Final Exam Flashcards
Dogmatism
unwaveringly clinging to ones beliefs
Deductive reasoning
theory to observation
inductive reasoning (more common)
observation to theory
Hawthorn effect
acting different when you know you’re being watched
Illusory correlations
complete coincidences
Quasi-experimental design
an experiment where groups are non-random
Dynamic systems theory
New behaviours emerge as a mix of nature (genetics) and nurture (environment)
strange situation paradigm
child left in room:
secure
avoidant
anxious
Who believed intelligence was fixed
Galton
Robert Sternberg 3 types
analytical
creative
practical
range of reaction theory
environment determines which degree our genes are expressed
Over justification effect
decrease in intrinsic as a result of an external reward
grehlin
released by stomach, goes to hypothalamus, tells body its hungry
orexin
released by the hypothalamus, makes your hungry
leptin
stops hunger
nucleus accumbens for sex
motivation for sex
mood
long-term, not always continuosly experienceed
emotion
intense effective state, continuouisly experienced, short lived
James Lange
stimulus -> physiological response -> emotional response
Define personality
a set of stable characteristics that dictate how we interact with and interpret the world, and how we behave
hippocrates model of personality
medical model - four tempermants based on four fluids “humours”
sanguine
blood: cheery, happy, joyful
phlegmatic
phlegm: calm, reliable
melancholic
black bile: reserved, unhappy, thoughtful
choleric
yellow bile: passionate, excitable
what did Gall say
bump vs. dip in head determined brain growth
Freud’s triarchic personality theory
Id
Ego
Superego
Imbalances lead to neurosis (tendency to experience negative emotions
neurosis
the tendency to experience negative emotions
Defense mechanisms
the egos attempt to restore balance: we are unaware we are using them
denial
refusing to accept real events becasue they are unpleasant
displacement
displace your aggresive tendencies onto something else
projection
when you cast your feelings onto another person
reaction formation
showing the opposite reaction to what you actually feel
regression
regress to an earlier stage of life
repression
bury a bad memory deep down
sublimation
healthy way to express a negative emotion
rationalization
justifying your behaviour by substituting acceptable reasons
universal big 5
OCEAN
openess to new experiences
conscientiousness
extroversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
neurotisicm
emotional stability
Albert Bandura’s ideas of personality
reciprocal determinism
cognitions interact with environment to shape our personality
reciprocal determinism
cognition
environment
behaviours
(all interact) to reinforce personality
internal locus of control
outcomes are a result of our efforts
external locus of control
outcomes are out of our control
attributions
explanations for events or actions, including other peoples behaviours
situationism
behaviour is determined by the environment
dispositionism
behaviour is determined by internal factors
correspondence bias
when there is a situational explanation for someone’s behaviour, we tend to favour dispositional explanations
actor-observer bias
for other people we make a correspondance bias (blaming it on them), for us wew make a correct situational explanation
self-serving bias (other teams failure)
disposition (they suck)
self-serving bias (our teams failure)
situational (refs against us)
self-serving bias (other teams success)
situational (they got lucky)
self-serving bias (our teams success
disposition (we rock)
collectivist cultures
less likely to focus on situational vs. dispositional
yale method to attitude change
messenger
message
audience
problem with yale method
doesn’t tell us the strength of the attitude change
elaboration likelihood model
how much the audience engages with a message
central route
critically ewngage, logic and reasoning, long lasting
peripheral route
do not critically engage, care about who is telling the message, short lasting
foot in the door technique
using a bunch of small factors to build to a big ask
door in the face technique
outlandish ask, then compromise, then meet at your goal
cognitive dissonance
unformfortable mental state when you hold inconsisten attitudes/behaviours
fix to cognitive dissonance
bring the opposite back in line
Milgram’s experiment
how people obey
Asch experiment
people conform based on what others are saying, even if they are wrong
normative social influence
we want to fit in:
changes behaviour NOT ATTITUDE
informational social influence
we are not sure what is expected, so we look to others:
CHANGED BEHAVIOUR and ATTITUDE
social facilitation
what we do well we will do better around others
social inhibition
what you’re bad at, you’ll do worse around others
social loafing
no accountability, rewards are equal, more group members
group think
group reaches a decision simply to keep harmony
Three main etiologies of mental disorders
supernatural explanations
biological perspectives
diathesis-stress model
supernatural explanations
demons in head
demonology - mutation, beating, drilling, removal
biological perspectives
genetics, neurotransmitter imbalance
diathesis-stress model
biological side + stress/illness/traumatic event = mental disorder
harmful dysfunction
when dysfunction has negative consequences
prognosis
predicted outcome
comorbidity
two or more diseases present at once
generalized anxiety disorder diagnosis
> 6 months
difficult to control worry
experience 3 or more side effects
causes of generalized anxiety disorder
genetic (15-20%)
trauma
avoidance
family history
panic disorder timeline
– two or more within two weeks
– one month or more of (fear of fear) and change in behaviour
panic disorder causes
issues with locus coeruleus (norepinephrine)
sodium lactate - induces panic attacks, heavy breathing
phobias diagnosis
persistent fear
anxiety response
> 6 months
recognizing its too much
interferes with daily life
phobias causes
classical conditioning
vicarious learning
prepared learning
vicarious learning
fears are learned, likely to develop fears of things that aren’t actually fangerous
prepared learning
fearing things that look a certain way
depression diagnosis timeline
2 or more weeks
atleast 5 criteria lasting
excitatory neurotransmitters
dopamine
norepinephrine
glutamate
substance p
depression and serotonin
not enough serotonin
inhibitory neurotransmitters
serotonin
gaba
endorphins
bipolar 1 disorder
1 manic atleast
bipolar 2 disorder
hypomania, not full but a clear deviation from the norm
bipolar diagnosis timeline
atleast one hypomanic/manic
> 1 week
pleitropic effects
a single gene effects two or more characters
causes of bipolar
strong heritability (70%)
too much norepinephrine
pleiotropic effects
schizophrenia diagnosis
hallucinations, delusions, disordered speech, social widrawl
tangentiality
schizophrenia casues
limbic system - hallucinations
frontal lobe - negative symptoms
6x normal dopamine receptors
illness of brain
benzodiazepines
for anxiety
increases GABA
addictive
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
increase serotonin
monoamine oxidase inhibitor
depression
block breaking down neurotransmitters
tricylcics
stop reuptake of norepinephrine/serotonin
lithium for bipolar
help regulates hpow the signal travels
works 33% of the time
dopamine hypothesis - antipsychotics
blocks dopamine to reduce positive symptons
atypical antipsychotics
regulate pathways
psychoanalysis
- your issues are because of childhood trauma
- free assoc and dream analysis
-takes years
humanistic
- potential for growth
- no feedback
behavioural therapy
CHANGE HOW WE ACT
behaviours are learnt
behaviours are unlearnt by counter conditioning
cognitive therapy
CHANGES HOW YOU THINK
- how you think determines how you feel
three types of cognitive distortion
overgeneralizations
all-or nothing thinking
jumping to conclusions
best form of therapy
cognitive and behavioural (CBT)
heritability
describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.
who created self-efficacy
Albert Bandura
self-serving bias
are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.
attitude
is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.
person-situation controversy
strong situations dictate bejavioir
weak situations do not dictate behaviour
panic disorder heritability
43% genetic
what is the most heritable
schizophrenia/bipolar
what is the least heritable
phobias (12), GAD (15-20)
