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Psyc 102 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Behaviorism

A

Says behavior is acquired through conditioning

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2
Q

Who created behaviorism

A

Watson

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3
Q

Humanism - why did it start?

A

Psychology had been aiming at what was wrong with people, humanism focuses on the good

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4
Q

What did Bruno Betteleheim do

A

autism

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5
Q

Psychology is WEIRD

A

Western
Educated
Industrialized
Rich
Democratic

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6
Q

Cecil Summer

A

First African American to receive a PhD in America

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7
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

Diagnosing/treatment of disorders

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8
Q

Define psychology

A

Scientific study of behaviour and their mental processes to living organisms

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9
Q

Hemholtz

A

measured responses to stimulu

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10
Q

Experimental branch people and their disciplines

A

Hemholtz - stimuli
Wundt - structuralism
James - functionalism
Gestalt
Behaviourists (both)

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11
Q

Clinical branch people and their disciplines

A

Freud
Behaviourists (both)

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12
Q

Structuralism

A

aims to determine the structure of consciousness

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13
Q

Who created structuralism

A

Wundt

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14
Q

Problems with structuralism and introspection

A
  • required educated people
  • Was subjective
  • Was inconsistent
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15
Q

Empiricism

A

knowledge through observation

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16
Q

Dogmatism

A

unwaveringly clinging to one’s beliefs

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17
Q

The scientific method

A

Finding information by using empirical evidence

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18
Q

3 ways of knowing

A
  1. personal experience/ anectdote
  2. intuition
  3. scientific method
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19
Q

Why do we use the scientific method?

A

To test thories and propose why certain things happen

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20
Q

Theories

A

organize our understanding of phenomena

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21
Q

Hypothesis

A

test the plausibility of our theories in the real world

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22
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

theory to observation

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23
Q

Inductive reasoning (more common)

A

observation to theory

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24
Q

Is inductive or deductive reasoning more common

A

inductive (observation to theory)

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25
Q

Falsifiable

A

Good theories must be able to be proven wrong

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26
Q

Case studies research method

A

Gains insight into rare disorders

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27
Q

Pros of case studies

A

Provide incredible detail on phenomena

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28
Q

Cons of case studies

A

-very rare disorders
-results are not generalizable

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29
Q

Naturalistic observation research method

A

observing behaviours of subjects in the real world without them knowing

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30
Q

Pros of naturalistic observation

A

-High ecological validity
-Very generalizable

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31
Q

Cons of naturalistic observation

A

-Difficult to setup
-Researcher must be inconspiciuous

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32
Q

Hawthorn affect

A

acting different when you know you’re being watched

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33
Q

Pros of surveys

A

-Lots of data
-very generalizable

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34
Q

Pros of correlation coefficients

A

-Quantify a relationship
-Standardized

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35
Q

Cons of correlation coefficients

A

-Doesn’t show causality
-Third variables

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36
Q

Illusory correlations

A

Complete coincidences

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37
Q

Cross-sectional studies

A

Happen at a moment in time; coefficients are an example of this

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38
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

Studies over time

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39
Q

Pros of longitudinal studies

A

Gives a better idea of causation

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40
Q

Cons of longitudinal studies

A

-Time intensive
-Participants may leave

41
Q

Control group

A

group that doesn’t recieve intervention

42
Q

Experimental group

A

group that receives intervention

43
Q

Independent variable

A

Manipulated variable

44
Q

Dependent variable

A

Responding variable

45
Q

Single blind experiment

A

Participant doesn’t know

46
Q

Double-blind experiment

A

Researcher and participant don’t know

47
Q

Random sampling (before)

A

Everyone in a given population has an equal opportunity of being selected

48
Q

Random assignment (after)

A

Everyone in a sample have equal opportunity of being assigned to a condition

49
Q

Validity

A

Does our instrument return consistent results over time

50
Q

Quasi-experimental design

A

An experiment where the groups are non random

51
Q

Normative approach

A

Averages; what is typical

52
Q

Nature vs. nurture

A

Nature: biology/genetics
Nurture: your environment

53
Q

Dynamic systems theory

A

New behaviours emerge as a mix of nature and nurture

54
Q

Discontinuous development

A

development in stages

55
Q

Continuous development

A

Development gradually unfolds over time

56
Q

Who created psychosexual development

A

Freud

57
Q

Who created psychosocial development?

