Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AUPSY 263 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

attention

A

the mental process of concentrating effort on a stimulus or a mental event.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

input attention

A

getting sensory information into the cognitive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

controlled attention

A

deliberate, allocation of mental effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

alertness and arousal

A

being prepared to attend to some incoming event and maintaining this attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

orientation reflex and response

A

What orients us?
- Important things
- objects and entities
- the unexpected
- habituation: gradual reduction of the orienting response back to baseline
-social factors
- language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

default mode network

A

a brain system of interacting cerebral regions characterized by coordinated activations that are distinct from the activities of other brain networks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

global local distinction

A

Distinction between levels of information processing focusing preferentially on either details of specific information (local) versus the whole (global)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sustained attention/vigilance

A

Sustained attention is the ability to focus on an activity or stimulus over a long period of time
Vigilance =
the action or state of keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

explicit processing

A

conscious processing, conscious awareness that a task is being performed, and usually conscious awareness of the outcome of that performance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

implicit processing

A

processing in which there is no necessary involvement or consciousness awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

word stem completion task

A

In WSC tasks, participants are usually instructed to complete the stem with the first word that comes into their mind without knowing the number of letters in the target word.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

attention capture

A

Attentional capture is a concept in the scientific literature used to refer to instances in which observers fail to ignore a task-irrelevant stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

habituation

A

a gradual reduction of the orienting response back to baseline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

spotlight attention

A

is the mental attention-focusing mechanism that prepares you to encode stimulus information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

feature search

A

the search for a simple feature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

conjunction search

A

the search for the conjunction of two features.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

controlled attention

A

deliberate, voluntary allocation of mental effort or concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

inhibition of return

A

previously checked locations are mentally marked as checked and not returned to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

facilitation of return

A

returning to a previously fixated location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hemineglect

A

inability to direct attention voluntarily to one side of space so the individual neglects the stimuli presented on that side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

selective attention

A

the ability to attend to one source of information, while ignoring others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

filtering

A

ignoring distractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

selecting

A

the mental process of eliminating those distractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the cocktail party effect

A

The cocktail-party effect refers to the ability to focus one’s attention a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

dual task method

A

two tasks are presented such that one task captures attention as completely as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

shadowing task

A

to repeat the message out loud as soon as it was heard.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

early selection

A

selection of filtering based on early phases of perception (eg. selection based on physical features of the message such as loudness or location)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

late selection

A

selection of filtering based on the meaning and importance of information (eg. selection based on semantic relevance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

divided attention

A

simultaneously performing multiple tasks (inattention blindness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

attention blink

A

a delay in a second decision or response cycle if it is required immediately after a preceding decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

automaticity

A

occurring without conscious awareness or intention and consuming very little resources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

stroop task

A

assess the ability to inhibit cognitive interference that occurs when processing of a specific stimulus feature impedes the simultaneous processing of a second stimulus attribute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

declarative memory

A

(explicitly memory) long term memory for facts and events that can be consciously reflected upon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

procedural memory

A

a type of non-declarative memory (implicit) that is memory for skill and habits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to retrive information that was aqurired before a particular date, such as before a surgery or accident

36
Q

anterior grade amnesia

A

type of memory loss that occurs when you cannot form new memories

37
Q

short term working memory

A

is a simple store, while working memory allows it to be manipulated

38
Q

working memory

A

one of the brain’s executive functions. it is a skill that allows us to work

39
Q

digit span task

A

Verbal task, with stimuli presented auditory, and responses spoken by the participant and scored automatically by the software.

40
Q

chunking

A

putting large items into groups to over come the complexity

41
Q

recording

A

the process of systematically collecting data and information through careful observation of a phenomenon or behaviour

42
Q

trigram

A

three letters

43
Q

brown Peterson Task

A
  • participants are shown a trigram (MHA)
  • shown a 3 digit number (eg. 786)
    -count backwards by 3’s from the digit (785, 784, 783, etc.
  • counting backwards is a distractor
44
Q

interference

A

forgetting target information due to competition of related or recent information

45
Q

decay

A

loss of information due to fading

46
Q

proactive interference

A

when older material interferes forward in time with your recollection of the current stimulus

47
Q

retroactive interference

A

new material interferes backward in time with your recollection of older times.

