People make assumptions that influence their actions People’s behaviour can influence others’ behaviour People are reactive

FINAL (1st chapters BIO) Flashcards by Akira Xaysana

Mind

internal, covert behaviours

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Behaviour

External, Overt behaviour

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Monism

Mind and body are the same thing (not seperate)

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Dualism

Mind is intangible, non physical thing
Body is physical and separate entity

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Structuralism

school of thought focused on analyzing the basic elements of the mind

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Functionalism

school of thought that focuses on the purpose and adaptive functions of consciousness.

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Psychodynamic Perspective

Unconscious mind influences human behaviour
HYSTERIA (blindness)
* Jean-Martin Charcot & Pierre Janet: seeked to treat patients with symptoms that had no apparent physical cause
* Freud and his psychoanalytic theory

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Behaviourism

Perspective focused on the influence the
environment has on physical, observable behaviour
* The mind and other internal conscious components are considered irrelevant

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Gestalt psychology

mind organizes and combines stimuli to
create a wholistic perceptual experience
* The whole is more than the sum of its parts
* Perception is subjective

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cognitive psychology

internal, mental processes such as thought, reasoning, memory, and perception

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Developmental Psychology

Abilities are not static, they change with age
Patterns of development are fairly stable across
individuals

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Social Psychology

People make assumptions that influence their actions
People’s behaviour can influence others’ behaviour
People are reactive

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Evolutionary Psychology

Interested in how natural selection has shaped the human mind and it’s abilities

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Cultural Psychology

Interested in how culture influences behaviour

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Classical (or pavlovian) conditioning

Through experience (learning), a stimulus in the environment can come to elicit a physical response

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Cognitive neuroscience

relationship between the brain and the mind
(especially in humans)

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Neuroscience

Interested in function of the brain

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Behavioural neuroscience

Relationship between the brain and behaviour
(especially in nonhuman animals)

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Descriptive Research

How common is X? when does Y occur?

PROS: Can describe variables of interest
CONS: Do not learn about relationships or causality and Cannot manipulate measured variables

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Experimental research

Detection of cause-and-effect relationships

manipulating one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed

Does X cause Y? if we manipulate X, how does Y change in response?

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Correlation Research

Two measured variables (related concepts)

Are X and Y related? if X changes, how will Y change?

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Representative sample

Reflects the important characteristics of the population

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Random sampling

Every member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen to participate

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Positive correlations

increase in one variable relates to an
increase in the other (0 to +1)

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Negative correlations

increase in one variable relates to a decrease in the other (0 to -1)

Zero Correlations

NO relationship (0)

Power

How certain are we that we could find a relationship if it actually exists in the population

Reliability

How consistent is our measure or manipulation

Validity

Technique measures what it is designed to measure

Concepts of ethics

We have ethical limits... The principle of respect for persons Principle of beneficence Principle of Justice

Neurons

Electrical signal transmission and chemical signal transmission send sensory info from body to brain and carry commands from brain to body

Motor neuron

carries commands to the muscles and organs

Sensory neurons

Carry information from the body and outside world into brain and spinal cord

Interneurons

neurons which connect one neuron to another in the same part of brain or spinal cord

Neurotransmitters

Chemical substances that carry messages across the synapse to either excite other neurons, or inhibit their firing

Occipital lobe links with?

Vision

Dendrites

Signals coming in

Axon terminals

Signals going out

Myelin sheath

Increases speed

Polarization

a state in which there is a difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the neuron

Voltage

measure of the difference in electrical charge between two points

Resting potential

difference in charge between inside & outside of membrane of a neuron at rest (hyperpolarization)

When the cell is at rest and our ion channels open and inside gets more

NEGATIVE

Hyperpolarization

Increase in electrical charge across a membrane (more negative) * Usually due to the inward flow of chloride ions or outward flow of potassium ions

Depolarization

Repolarization

Rate law

axon encodes stimulus intensity not in the size of its action potential but in its firing rate - Action potentials are occurring at the same size. Stronger signals = more action potentials

Excitation

INCREASES probability of neuron becoming ACTIVE

Inhibition

DECREASES probability of neuron becoming active

Agonist:

Drug increases activity at receptor

Antagonist:

Drug decreases activity at receptor

Direct

Drug binds at same site

Indirect:

Drug binds at different site

Dorsal

Toward the back

Ventral:

toward the stomach

toward the front

Posterior:

toward the rear

Superior:

above another structure

Inferior:

below another structure

Lateral:

toward the side

Medial:

toward the middle

Cerebellum is important for..

balance, body movements and learning

Thalamus

Sensation perception related

Hypothalamus

related to endocrine system, body balance

Which scans are good in terms of activity vs. structure, which ones are fastest or more refined detail

MRI is normally the best

Hindbrain

Vital functions and coordinating movements

Midbrain

Reflex actions and voluntary movements

Forebrain

Highly developed, numerous functions

Reticular formation:

Helps to regulate awareness and attention (sleep and awareness)

Amygdala

Emotion (fight or flight)

Thalamus

Sensory gateway

Basal Ganglia

Movement, reward

Hypothalamus

Regulates body function

Hippocampus

Form memories

Endocrine systems

Chemicals moving through the bloodstream (fight or flight responses) Drive theory and hunger

Brocas area

Speech formation

Wernicke's area

speech understanding

Primary visual cortex

sight

cerebellum

motor control

Primary motor cortex

Voluntary Movement