring when it does.

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17
Q

Signal Detection: Can you describe a situation for FALSE ALARM response

A

False Alarm: Thinking the phone rang, but it didn’t.

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18
Q

Signal Detection: Can you describe a situation for CORRECT REJECTION response

A

09Realizing the phone did not ring.

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19
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Gradual decline in sensitivity to specific stimulation due to prolonged exposure

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20
Q

Attention

A

Concentration of our awareness on some stimuli to the exclusion of others

DIRECTED and FOCUSED
LIMITED MENTAL “RESOURCES”

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21
Q

Selective Attention

A

Perceiving only whats CURRENTLY relevent

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22
Q

Attention: What draws attention?

A

Stimuli that are novel, moving, high-intensity, or personally significant. Biological relevance and individual internal states also play a role

Automaticity: Activate the senses. …
Framing: Contextualize your argument to appeal to your audience. …
Disruption: Break expectations. …
Reward: Create desire. …
Reputation: Establish credibility. …
Mystery: Leave things incomplete.

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23
Q

Attention: How can we miss seeing things?

A

Through inattentional blindness, where stimuli register but do not enter consciousness because our attention is elsewhere​.

  • Attention is so focused on something that you miss something else
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24
Q

Attention: How does multitasking work

A

Involves paying attention to more than one stimulus at same time

ADAPTIVE but has LIMITS

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25
Q

Attention: How can Multitasking be difficult

A

If tasks require similar resources
EX. Listening to lecture and reading a text

26
Q

All Sensory Systems: What stimulus does VISION respond to?

A

Light waves

27
Q

All Sensory Systems: What stimulus does HEARING respond to?

A

Sound waves.

28
Q

All Sensory Systems: What stimulus does TOUCH respond to?

A

Pressure, temperature, pain.

29
Q

All Sensory Systems: What stimulus does TASTE and SMELL respond to?

A

Chemical stimuli.

30
Q

All Sensory Systems: What stimulus does KINESTHETIC respond to?

A

Body position (where your limbs are and movement)

31
Q

All Sensory Systems: What stimulus does VESTIBULAR respond to?

A

Balance and spatial orientation

32
Q

Sound vs Vision: What are the similarities?

A

Both rely on waves (sound waves and light waves) and have receptors that transduce the physical stimuli (cochlea for sound, retina for vision) into neural signals​

33
Q

How is sensory information mapped in sound, vision, and skin senses?

A

Sound: Different frequencies are mapped along the COCHLEA and relayed to the auditory cortex.

Vision: Visual information is mapped from the RETINA to the visual cortex using retinotopic mapping.

Skin senses: Touch signals from the skin are mapped in the SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX in a spatial representation of the body (sensory homunculus)

34
Q

Where does Transduction Occur

A

In the organ of Corti (spiral organ)

The process where physical stimuli from the environment are translated to electrochemical signals that can be sent to the central nervous system

35
Q

Smell vs Taste vs Flavour: How are they similar and different?

A

Similar: Both involve chemical detection.

Different:
* Taste detects chemicals in saliva (sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami).
* Smell detects airborne chemicals via olfactory receptors.
* Flavour is the combination of both taste and smell, along with the tactile sensations in the mouth, providing a richer and more complex experience of food​

36
Q

How does Tase, Smell and Flavour combine?

A
  • Taste provides the basic building blocks,
  • Smell adds detailed complexity
  • Flavour is the total experience created by the combination of these senses.
37
Q

Kinesthetic vs Vestibular: How are they similar?

A

Both sense body position and movement. Kinesthetic senses limb movement, while vestibular senses balance and orientation​

38
Q

Skin Senses: What stimuli do they respond to?

A
  • Pressure
  • Temperature
  • Pain

These are detected by different types of receptors in the skin, such as mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors​

39
Q

What affects pain

A

Mental state, attention, prior experience, and emotional factors.

