Final Flashcards
Exemplar Theory
assumes that people categorize a novel object by comparing its similarity to the memory representations of all previous exemplars from each relevant category
Exemplar
the typical representatives of a category. Exemplars are more specific than prototypes. For example, A large dog.
Prototype Theory
the probabilistic view that human categories are created by using a mental prototype
Graded Membership
How similar the object is to the prototype.
Sentence Verification Task
a procedure in which participants are briefly presented with simple sentences and asked to make quick judgments about them. For example, a person might have 5 seconds to read the sentence The sky is blue and respond whether it is true or false.
Production Task
a cognitive test in which the participant is required to generate as many items as possible that adhere to specified criteria.
For example: name as many fruits as possible.
Rating Task
Categorizing Items based on a particular basis. A study by Ross & Mervis: Example: Out of vechiles, was is the best and what is the worst: Car, train, tractor, sled, elevator.
Prototypes
one that possesses all the characteristic features.
Typicality
typical members of a category tend to be judge more rapidly than atypical members
Family Resemblance
is the concept that things that appear to be similar because of one common shared feature may appear to be that way due to many shared similar features that overlap with each other. No one feature may exist in all of the objects.
Intrusion Errors
occurs when a person reports information that was not among a set of original materials,
Pragmatic Interference
Pragmatic inference refers to inferences that hearers or observers make when attempting to arrive at speaker meaning
Inference
occurs when some information makes it difficult to recall similar material.
Schema
In psychology and cognitive science, a schema describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.
scripts
Script memory refers to an abstract general memory for the typical activities that occur during routine events
DRM procedure
is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words (e.g., nurse, hospital, etc.) at encoding. After a delay, subjects are asked to recall or recognize these words.
False Memory
memory of something that did not happen
Critical Lure
a word that is highly related to other words on the list but never actually appeared
Misinformation Effect
The misinformation effect occurs when a person’s recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information
Transience
the tendency to lose access to information across time, whether through forgetting, interference, or retrieval failure
Absentmindedness
everyday memory failures in remembering information and intended activities, probably caused by insufficient attention or superficial, automatic processing during coding
Blocking
temporary retrieval failure or loss of accessing episodic or semantic memory (eg. like the tip of the tongue effect)
Misattribution
remember a fact correctly from past experience but attributing it to an incorrect source or context
suggestibility
a tendency to incorporate information provided by others into our own recollection and memory representation
Bias
the tendency for knowledge beliefs and feelings to distort recollection of previous experiences and to affect current and future judgements of memory
Persistence
the tendency to remember facts or events, including traumatic memories that one would rather forget. failure to forget because of intrusive recollections and ruminations
Decay
the process that information is lost from memory due to the passage of time
Interference
the introduction of information interferes with the retrieval of other memory
proactive interference
when previously learned information interferes with their ability to remember new information
retroactive interference
when new information interferes with recall of previous when he learned information
consolidation
the process where we transform new memories into a state where they are more resistant to being disrupted
paired association task
Specifically, paired associate learning (PAL) tasks have been used to explore the types of learning involved in reading acquisition. PAL tasks involve learning and remembering the associations between stimuli that are artificially associated
situation models
Same object in 3 locations: assumed to be 3 events, so 3 situation models, interference and fan effect. 3 objects in the same location: assumed to be common event, single situation model, no interference or fan effect. situation effect also works in the real world.
fan effect
an increase in response time for an increased number of associations for concepts
associative interference:
retrieval interference in memory resulting in poorer accuracy and speed when information is associated with an irrelevant target memory
