Midterm 1 Flashcards
Behaviorism
Says behavior is acquired through conditioning
Who created behaviorism
Watson
Humanism - why did it start?
Psychology had been aiming at what was wrong with people, humanism focuses on the good
What did Bruno Betteleheim do
autism
Psychology is WEIRD
Western
Educated
Industrialized
Rich
Democratic
Cecil Summer
First African American to receive a PhD in America
Clinical Psychology
Diagnosing/treatment of disorders
Define psychology
Scientific study of behaviour and their mental processes to living organisms
Hemholtz
measured responses to stimulu
Experimental branch people and their disciplines
Hemholtz - stimuli
Wundt - structuralism
James - functionalism
Gestalt
Behaviourists (both)
Clinical branch people and their disciplines
Freud
Behaviourists (both)
Structuralism
aims to determine the structure of consciousness
Who created structuralism
Wundt
Problems with structuralism and introspection
- required educated people
- Was subjective
- Was inconsistent
Empiricism
knowledge through observation
Dogmatism
unwaveringly clinging to one’s beliefs
The scientific method
Finding information by using empirical evidence
3 ways of knowing
- personal experience/ anectdote
- intuition
- scientific method
Why do we use the scientific method?
To test thories and propose why certain things happen
Theories
organize our understanding of phenomena
Hypothesis
test the plausibility of our theories in the real world
Deductive reasoning
theory to observation
Inductive reasoning (more common)
observation to theory
Is inductive or deductive reasoning more common
inductive (observation to theory)
Falsifiable
Good theories must be able to be proven wrong
Case studies research method
Gains insight into rare disorders
Pros of case studies
Provide incredible detail on phenomena
Cons of case studies
-very rare disorders
-results are not generalizable
Naturalistic observation research method
observing behaviours of subjects in the real world without them knowing
Pros of naturalistic observation
-High ecological validity
-Very generalizable
Cons of naturalistic observation
-Difficult to setup
-Researcher must be inconspiciuous
Hawthorn affect
acting different when you know you’re being watched
Pros of surveys
-Lots of data
-very generalizable
Pros of correlation coefficients
-Quantify a relationship
-Standardized
Cons of correlation coefficients
-Doesn’t show causality
-Third variables
Illusory correlations
Complete coincidences
Cross-sectional studies
Happen at a moment in time; coefficients are an example of this
Longitudinal studies
Studies over time
Pros of longitudinal studies
Gives a better idea of causation
Cons of longitudinal studies
-Time intensive
-Participants may leave
Control group
group that doesn’t recieve intervention
Experimental group
group that receives intervention
Independent variable
Manipulated variable
Dependent variable
Responding variable
Single blind experiment
Participant doesn’t know
Double-blind experiment
Researcher and participant don’t know
Random sampling (before)
Everyone in a given population has an equal opportunity of being selected
Random assignment (after)
Everyone in a sample have equal opportunity of being assigned to a condition
Validity
Does our instrument return consistent results over time
Quasi-experimental design
An experiment where the groups are non random
Normative approach
Averages; what is typical
Nature vs. nurture
Nature: biology/genetics
Nurture: your environment
Dynamic systems theory
New behaviours emerge as a mix of nature and nurture
Discontinuous development
development in stages
Continuous development
Development gradually unfolds over time
Who created psychosexual development
Freud
Who created psychosocial development?
Erik Erikson
What did Erikson say about development
- He said we are always developing
- We can diagnose problems by seeing which stage something went wrong
Cognitive development was created by
Piaget
What did the stage model of development say
Each stage children face a task that they assimilate or accommodate which develops their cognitive schemas
Cognitive schemas
Where we learn about information: an ever-changing mold
Assimilation
Take a new instance of something and apply it to a schema
Accomodation
Change a schema based on new information: used when you’re wrong
Piaget’s four stages
- Sensorimotor stage (0-2)
- Preoperational stage (2-7)
- Concrete operational stage (7-11)
- Formal operational stage (12+)
What happens in the sensorimotor stage
AGE: (0-2)
- Explore world with senses
- Develop object permanence
Object permanance
realizing things are there
What happens in the preoperational stage
AGE: (2-7)
- Start symbolic thinking, don’t understand logic yet
- Conservation is developed
- Egocentrism
Egocentric
What they know is all everyone else knows
What happens in the concrete operational stage
AGE: (7-11)
- Start thinking logically
-Develop a theory of mind
Theory of mind
Getting rid of egocentrism
What happens in the formal operational stage
AGE: (12+)
- Start thinking abstractly
What’s wrong with Piaget’s theory
Today we believe development is more continuous
Habituation paradigm
When a stimulus is constantly shown to infants they become less interested
What should really be the final stage of development
Post-formal thinking
Post-formal thinking
Includes a variety of stages and now includes emotion
Kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral development
- pre-conventional
- Conventional
- Post-conventional
Kohlberg’s six stages of development
- Obedience/punishment
- Self-interest
- Interpersonal
- Authority
- Social contract
- Universal ethics
What happens in the: Obedience/punishment Kohlberg stage of development
Stealing is wrong, rules only
What happens in the: Self-interest Kohlberg stage of development
Recognizing other people have perspectives
What happens in the: Interpersonal Kohlberg stage of development
How will others view me
What happens in the: Authority Kohlberg stage of development
Wider rules and laws of society
What happens in the: Social contract Kohlberg stage of development
Self-chosen principles and more individual rights
What happens in the: Universal ethics Kohlberg stage of development
Human life above all
Teratogens
Substances that cause abnormalities or birth defects in a developing fetus
Moro reflex
Falling and releasing arms
Rooting reflex
Leaning into suck
Do humans imprint or attach
They attach
Strange situation paradigm was created by
Ainsworth
Strange situation paradigm
parent leaves child in a room and comes back, measure behaviour
secure attachment style
60% - distressed to recovery
anxious/ambivalent attachment style
15% - very distressed to angry at parent
avoidant attachment style
20% - not visibly distressed to ignoring parent
Fourth attachment style
disorganized
What did John Bowlby say
Attachment is evolutionary.
Four parenting styles
-Authoritarian
-Permissive
-Uninvolved
-Authoritative
Psychoanalysis
emphasizes the unconscious mind shapes behavior
Freudian slips
Unintentionally word change etc, due to unconscious
Free association
sharing everything on your mind; attempts to gain access to unconscious
