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AUPSY 263 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

mental processes involved in perceiving, remembering, thinking, and understanding, plus those using those processses

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2
Q

memory

A

mental processes for acquiring, retaining and using information

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3
Q

Introspection

A

to observe and record one’s own mental health

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4
Q

structuralism

A

the study of the structure of the conscious mind, sensations, images, and feelings. Was used by Edward Titchener

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

the study of the functions of consciousness. Was used by William James

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6
Q

Verbal Learning

A

is the branch of psychology that deals with humans as they learn verbal material, composed of letters, nonsense syllables or words.

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7
Q

Ecological Validity

A

generalizability to the real world situations in which people think and act

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8
Q

reductionism

A

attempting to understand complex events by breaking them down into their components

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9
Q

Empiricism

A

the philosophical position that advances observation and observation-derived data as the basis for all science.

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10
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

the assumption that experience, not innate factors, determines behaviours

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11
Q

channel capacity

A

any physical device that transmits messages or information

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12
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that is measured

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13
Q

independent variable

A

stand-alone variable, is not changes by other variables you are trying to measure

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14
Q

reaction time

A

the time between presentation of a stimulus and the participants response

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15
Q

accuracy

A

how correct a person’s response is (usually the number of correct items)

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16
Q

replication

A

studies need to be replicated in order to be valid

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17
Q

serial position

A

refers to the original position an item has in a study list

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18
Q

standard theory

A

a model used for memory. includes sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory

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19
Q

sensory memory

A

input held in raw sensory form

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20
Q

short term memory

A

holds information currently and then transfers it to control processes

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21
Q

long term memory

A

all the information one can remember

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22
Q

control processes

A

the part of the modal model of memory that involves active manipulation of information of short term memory

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23
Q

encoding

A

the act of getting information into memory system through automatic or effortful processing

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24
Q

process model

A

a small scale model that delineated the mental steps involved in a task and made testable predictions - a hypothesis is about the specific mental processes that take place when a particular task is performed

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25
Q

lexical decision task

A

a timed task in which people decide whether letter strings are or are not English words

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26
Q

Word frequency effect

A

it takes longer to judge words of lower frequency than higher frequency words

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27
Q

parallel processing

A

a mental processing where 2 or more processes or operations are co-occuring

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28
Q

priming

A

mental activation of a concept by some means, or the spread of that activation from one concept to another

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29
Q

serial processing

A

examples of cognitive processing are executed in series, one after another.

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30
Q

sequential stages of processing

A

the idea that humans process a single piece of information at a time

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31
Q

conceptually driven processing

A

processes that uses data as the main input and output and that automate or optimize tasks based on data analysis

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32
Q

episodic memory

A

memory fo the personally experienced events. Enables you to record your personal history

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33
Q

semantic memory

A

general world knowledge

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34
Q

Capgras Syndrome

A

unable to make associations. it is a delusional misidentification syndrome

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35
Q

sensory neurons

A

receive information from the external world and convey the information to the brain

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36
Q

motor neurons

A

carry signals from the spinal cord to muscles to produce movement

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37
Q

interneurons

A

connecting neurons

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38
Q

soma

A

cell body

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39
Q

nucleus

A

brain of the cell, contains the chromosomes

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40
Q

dendrites

A

where the neuron receives the input from the other cells

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41
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulating layer, helps with electrical conduction

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42
Q

terminal buttons

A

small knobs at the end of an axon that release chemicals called neurotransmitters

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43
Q

Aborizations

A

a fire branch structure at the end of the nerve fiber

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44
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

periodic gaps in the insulating sheath on the axon of certain neurons facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses.

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45
Q

Axon

A

a long thread-like part of the nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.

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46
Q

Action potentials

A

is a rapid sequence of changes in voltages across a membrane

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47
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers that your body can’t function without. Job is to carry chemical signals from one neuron to the next target

48
Q

all or none principal

A

describes how nerve cells either fire at full strength or do not

49
Q

long term potential

A

a process involving persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to long lasting increases in signal transmission between neurons

50
Q

acetylcholine

A

a neurotransmitter, plays an important role in brain functions such as memory, and body functions, such as muscle contractions

51
Q

norepinephrine

A

plays an essential role in the regulation of arousal, attention, cognitive function, and stress functions

52
Q

glutamate

A

a neurotransmitter, glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter

53
Q

GABA

A

a neurotransmitter, functions include to reduce neuronal excitability by inhibiting nerve transmission.

54
Q

Consolidation

A

process where our brains convert short term memories into long term ones

55
Q

Neurogenesis

A

process by which new neurons are formed in the brain

56
Q

frontal lobe

A

reasoning, planning, decision making, organizing and deciding where things go

57
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory information

58
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory processing

59
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual informaton

60
Q

thalamus

A

relay station for sensory information

61
Q

limbic system

A

emotions, motivation, and memory

62
Q

cingulate cortex

A

emotional processing

63
Q

hypothalamus

A

basic body functions

64
Q

hippocampus

A

new memories

65
Q

amygdala

A

processing emotion

66
Q

corpus callosum

A

coordinating motor movement

67
Q

hemispheric specialization

A

the principle where each cerebral hemisphere has specialized functions and abilities

68
Q

contralaterality

A

the principle whereby one side of the body is localized in the opposite side cerebral hemisphere

