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Biology 1013 > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

homozygous dominant

A

AA

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2
Q

heterozygous dominant

A

Aa

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3
Q

Heterozygous recessive

A

aa

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4
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

autosomal dominant trait

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5
Q

what is Autosomal

A

trait linked to genes on chromosomes other than sex chromosomes. Affects both male and female progeny equally

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6
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

Two unaffected people can produce affected offspring

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7
Q

What does recessive mean

A

not expressed in all generations

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8
Q

consanguineous

A

closely related

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9
Q

autosomal dominant

Aa

A

normal allele is recessive, mutation allele is dominant. Every affected person has one effected parent

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10
Q

x liked recessive traits

XmY

A

Phenotype determined by recessive allele on the X chromosome

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11
Q

X linked dominant trait

XDY

A

Affected males pass the condition down to all of their daughters but none their sons

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12
Q

what is demography

A

Defining how a population is structured

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13
Q

What is population

A

group of interbreeding individual occupying the same habitat at the same time

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14
Q

Population ecology

A

studies factors affecting population size and how they change over space and time

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15
Q

density

A

the number of individuals in a defined area. Conserve and maintain species. When thinking about defining a species you need to know the population of people around the area and how it may affect

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16
Q

species

A

entices capable of interbreeding

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17
Q

Niche

A

Resources for the species to survive

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18
Q

Sampling methods

A

Quadrats, pitfall traps, misnet

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19
Q

what are the three dispersion

A

clumped, uniform, random

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20
Q

clumped

A

resources tend to be clustered in nature, social behaviour may promote this pattern

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21
Q

Uniform

A

territorial, all of the animals are evenly distributed. Animals that mark their territory, they keep competitor away

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22
Q

Random

A

There is an abundance of resources for these species so they scatter or follow others from the same species and randomly choose their habitats due to large amount of resources

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23
Q

Tolerance

A

whether species can tolerate certain things in the environment

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24
Q

specialisation

A

a species that only feed on one species

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25
Life history needs
a part of the cycle that occupy certain niches
26
competitors
whether their species won't get overrules or taken over by another species on that certain part of land or space
27
irruption
massive growth of a population
28
ecological release
an irruption with an A biotic event
29
metapopulations
Very little habitat. Habitat fragmentation
30
habitat fragmentation
effects how animals move
31
Semelparity
produce all offspring in single reproductive event
32
Iteroparity
repeated reproduction at intervals throughout the life cycle. can be seasonal or continuous
33
cohorts
semelparous organisms produce ground of same aged young
34
what are the three survivorship curve patterns
type 1; most individual are going to live a long time type 2; uniform, normal amounted type 3; abnormal amount of lives lost
35
exponential growth
resources not limiting prodigious. J shaped
36
logistic growth
resources are limiting, limits the amount of growth. Grows exponentially one point then reaches the carrion capacity
37
Density dependant factors
Mortality factor that varies with population density. Goes up depending on the population
38
density indépendant factor
influence is not affected by changes in population size or density. Doesn't care about the things around it, they will influence the population no matter what size
39
Inverse density-dependent factor
decreases with increasing population size
40
Inverse density- dependant factor
decreases with increasing population size. As it gets bigger, the amount of influence it has on population gets smaller
41
what r selected species
rapid growth, good seed dispersal, poor competitive availability
42
what are k selected species
slow growth, long life span, poor seed dispersal
43
hexaploid
each cell contains 6 sets of chromosomes
44
what is behaviour
the observable response of an organism to internal or external stimuli
45
what is ethology
focuses on specific genetic and physiological mechanisms of behaviour
46
what is a fixed pattern
instinct that does not change
47
what is a sign stimulus
something that triggers the initial response.
48
habituation
simplest form of learning
49
non associative learning
change in response to a repeated stimulus without positive or negative reinforcement
50
associative learning
behaviour is changed or conditioned though association between a stimulus and response
51
classical conditioning
trial and error. Associating with a stimulus.
52
operant conditioning
Positive or negative reinforcement | You can train an organism to do something less or more depending on the response
53
cognitive learning
ability to solve problems with conscious thought
54
innate element
genetically programmed to learn something, only does it correctly if seen or heard
55
what is the critical period
period of development during which animals develop irreversible species- specific patterns of behaviour
56
kinesis
movement (non directional)
57
taxis
directional movement
58
Geotaxis
moving down in the earth like plant roots
59
Negative geotaxis
Up towards the sky
60
Phototaxis
involves light
61
Heliotaxis
the sun having an effect on direction
62
Anemotaxis
changing upwards to the wind
63
piloting
using near shore landmarks to remember
64
Orientation
use things like a compass to maintain a barring. stars, sun
65
navigation
adjusting their course to seek the same target from a different direction
66
4 types of communication
- chemical Communications - auditory communication - visual communication - tactile communication
67
chemical communication
pheromone product
68
auditory communication
arthropods and vertebrates
69
visual communication
used in territorial displays for mating or claiming territory.
70
tactile communication
individuals touching or feeling on other individuals
71
altruism
behaviour that appears to benefit others at a cost to oneself
72
promiscuous
girl wherever you are, I'm all alone kidding lol. each female and each male mating with multiple partners within breeding season
73
monogamy
individual mates exclusively with one partner
74
polygamy
mate with more than one partner in a breeding season
75
polygyny
one male+ more than one female
76
polyandry
one male+ several males

Biology 1013 (9 decks)

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