Final

Question 1

Exemplar Theory

Answer 1

assumes that people categorize a novel object by comparing its similarity to the memory representations of all previous exemplars from each relevant category

Question 2

Exemplar

Answer 2

the typical representatives of a category. Exemplars are more specific than prototypes. For example, A large dog.

Question 3

Prototype Theory

Answer 3

the probabilistic view that human categories are created by using a mental prototype

Question 4

Graded Membership

Answer 4

How similar the object is to the prototype.

Question 5

Sentence Verification Task

Answer 5

a procedure in which participants are briefly presented with simple sentences and asked to make quick judgments about them. For example, a person might have 5 seconds to read the sentence The sky is blue and respond whether it is true or false.

Question 6

Production Task

Answer 6

a cognitive test in which the participant is required to generate as many items as possible that adhere to specified criteria.
For example: name as many fruits as possible.

Question 7

Rating Task

Answer 7

Categorizing Items based on a particular basis. A study by Ross & Mervis: Example: Out of vechiles, was is the best and what is the worst: Car, train, tractor, sled, elevator.

Question 8

Prototypes

Answer 8

one that possesses all the characteristic features.

Question 9

Typicality

Answer 9

typical members of a category tend to be judge more rapidly than atypical members

Question 10

Family Resemblance

Answer 10

is the concept that things that appear to be similar because of one common shared feature may appear to be that way due to many shared similar features that overlap with each other. No one feature may exist in all of the objects.

Question 11

Intrusion Errors

Answer 11

occurs when a person reports information that was not among a set of original materials,

Question 12

Pragmatic Interference

Answer 12

Pragmatic inference refers to inferences that hearers or observers make when attempting to arrive at speaker meaning

Question 13

Inference

Answer 13

occurs when some information makes it difficult to recall similar material.

Question 14

Schema

Answer 14

In psychology and cognitive science, a schema describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.

Question 15

scripts

Answer 15

Script memory refers to an abstract general memory for the typical activities that occur during routine events

Question 16

DRM procedure

Answer 16

is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words (e.g., nurse, hospital, etc.) at encoding. After a delay, subjects are asked to recall or recognize these words.

Question 17

False Memory

Answer 17

memory of something that did not happen

Question 18

Critical Lure

Answer 18

a word that is highly related to other words on the list but never actually appeared

Question 19

Misinformation Effect

Answer 19

The misinformation effect occurs when a person’s recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information

Question 20

Transience

Answer 20

the tendency to lose access to information across time, whether through forgetting, interference, or retrieval failure

Question 21

Absentmindedness

Answer 21

everyday memory failures in remembering information and intended activities, probably caused by insufficient attention or superficial, automatic processing during coding

Question 22

Blocking

Answer 22

temporary retrieval failure or loss of accessing episodic or semantic memory (eg. like the tip of the tongue effect)

Question 23

Misattribution

Answer 23

remember a fact correctly from past experience but attributing it to an incorrect source or context

Question 24

suggestibility

Answer 24

a tendency to incorporate information provided by others into our own recollection and memory representation

Question 25

Bias

Answer 25

the tendency for knowledge beliefs and feelings to distort recollection of previous experiences and to affect current and future judgements of memory

Question 26

Persistence

Answer 26

the tendency to remember facts or events, including traumatic memories that one would rather forget. failure to forget because of intrusive recollections and ruminations

Question 27

Decay

Answer 27

the process that information is lost from memory due to the passage of time

Question 28

Interference

Answer 28

the introduction of information interferes with the retrieval of other memory

Question 29

proactive interference

Answer 29

when previously learned information interferes with their ability to remember new information

Question 30

retroactive interference

Answer 30

when new information interferes with recall of previous when he learned information

Question 31

consolidation

Answer 31

the process where we transform new memories into a state where they are more resistant to being disrupted

Question 32

paired association task

Answer 32

Specifically, paired associate learning (PAL) tasks have been used to explore the types of learning involved in reading acquisition. PAL tasks involve learning and remembering the associations between stimuli that are artificially associated

Question 33

situation models

Answer 33

Same object in 3 locations: assumed to be 3 events, so 3 situation models, interference and fan effect. 3 objects in the same location: assumed to be common event, single situation model, no interference or fan effect. situation effect also works in the real world.

Question 34

fan effect

Answer 34

an increase in response time for an increased number of associations for concepts

Question 35

associative interference:

Answer 35

retrieval interference in memory resulting in poorer accuracy and speed when information is associated with an irrelevant target memory