40
Q

Three types of Pain

A

Inflammatory (damage to tissues and joints or tumor cells), Neuropathic (Damage to CNS), Nociceptive (Damage to SKIN)

40
Q
A
41
Q

How do we block pain

A

Can be modulated by top-down processes like expectation and attention shifting. The gate control model involves pathways that can block pain signals at the spinal cord through feedback loops from the brain.

42
Q

What are Pathways of pain

A

*A-delta fibers (fast, sharp pain) and C fibers (slow, dull pain) transmit signals to the somatosensory cortex and other brain regions.

43
Q

Sensory adaptation vs habituation vs fatigue: How are they similar and different?

A

*Similarities: All involve reduced responses to stimuli over time.

  • Differences:
    Sensory adaptation: Decline in sensitivity to constant stimuli.

Habituation: Decreased response to repeated stimuli.

Fatigue: Reduction in response due to overuse of muscles or receptors​

44
Q

Can you describe a situation where each occurs (adaptation, habituation, fatigue)?

A

Adaptation: No longer noticing the scent of perfume after wearing it for a while.

Habituation: Ignoring the ticking of a clock after some time.

Fatigue: Feeling tired after a long workout session.

45
Q

Habituation vs sensitization: How are they similar?

A

Both involve non-associative learning (a response change to a stimulus over time).

46
Q

Habituation vs sensitization: How are they different?

A

Habituation: Decreased response to a repeated stimulus (e.g., ignoring a repetitive sound).

Sensitization: Increased response to a repeated or intense stimulus (e.g., reacting more to loud bangs).

47
Q

Can you describe a situation where habituation and sensitization occur?

A

Habituation: Tuning out background noise like a fan.

Sensitization: Becoming more startled by repeated loud knocks.

48
Q

How can the same stimulus lead to both habituation and sensitization?

A

A mild, repetitive stimulus often leads to habituation,

strong or emotionally significant stimulus can lead to sensitization

(e.g., low background noise might be ignored, but sudden, loud noises may heighten your response). along a separate neural pathway

49
Q

Unlearned vs Event-Alone vs Event-Event Learning: Examples?

A

Unlearned: Reflex (e.g., eye blink).

Event-alone: Habituation (e.g., ignoring a ticking clock).

Event-event: Classical conditioning (e.g., Pavlov’s dog salivating at a bell)​

50
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Learning in which neutral stimulus comes to signal the occurrence of a 2nd stimulus

50
Q

US (Unconditioned Stimulus)

A

FOOD

51
Q

UR (Unconditioned Response)

A

SALIVATION

52
Q

CS (Conditioned Stimulus)

A

BELL

53
Q

CR (Conditioned Response)

A

SALIVATION to the BELL

54
Q

How can biological predispositions affect learning?

A

Evolutionary predispositions make some associations easier to learn (e.g., associating nausea with food is quicker to develop than associating it with a neutral stimulus like a light).

55
Q

What makes the association between CS and US stronger?

A

Contingency: Consistent pairing of CS and US.

Intensity: Stronger stimuli are more effective.

Frequency: More pairings increase strength.
Biological relevance: More relevant pairings (e.g., food with nausea) are learned faster.

56
Q

Can you come up with an example for each of our temporal pairings of the CS and US?

Short-Delay Conditioning

A

Bell rings, and food follows after a short time.

CS 1st, US 2nd #1

57
Q

Can you come up with an example for each of our temporal pairings of the CS and US?

Long-Delay Conditioning

A

CS has been going on for a while.. just enough to overlap with US

Less Effective #3

58
Q

Can you come up with an example for each of our temporal pairings of the CS and US?

Simultaneous conditioning

A

Bell and food are presented at the same time ALL FOCUS ON FOOD (hardly hear the bell thats going off)

Less effective #4

59
Q

Can you come up with an example for each of our temporal pairings of the CS and US?

Trace conditioning:

A

2

Bell rings, then a gap, followed by food

60
Q

Can you come up with an example for each of our temporal pairings of the CS and US?

Backward Conditioning

A

Food is presented, then the bell rings.

Results are inconsistent (CS 2nd, US 1st)

INEFFICIENT (#5)

PSYCH 104 (3 decks)

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