midterm 2 Flashcards
homozygous dominant
AA
heterozygous dominant
Aa
Heterozygous recessive
aa
Huntington’s disease
autosomal dominant trait
what is Autosomal
trait linked to genes on chromosomes other than sex chromosomes. Affects both male and female progeny equally
Autosomal recessive
Two unaffected people can produce affected offspring
What does recessive mean
not expressed in all generations
consanguineous
closely related
autosomal dominant
Aa
normal allele is recessive, mutation allele is dominant. Every affected person has one effected parent
x liked recessive traits
XmY
Phenotype determined by recessive allele on the X chromosome
X linked dominant trait
XDY
Affected males pass the condition down to all of their daughters but none their sons
what is demography
Defining how a population is structured
What is population
group of interbreeding individual occupying the same habitat at the same time
Population ecology
studies factors affecting population size and how they change over space and time
density
the number of individuals in a defined area. Conserve and maintain species. When thinking about defining a species you need to know the population of people around the area and how it may affect
species
entices capable of interbreeding
Niche
Resources for the species to survive
Sampling methods
Quadrats, pitfall traps, misnet
what are the three dispersion
clumped, uniform, random
clumped
resources tend to be clustered in nature, social behaviour may promote this pattern
Uniform
territorial, all of the animals are evenly distributed. Animals that mark their territory, they keep competitor away
Random
There is an abundance of resources for these species so they scatter or follow others from the same species and randomly choose their habitats due to large amount of resources
Tolerance
whether species can tolerate certain things in the environment
specialisation
a species that only feed on one species
Life history needs
a part of the cycle that occupy certain niches
competitors
whether their species won’t get overrules or taken over by another species on that certain part of land or space
irruption
massive growth of a population
ecological release
an irruption with an A biotic event
metapopulations
Very little habitat. Habitat fragmentation
habitat fragmentation
effects how animals move
Semelparity
produce all offspring in single reproductive event
Iteroparity
repeated reproduction at intervals throughout the life cycle. can be seasonal or continuous
cohorts
semelparous organisms produce ground of same aged young
what are the three survivorship curve patterns
type 1; most individual are going to live a long time
type 2; uniform, normal amounted
type 3; abnormal amount of lives lost
exponential growth
resources not limiting prodigious. J shaped
logistic growth
resources are limiting, limits the amount of growth. Grows exponentially one point then reaches the carrion capacity
Density dependant factors
Mortality factor that varies with population density. Goes up depending on the population
density indépendant factor
influence is not affected by changes in population size or density. Doesn’t care about the things around it, they will influence the population no matter what size
Inverse density-dependent factor
decreases with increasing population size
Inverse density- dependant factor
decreases with increasing population size. As it gets bigger, the amount of influence it has on population gets smaller
what r selected species
rapid growth, good seed dispersal, poor competitive availability
what are k selected species
slow growth, long life span, poor seed dispersal
hexaploid
each cell contains 6 sets of chromosomes
what is behaviour
the observable response of an organism to internal or external stimuli
what is ethology
focuses on specific genetic and physiological mechanisms of behaviour
what is a fixed pattern
instinct that does not change
what is a sign stimulus
something that triggers the initial response.
habituation
simplest form of learning
non associative learning
change in response to a repeated stimulus without positive or negative reinforcement
associative learning
behaviour is changed or conditioned though association between a stimulus and response
classical conditioning
trial and error. Associating with a stimulus.
operant conditioning
Positive or negative reinforcement
You can train an organism to do something less or more depending on the response
cognitive learning
ability to solve problems with conscious thought
innate element
genetically programmed to learn something, only does it correctly if seen or heard
what is the critical period
period of development during which animals develop irreversible species- specific patterns of behaviour
kinesis
movement (non directional)
taxis
directional movement
Geotaxis
moving down in the earth like plant roots
Negative geotaxis
Up towards the sky
Phototaxis
involves light
Heliotaxis
the sun having an effect on direction
Anemotaxis
changing upwards to the wind
piloting
using near shore landmarks to remember
Orientation
use things like a compass to maintain a barring. stars, sun
navigation
adjusting their course to seek the same target from a different direction
4 types of communication
- chemical Communications
- auditory communication
- visual communication
- tactile communication
chemical communication
pheromone product
auditory communication
arthropods and vertebrates
visual communication
used in territorial displays for mating or claiming territory.
tactile communication
individuals touching or feeling on other individuals
altruism
behaviour that appears to benefit others at a cost to oneself
promiscuous
girl wherever you are, I’m all alone
kidding lol. each female and each male mating with multiple partners within breeding season
monogamy
individual mates exclusively with one partner
polygamy
mate with more than one partner in a breeding season
polygyny
one male+ more than one female
polyandry
one male+ several males