69
Q

MRI

A

big mechanical donut, the machine creates a very strong magnetic force. can give us a clear image of the brain

70
Q

fMRI

A

shows the functioning of the brain. MRI magnet is used to isolate molecules such as oxygen access where the blood is flowing to in the brain, thereby indicating heightened neural activity

71
Q

CT scans

A

big mechanical donut takes a series of x-ray images. good for understanding the structure of the brain

72
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram. electrodes are placed on the person’s scalp, and the device records the patterns of the brain waves

73
Q

ERP

A

event relation potentials: momentary changes in electrical activity of the brain when a particular stimulus is presented to a person

74
Q

single cell recording

A

only done in animals. used to look at the firing rate of an individual cell changes, by seeing if it fires more or less often as a function of the given task

75
Q

PET

A

the person is injected with a radioactive isotope that is taken up by the bloodstream. The person is placed into the scanner and is asked to do a particular task. Certain parts of the brain will work harder, and that part will light up

76
Q

TMS

A

apparatus is positioned near a person’s head with a particular part of the brain targets. When the machine is on, it produces a magnetic field that disrupts the electrical activity in a particular part of the person’s brain. eg. mild seizure

77
Q

connectionism

A

an approach to studying human cognition that utilizes mathematical models, known as connectionist networks or artificial neural networks.

78
Q

sensation

A

the reception of physical stimulation and encoding of it into the nervous system

79
Q

perception

A

the process of interpreting and understanding sensory information; the act of sensing then interpreting that information

80
Q

psychophysics

A

the study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the perceived characteristics of those stimuli; the study of how perceptual differences from physical stimulation are perceived.

81
Q

just noticeable difference (JNB)

A

in the amount by which 2 stimuli must differ for the difference to be percieved

82
Q

symbolic distance effect

A

differences judged more rapidly when they differ more on some symbolic dimension

83
Q

semantic congruity effect

A

decision is faster when dimension being judged matches or is congruent with the implied convention

84
Q

weber fraction

A

the change in a stimuli that will be just noticeable is a constant ration of the original stimulus

85
Q

Feschner’s Law

A

the subjective sensation is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity

86
Q

Steven’s power Law

A

is an empirical relationship in psyhophysics between an increased intensity or strength in a physical stimulus and the percieved magnitude increase in the sensation created by the stimulus

87
Q

signal detection theory

A

a means to measure the ability to differentiate between information-bearing patterns and random patterns that distract from the information

88
Q

stimulus

A

something that incites to action or exertion or quickens action, feeling, thought, etc.

89
Q

signal

A

presentation of information, to evoke action or response

90
Q

response

A

reaction to stimulus

91
Q

extramission

A

eyes are emitting some sort of energy like rays to allow you to see the world. vision is coming outward

92
Q

saccades

A

the voluntary sweeping of the eyes from one fixation point to another

93
Q

fixations

A

the pause during which the eye is almost stationary and is taking in visual information

94
Q

change blindness

A

the failure to notice change in visual stimuli when the change occurs during a saccade

95
Q

inattention blindness

A

failure to see an object that we are looking at directly even a highly visible one, because our attention is focused elsewhere

96
Q

synethesia

A

a blending of senses where stimulation of one sense produces sensation in a different modality

97
Q

iconic memory

A

the short duration memory system specialized for holding visual information

98
Q

decay

A

forgetting things

99
Q

interference

A

forgetting caused by the effects of intervening stimulation of mental processing

100
Q

focal attention

A

mental process of visual attention

101
Q

Gestalt grouping principles

A

identify characteristics of perception in which ambiguities in a stimulus are resolved to help determine which objects are present

102
Q

figure ground principle

A

when viewing an image, part of the image is treated as the figure face ground, which is segregated from the visual information upon which it is set.

103
Q

closure

A

we tend to percieve closed figures rather than incomplete ones

104
Q

principles of grouping

A

exist because the mind has an innate disposition to perceive patterns in the stimulus based on certain rules: proximity, similarity, continuity, closure and connectedness

105
Q

template theory

A

pattern stored in memory to compare incoming stimuli to

106
Q

feature

A

a simple visual element that can appear in combination with other features across a variety of stimulus patterns

107
Q

Pandemonium

A

feature based recognition model. imaginative description, the mechanisms involved were little demons who shout out loud as they attempt to identify patternsbo

108
Q

bottom up processing

A

data-driven - stimulus-driven effects, perception directs cognition.

109
Q

top down processing

A

concept driven - knowledge or expectation driven effects, perception is constructed by cognition

110
Q

RBC theory

A

detects geons, which are the building blocks of objects. there are about 3 dozen geons. works better depending on having certain parts of the object. If we have vertices it is easier to recognize

111
Q

prosopagnosia

A

the inability to recognize faces, including ones own

112
Q

apperceptive agnosia

A

an inability to perceive an intact object due to difficulties assembling parts of an object

113
Q

associative agnosia

A

an inability to link between what is seen an visual knowledge

114
Q

beta movement

A

a perceptual illusion whereby 2 or more still images are combined by the brain into motion

115
Q

phi movement

A

an illusion of movement that arises when stationary objects are placed side by side and illuminated rapidly one after another,

AUPSY 263 (4 decks)

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