48
Q

release from proactive interference

A

Triads of letters are presented in the first 3 trials, and proactive interference begins to depress recall accuracy. In trial 4, the control group gets another triad of letters; the experimental group gets a triad of digits and shows an increase in accuracy, known as the release from PI

49
Q

serial position curve

A

graph of item by item accuracy of recall task

50
Q

serial position

A

original position of items in list

51
Q

free recall

A

people recall items from a list in any order

52
Q

serial recall

A

people recall items on a list in their original order

53
Q

primary effect

A

better memory for the first few items

54
Q

recency effect

A

better memory for the last few items. the last few items are not displaced by future items. It is based on working memory

55
Q

recognition

A

any yes or no task where the participants are asked to judge whether they have seen a stimulus before

56
Q

rehearsal

A

the process of repeating a stimulus repeatedly so that is can be remembered.

57
Q

Sternberg Task

A

Is a four stage process, where participants get a list of letters, shown a prompt and asked it it was in the set. The four stages include: encode, scan & compare, decision making, and motor response execution

58
Q

Baddeley’s working memory model

A

4 components: central executive, phonological loop, visio-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer

59
Q

phonological loop

A

part of working memory that holds verbal and auditory information

60
Q

word length effect

A

the idea that is more difficult to remember a list of long words compared to remembering a list of short words.

61
Q

articulatory suppression

A

interference with the operation of the phonological loop when a person repeats an irrelevant word, while carrying out a task that requires the phenological loop

62
Q

phonological similarity effect

A

an effect that happens when letters or words that sound similar get confused.

63
Q

visuospatial sketch pad

A

a system for visual and spatial information maintaining that kind of information in a short duration buffer

64
Q

central executive

A

sets the goals and controls the processes
- Inhibition, shifting, and updating

65
Q

episodic buffer

A

a backup “store” that communicates with long term memory and working memory components

66
Q

mental rotation

A

reaction time is associated with angle rotation, the more it was rotated the more time it took to figure it out

67
Q

boundary extension

A

the tendency for people to misremember more of a scene than they actually viewed as if the boundaries of an image were extended farther out.

68
Q

representational momentum

A

misremember the movement of an object further along the path of travel than it actually was last seen.

69
Q

Mnemonic devices

A

a strategy that provides a useful rehearsal strategy for storing and remember difficult material

70
Q

savings score

A

the reduction in the number of trials (or the time) necessary for relearning, compared to original learning.

71
Q

forgetting curve

A

shows how learned information slips out of memories over time - unless we take action to keep it there.

72
Q

massed practice

A

study time grouped together into one long session

73
Q

distributed practice

A

study time is spread out over many, shorter sessions.

74
Q

metamemory

A

knowledge about our own memory

75
Q

judgements of learning

A

are assessments onpeople of how well they have learned particular information

76
Q

feeling of knowing

A

an estimate of how likely it is that the item will be recognized on a later memory test.

77
Q

tip of the tongue effect

A

where you feel like the word or name or knowledge you cannot remember is on the verge of being remembered. (feeling that retrieval is imminent)

78
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

low level, repetitive information recycling

79
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

a more complex rehearsal that uses the meaning of the information to store and remember it

80
Q

primacy effect

A

accuracy of recall for the early list positions

81
Q

depth of processing

A

defined as the relative amount of cognitive effort, level of analysis, elaboration of intake together with the usage of prior knowledge, hypothesis testing and rule formation employed in encoding and decoding some grammatical or lexical item in the input.

82
Q

self-reference effect

A

memory is better when we relate information to ourselves.

83
Q

generational effect

A

information that you generate or create yourself is better remembered compared to information that you have only heard or read.

84
Q

encoding specificity

A

idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded.

85
Q

state-dependent learning

A

retrieval more likely to be successful when physiological state of learning matches that of retrieval

86
Q

transfer appropriate retrieval

A

memory is more likely to transfer from one situation to another when encoding and retrieval situations match

87
Q

retrieval-induced forgetting

A

impairment of subsequent recall of related items due to retrieval of information from long-term memory.

AUPSY 263 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions