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Biology 1013 > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

homozygous dominant

A

AA

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2
Q

heterozygous dominant

A

Aa

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3
Q

Heterozygous recessive

A

aa

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4
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

autosomal dominant trait

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5
Q

what is Autosomal

A

trait linked to genes on chromosomes other than sex chromosomes. Affects both male and female progeny equally

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6
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

Two unaffected people can produce affected offspring

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7
Q

What does recessive mean

A

not expressed in all generations

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8
Q

consanguineous

A

closely related

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9
Q

autosomal dominant

Aa

A

normal allele is recessive, mutation allele is dominant. Every affected person has one effected parent

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10
Q

x liked recessive traits

XmY

A

Phenotype determined by recessive allele on the X chromosome

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11
Q

X linked dominant trait

XDY

A

Affected males pass the condition down to all of their daughters but none their sons

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12
Q

what is demography

A

Defining how a population is structured

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13
Q

What is population

A

group of interbreeding individual occupying the same habitat at the same time

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14
Q

Population ecology

A

studies factors affecting population size and how they change over space and time

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15
Q

density

A

the number of individuals in a defined area. Conserve and maintain species. When thinking about defining a species you need to know the population of people around the area and how it may affect

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16
Q

species

A

entices capable of interbreeding

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17
Q

Niche

A

Resources for the species to survive

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18
Q

Sampling methods

A

Quadrats, pitfall traps, misnet

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19
Q

what are the three dispersion

A

clumped, uniform, random

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20
Q

clumped

A

resources tend to be clustered in nature, social behaviour may promote this pattern

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21
Q

Uniform

A

territorial, all of the animals are evenly distributed. Animals that mark their territory, they keep competitor away

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22
Q

Random

A

There is an abundance of resources for these species so they scatter or follow others from the same species and randomly choose their habitats due to large amount of resources

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23
Q

Tolerance

A

whether species can tolerate certain things in the environment

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24
Q

specialisation

A

a species that only feed on one species

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25
Q

Life history needs

A

a part of the cycle that occupy certain niches

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26
Q

competitors

A

whether their species won’t get overrules or taken over by another species on that certain part of land or space

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27
Q

irruption

A

massive growth of a population

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28
Q

ecological release

A

an irruption with an A biotic event

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29
Q

metapopulations

A

Very little habitat. Habitat fragmentation

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30
Q

habitat fragmentation

A

effects how animals move

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31
Q

Semelparity

A

produce all offspring in single reproductive event

32
Q

Iteroparity

A

repeated reproduction at intervals throughout the life cycle. can be seasonal or continuous

33
Q

cohorts

A

semelparous organisms produce ground of same aged young

34
Q

what are the three survivorship curve patterns

A

type 1; most individual are going to live a long time
type 2; uniform, normal amounted
type 3; abnormal amount of lives lost

35
Q

exponential growth

A

resources not limiting prodigious. J shaped

36
Q

logistic growth

A

resources are limiting, limits the amount of growth. Grows exponentially one point then reaches the carrion capacity

37
Q

Density dependant factors

A

Mortality factor that varies with population density. Goes up depending on the population

38
Q

density indépendant factor

A

influence is not affected by changes in population size or density. Doesn’t care about the things around it, they will influence the population no matter what size

39
Q

Inverse density-dependent factor

A

decreases with increasing population size

40
Q

Inverse density- dependant factor

A

decreases with increasing population size. As it gets bigger, the amount of influence it has on population gets smaller

41
Q

what r selected species

A

rapid growth, good seed dispersal, poor competitive availability

42
Q

what are k selected species

A

slow growth, long life span, poor seed dispersal

43
Q

hexaploid

A

each cell contains 6 sets of chromosomes

44
Q

what is behaviour

A

the observable response of an organism to internal or external stimuli

45
Q

what is ethology

A

focuses on specific genetic and physiological mechanisms of behaviour

46
Q

what is a fixed pattern

A

instinct that does not change

47
Q

what is a sign stimulus

A

something that triggers the initial response.

48
Q

habituation

A

simplest form of learning

49
Q

non associative learning

A

change in response to a repeated stimulus without positive or negative reinforcement

50
Q

associative learning

A

behaviour is changed or conditioned though association between a stimulus and response

51
Q

classical conditioning

A

trial and error. Associating with a stimulus.

52
Q

operant conditioning

A

Positive or negative reinforcement

You can train an organism to do something less or more depending on the response

53
Q

cognitive learning

A

ability to solve problems with conscious thought

54
Q

innate element

A

genetically programmed to learn something, only does it correctly if seen or heard

55
Q

what is the critical period

A

period of development during which animals develop irreversible species- specific patterns of behaviour

56
Q

kinesis

A

movement (non directional)

57
Q

taxis

A

directional movement

58
Q

Geotaxis

A

moving down in the earth like plant roots

59
Q

Negative geotaxis

A

Up towards the sky

60
Q

Phototaxis

A

involves light

61
Q

Heliotaxis

A

the sun having an effect on direction

62
Q

Anemotaxis

A

changing upwards to the wind

63
Q

piloting

A

using near shore landmarks to remember

64
Q

Orientation

A

use things like a compass to maintain a barring. stars, sun

65
Q

navigation

A

adjusting their course to seek the same target from a different direction

66
Q

4 types of communication

A
  • chemical Communications
  • auditory communication
  • visual communication
  • tactile communication
67
Q

chemical communication

A

pheromone product

68
Q

auditory communication

A

arthropods and vertebrates

69
Q

visual communication

A

used in territorial displays for mating or claiming territory.

70
Q

tactile communication

A

individuals touching or feeling on other individuals

71
Q

altruism

A

behaviour that appears to benefit others at a cost to oneself

72
Q

promiscuous

A

girl wherever you are, I’m all alone

kidding lol. each female and each male mating with multiple partners within breeding season

73
Q

monogamy

A

individual mates exclusively with one partner

74
Q

polygamy

A

mate with more than one partner in a breeding season

75
Q

polygyny

A

one male+ more than one female

76
Q

polyandry

A

one male+ several males

Biology 1013 (9 decks)

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