A

Erik Erikson

58
Q

What did Erikson say about development

A
  • He said we are always developing
  • We can diagnose problems by seeing which stage something went wrong
59
Q

Cognitive development was created by

A

Piaget

60
Q

What did the stage model of development say

A

Each stage children face a task that they assimilate or accommodate which develops their cognitive schemas

61
Q

Cognitive schemas

A

Where we learn about information: an ever-changing mold

62
Q

Assimilation

A

Take a new instance of something and apply it to a schema

63
Q

Accomodation

A

Change a schema based on new information: used when you’re wrong

64
Q

Piaget’s four stages

A
  1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2)
  2. Preoperational stage (2-7)
  3. Concrete operational stage (7-11)
  4. Formal operational stage (12+)
65
Q

What happens in the sensorimotor stage

A

AGE: (0-2)
- Explore world with senses
- Develop object permanence

66
Q

Object permanance

A

realizing things are there

67
Q

What happens in the preoperational stage

A

AGE: (2-7)
- Start symbolic thinking, don’t understand logic yet
- Conservation is developed
- Egocentrism

68
Q

Egocentric

A

What they know is all everyone else knows

69
Q

What happens in the concrete operational stage

A

AGE: (7-11)
- Start thinking logically
-Develop a theory of mind

70
Q

Theory of mind

A

Getting rid of egocentrism

71
Q

What happens in the formal operational stage

A

AGE: (12+)
- Start thinking abstractly

72
Q

What’s wrong with Piaget’s theory

A

Today we believe development is more continuous

73
Q

Habituation paradigm

A

When a stimulus is constantly shown to infants they become less interested

74
Q

What should really be the final stage of development

A

Post-formal thinking

75
Q

Post-formal thinking

A

Includes a variety of stages and now includes emotion

76
Q

Kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral development

A
  1. pre-conventional
  2. Conventional
  3. Post-conventional
77
Q

Kohlberg’s six stages of development

A
  1. Obedience/punishment
  2. Self-interest
  3. Interpersonal
  4. Authority
  5. Social contract
  6. Universal ethics
78
Q

What happens in the: Obedience/punishment Kohlberg stage of development

A

Stealing is wrong, rules only

79
Q

What happens in the: Self-interest Kohlberg stage of development

A

Recognizing other people have perspectives

80
Q

What happens in the: Interpersonal Kohlberg stage of development

A

How will others view me

81
Q

What happens in the: Authority Kohlberg stage of development

A

Wider rules and laws of society

82
Q

What happens in the: Social contract Kohlberg stage of development

A

Self-chosen principles and more individual rights

83
Q

What happens in the: Universal ethics Kohlberg stage of development

A

Human life above all

84
Q

Teratogens

A

Substances that cause abnormalities or birth defects in a developing fetus

85
Q

Moro reflex

A

Falling and releasing arms

86
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Leaning into suck

87
Q

Do humans imprint or attach

A

They attach

88
Q

Strange situation paradigm was created by

A

Ainsworth

89
Q

Strange situation paradigm

A

parent leaves child in a room and comes back, measure behaviour

90
Q

secure attachment style

A

60% - distressed to recovery

91
Q

anxious/ambivalent attachment style

A

15% - very distressed to angry at parent

92
Q

avoidant attachment style

A

20% - not visibly distressed to ignoring parent

93
Q

Fourth attachment style

A

disorganized

94
Q

What did John Bowlby say

A

Attachment is evolutionary.

95
Q

Four parenting styles

A

-Authoritarian
-Permissive
-Uninvolved
-Authoritative

96
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

emphasizes the unconscious mind shapes behavior

97
Q

Freudian slips

A

Unintentionally word change etc, due to unconscious

98
Q

Free association

A

sharing everything on your mind; attempts to gain access to unconscious

99
Q
A

Psyc 102 (4 decks)

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