Midterm 2 Flashcards
Who believed intelligence was fixed
Galton
Binet
Made the first intelligence test
Who standardized Binet’s test
Terman
flynn effect
IQ test increase each year
Robert Sternberg 3 types
analytical
creative
practical
Cattel
said fluid or crystallized
Is genetics heritable
yes (50-70%)
range of reaction theory
our environment determines to which degree our genes are expressed
Defining characteristics of motivation
motivation can differ
behaviour = same
Biological motivations
equilibrium/homeostasis/drives
Drive reduction theory
any behaviour that has a positive outcome will be repeated; more out of equilibrium = stronger drive
Individual motivations
intrinsic vs. extrinsic
Over justification effect
decrease intrinsic as a result of an external reward
self-efficacy
motivation comes from the expectations of the consequences of our behaviour (don’t press this button)
Social motivations
achievement/affiliation/intimacy
grehlin
released by stomach, goes to hypothalamus, tells body its hungry
orexin
released by the hypothalamus, makes your hungry
leptin
stops hunger
anorexia nervosa
super low body weight, fear of eating, body dysmorphia
bulimia nervosa
overeating then purging, avoidance of gaining weight
binge eating
intense eating followed by intense guilt
hypothalamus for sex
ability to have sex
nucleus accumbens for sex
motivation for sex
Sexual response cycle
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
emotion
intense effective state, continuosly experienced, short lived
mood
long-term, not always continuosly experienceed
sudden change in effective state
emotion
common sense view
stimulus -> emotional response -> physiological response
James Lange theory
stimulus -> physiological response -> emotional response
cannon-bard theory
emotional & physiological at the same time
Schachler-singer two factor theory
cognitive label & physiological response -> emotional response
Lazarus’ cognitive mediational theory
stimulus -> appraisal -> cognitive interpretation -> emotional response
Ledoux fast-and-slow paths
low road bypasses thinking because emotions are immediate
Ledoux fast path
thalamus to amygdala
Ledoux slow path
thalamus to cortex to amygdala
amygdala (basolateral complex) for emotion
pairs emotion and response - appraisal
central nucleus
connected to the hypothalamus and endocrine
cortex
higher-order thinking / memories
hippocampus
integrating emotional experience with cognition
display rule
what we expect an emotional response to be
two types of stress
response based and stimulus based
Response based stress
in terms of a set of physiological responses
sympathetic adrenal medullary system (SAM)
fast, nervous system, epinephrine and norepinephrine
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)
slower, endocrine system, cortisol
stimulus-based stress
traumatic life events/life changes/hassles
general adaptation system
alarm phase, resistance, exhaustion
Lazarus’ appraisal model of stress
primary appraisal to secondary appraisal
primary appraisal of stress
does this matter to me
secondary appraisal of stress
can I cope with this
emotion-focused stress strategies
attempt to reduce negative emotions
problem-focused stress strategies
attempt to address the root cause of the stress not the symptoms
emotion-focused examples
positive comparisons
Seeking positives
cognitive reframing
